The research presented in this thesis uses the macro-fiber composite (MFC) actuator that was recently developed at the NASA Langley Research Center for two major themes, sensing and actuation for vibration control, and power harvesting. The MFC is constructed using piezofibers embedded in an epoxy matrix and coated with Kapton skin. The construction process of the MFC affords it vast advantages over the traditionally used piezoceramic material. The MFC is extremely flexible, allowing it to be bonded to structures that have curved surface without fear of accidental breakage or additional surface treatment as is the case with monolithic piezoceramic materials. Additionally the MFC uses interdigitated electrodes that capitalize on the higher d33 piezoelectric coupling coefficient that allow it to produce higher forces and strain than typical monolithic piezoceramic materials. The research presented in this thesis investigates some potential applications for the MFC as well as topics in power harvesting. This first study performed was to determine if the MFC is capable of being used as a sensor for structural vibration. The MFC was incorporated into a self-sensing circuit and used to provide collocated control of an aluminum beam. It was found that the MFC makes a very accurate sensor and was able to provide the beam with over 80% vibration suppression at its second resonant frequency. Following this work, the MFC was used as both a sensor and actuator to apply multiple-input-multiple-output vibration control of an inflated satellite component. The control system used a positive position feedback (PPF) controller and two pairs of sensors and actuators in order to provide global vibration suppression of an inflated torus. The experiments found that the MFC and control system was very effective at attenuating the vibration of the first mode but ineffective at higher modes. It was found the positioning of the sensors and actuators on the structure contributed heavily to the controller's performance at higher modes. A discussion of the reasons for the controller's ineffectiveness is supply and a solution using self-sensing techniques for collocated vibration suppression was investigated. Subsequent to the research in vibration sensing and control, the ability to use piezoelectric materials to convert ambient vibration into usable electrical energy was tested and quantified. First, a model of a power harvesting beam is developed using variational methods and is validated on a composite structure containing four separate piezoelectric wafers. It is shown that the model can accurately predict the power generated from the vibration of a cantilever beam regardless of the load resistance or excitation frequency. The damping effects of power harvesting on a structure are also demonstrated and discussed using the model. Next, the ability of the piezoelectric material to recharge a battery and a quantification of the power generated are investigated. After determining that the rechargeable battery is compatible with the power generated through the piezoelectric effect, the MFC was compared with the traditional monolithic PZT for use as a power harvesting material. It was found that the MFC produces a very low current, making it less efficient than the PZT material and unable to charge batteries because of their