A l'époque de l'Internet des Objets, le nombre de dispositifs communicants ne cesse d'augmenter. Souvent, les objets connectés utilisent des bandes de fréquences « industriel, scientifique et médical (ISM) » pour effectuer les communications. Ces bandes sont disponibles sans licence, ce qui facilite le déploiement de nouveaux objets connectés. Cependant, cela mène aussi au fait que le niveau d'interférences augmente dans les bandes ISM. Les interférences ont non seulement un impact négatif sur la qualité de service, mais aussi elles causent des pertes de messages couteuses en énergie, ce qui est particulièrement nocif pour les nœuds capteurs souvent limités en énergie. Dans cette thèse, l'impact des interférences sur la consommation énergétique des nœuds est étudié expérimentalement. Les résultats de ces expérimentations sont utilisés pour estimer la durée de vie des nœuds en fonction de différents niveaux d’interférence subis. Puis, un algorithme de Radio Cognitive (RC) basé sur la technique d’ échantillonnage de Thompson est proposé et évalué par la simulation et implémentation. Les résultats montrent que l'approche proposée trouve le meilleur canal plus vite que les autres techniques. De plus, une extension multi sauts pour RC est proposée et évaluée par expérimentation lors d'une compétition EWSN Dependability Competition. Finalement, le protocole adaptatif WildMAC est proposé pour le cas d'usage du projet LIRIMA PREDNET qui consiste à surveiller des animaux sauvages. Les performances sont évaluées par simulation avec le simulateur WSNet. Les résultats montrent que la solution proposée respecte les contraintes imposées par le projet PREDNET dans la zone ciblée. / In the era of the Internet of Things, the number of connected devices is growing dramatically. Often, connected objects use Industrial, Scientific and Medical radio bands for communication. These kinds of bands are available without license, which facilitates development and implementation of new connected objects. However, it also leads to an increased level of interference in these bands. Interference not only negatively affects the Quality of Service, but also causes energy losses, which is especially unfavorable for the energy constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). In the present thesis the impact of the interference on the energy consumption of the WSN nodes is studied experimentally. The experimental results were used to estimate the lifetime of WSN nodes under conditions of different levels of interference. Then, a Thompson sampling based Cognitive Radio (CR) adaptive solution is proposed and evaluated via both, simulation and hardware implementation. Results show that this approach finds the best channel quicker than other state of the art solutions. An extension for multihop WSN was proposed for this CR solution and evaluated by hardware implementation in the framework of EWSN Dependability Competition. Finally, an adaptive WildMAC MAC layer protocol is proposed for the usecase of the LIRIMA PREDNET wildlife animal tracking project. Obtained field range test data were used to theoretically estimate cell densities and deployment zone coverage in this Low Power Widea Area Network (LPWAN). Then performance of the protocol was evaluated in WSNet simulation. The results show performance that allows to respect PREDNET project requirements with the given coverage.

Packet broadcast networks are in widespread use in modern wireless communication systems. Medium access control is a key functionality within such technologies. A substantial research effort has been and continues to be invested into the study of existing protocols and the development of new and specialised ones. Academic researchers are restricted in their studies by an absence of suitable wireless MAC protocol development methods. This thesis describes an environment which allows rapid prototyping and evaluation of wireless medium access control protocols. The proposed design flow allows specification of the protocol using the specification and description language (SDL) formal description technique. A tool is presented to convert the SDL protocol description into a C++ model suitable for integration into both simulation and implementation environments. Simulations at various levels of abstraction are shown to be relevant at different stages of protocol design. Environments based on the Cinderella SDL simulator and the ns-2 network simulator have been developed which allow early functional verification, along with detailed and accurate performance analysis of protocols under development. A hardware platform is presented which allows implementation of protocols with flexibility in the hardware/software trade-off. Measurement facilities are integral to the hardware framework, and provide a means for accurate real-world feedback on protocol performance.

La gestion performante de la mobilité et l'amélioration des performances des couches basses sont deux enjeux fondamentaux dans le contexte des réseaux sans fil. Cette thèse apporte des solutions originales et innovantes qui visent à répondre à ces deux problématiques empêchant à ce jour d'offrir des possibilités de communication performantes et sans couture aux usagers mobiles accédant à l'Internet via des réseaux d'accès locaux sans fil (WLAN). Ces solutions se distinguent en particulier par l'impact minimum qu'elles ont sur les protocoles standards de l'Internet (niveaux transport et réseau) ou de l'IEEE (niveaux physique et liaison de données). S'inscrivant dans les paradigmes de "bout en bout" et "cross-layer", notre architecture permet d'offrir des solutions efficaces pour la gestion de la mobilité : gestion de la localisation et des handover en particulier. En outre, nous montrons que notre approche permet également d'améliorer l'efficacité des transmissions ainsi que de résoudre efficacement plusieurs syndromes identifiés au sein de 802.11 tels que les anomalies de performance, l'iniquité entre les flux et l'absence de contrôle de débit entre la couche MAC et les couches supérieures. Cette thèse résout ces problèmes en combinant des modèles analytiques, des simulations et de réelles expérimentations. Ces mécanismes adaptatifs ont été développés et intégrés dans une architecture de communication qui fournit des services de communication à haute performance pour réseaux sans fils tels que WIFI et WIMAX.

Un réseau de capteurs sans fil (Wireless Sensor Network, WSN) consiste en une distribution spatiale d'équipements embarqués autonomes, qui coopèrent de manière à surveiller l'environnement de manière non-intrusive. Les données collectées par chaque capteur (tels que la température, des vibrations, des sons, des mouvements etc.) sont remontées de proche en proche vers un puits de collecte en utilisant des technologies de communication sans fil. Voilà une décennie que les contraintes inhérentes à ces réseaux attirent l'attention de la communauté scientifique. Ainsi, de nombreuses améliorations à différents niveaux de la pile de communication ont été proposées afin de relever les défis en termes d'économie d'énergie, de capacité de calcul et de contrainte mémoire imposés par l'utilisation d'équipements embarqués. Plusieurs déploiements couronnés de succès démontrent l'intérêt grandissant pour cette technologie. Les récentes avancées en termes d'intégration d'équipements et de protocoles de communication ont permis d'élaborer de nouveaux scénarios plus complexes. Ils mettent en scène des réseaux denses et dynamiques par l'utilisation de capteurs mobiles ou de différentes méthodes de collection de données. Par exemple, l'intérêt de la mobilité dans les WSN est multiple dans la mesure où les capteurs mobiles peuvent notamment permettre d'étendre la couverture d'un réseau, d'améliorer ses performances de routage ou sa connexité globale. Toutefois, ces scénarios apportent de nouveaux défis dans la conception de protocoles de communication. Ces travaux de thèse s'intéressent donc à la problématique de la dynamique des WSN, et plus particulièrement à ce que cela implique au niveau du contrôle de l'accès au médium (Medium Access Control, MAC). Nous avons tout d'abord étudié l'impact de la mobilité et défini deux nouvelles méthodes d'accès au médium (Machiavel et X-Machiavel) qui permettent d'améliorer les conditions d'accès au canal pour les capteurs mobiles dans les réseaux denses. Notre deuxième contribution est un algorithme d'auto-adaptation destiné aux protocoles par échantillonnage. Il vise à minimiser la consommation énergétique globale dans les réseaux caractérisés par des modèles de trafic antagonistes, en obtenant une configuration optimale sur chaque capteur. Ce mécanisme est particulièrement efficace en énergie pendant les transmissions par rafales qui peuvent survenir dans de tels réseaux dynamiques.

<p>Wireless communication is being developed in the last years day by day, there are several standards that talks about it. We are going to go through the IEEE standard 802.11 which talks about wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. Looking this more carefully we will study MAC specifications and its environment. </p><p>The work that ISY department at Institute of Technology of Linkoping University has proposed is to design a MAC sublayer implementation for WLANs using C language programming and testing it with the test environment called “test bench”. This test bench will simulate LLC sublayer and PHY layer, in this way, our MAC implementation will has to interact with it. Therefore we will simulate a wireless network where we are going to have a short number of stations and we are going to look at carefully the MAC sublayer response in an ad hoc network.</p>

<p>This paper is a study of IEEE Standard 802.16 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer in Distributed Mesh Networks. IEEE Standard 802.16 is a Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) technology that can connect different IEEE 802.11 (Wifi) host post with each other and to other parts of internet. It can provide network for a wireless router and at the same time this router can be installed in the office, house or university.</p><p>WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a certification mark for products that pass conformity and interoperability tests for the IEEE 802.16 standards. Products that pass the conformity tests for WiMAX are capable of forming wireless connections between them to permit the carrying of internet packet data. The idea of WiMAX is similar than Wi-Fi but it is not the same. It is a step much higher than Wi-Fi because it is focused to offer internet for a whole city.</p><p>It has much higher capacity and longer distances. IEEE 802.16 defines a MAC Layer that supports multiple physical layer (PHY) Specifications and different topologies; Point to Multipoint (PMP) and Mesh Networks. In this first topology there exist a Base Station (BS) that have direct links with all the Subscriber Stations (SS). If any Subscriber Station requires transmitting to another SS, the message must convey the Base Station.</p>

One of the most challenging issues facing vehicular networks lies in the design of an efficient MAC protocol due to mobile nature of nodes, delay constraints for safety applications and interference. In this thesis, I propose an efficient Multichannel QoS Cognitive MAC (MQOG). MQOG assesses the quality of channel prior to transmission employing dynamic channel allocation and negotiation algorithms to achieve significant increase in channel reliability, throughput and delay constraints while simultaneously addressing Quality of Service. The uniqueness of MQOG lies in making use of the free unlicensed bands. To consider fair effective sharing of resources I propose a Mobility Based Dynamic Transmit Opportunity (MoByToP) while modifying the 802.11e TXOP (Transmit Opportunity). The proposed protocols were implemented in OMNET++ 4.1, and extensive experiments demonstrated a faster and more efficient reception of safety messages compared to existing VANet MAC Protocols. Finally, improvements in delay, packet delivery ratios and throughput were noticed.

Wireless sensor networks suffer from limited power resources. Therefore, managing the energy constraints and exploring new ways to minimize the power consumption during the operation of the nodes are critical issues. Conventional MAC protocols deal with this problem without considering the internal properties of the sensor nodes’ batteries. However, recent studies about battery modeling and behaviour showed that the pulsed discharge mechanism and the charge recovery effect may have a significant impact on wireless communication in terms of power saving. In this thesis we propose two battery-aware MAC protocols that take benefit of these factors to save more energy and to prolong the lifetime of the nodes/network without affecting the throughput. In both protocols we measure the remaining battery capacity of the node and use that measurement in the back-off scheme. The first protocol gives the nodes with higher remaining battery capacity more priority to access the medium, while the other one provides more medium access priority to the nodes with lower remaining battery capacity. The objective is to investigate, through simulations, which protocol reduces the power consumption of the nodes, improve the lifetime of the network, and compare the results with the CSMA-CA protocol.

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technologies have been comprehensively developed and deployed during recent years. Since commercial WLAN and WSN products share the same free of license frequency band, the low power, low rate ZigBee based WSNs are vulnerable to the interference from Wi-Fi WLANs. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the performance of ZigBee WSNs that are subjected to interference generated by collocated Wi-Fi WLANs and to design effective counter-measuring techniques should performance improvement is needed. In this research, a versatile testbed for conducting various experiments is established and the ZigBee system’s performance with different clear channel assessment (CCA) modes and energy detection (ED) thresholds are evaluated through extensive experimental measurements in the testbed. It can be concluded from the results that CCA has significant impact on ZigBee’s performance. An existing theoretical analysis approach that is based on the collision time model between ZigBee and Wi-Fi packets is suitably modified to provide analytical evaluation means of the cases we examined. In order to mitigate the interference from the collocated Wi-Fi system, a novel and effective interference-aware adaptive CCA (IAACCA) scheme is proposed and implemented as firmware flashed into Crossbow motes. Experiments confirmed the ability of IAACCA to countermeasure effectively interference generated by Wi-Fi and thus improve the performance of ZigBee WSNs. Finally, a thorough statistical analysis is performed to understand the factors impacting the performance of ZigBee system and is used to further verify our experimental methods.

Covert channels are becoming more popular as security risks grow in networks. One area that is promising for covert channels is wireless networks, since many use a collision avoidance scheme such as carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). These schemes often introduce randomness in the network, which provides good cover for a covert timing channel. In this thesis, we use the 802.11 standard as an example to demonstrate a wireless covert channel. In particular, most 802.11 configurations use a distributed coordinated function (DCF) to assist in communications. This DCF uses a random backoff to avoid collisions, which provides the cover for our covert channel. Our timing channel provides great improvements on other recent covert channels in the field of throughput, while maintaining high accuracy. We are able to achieve throughput over 8000 bps using Covert DCF, or by accepting a throughput of 1800 bps we can achieve higher covertness and 99% accuracy as well.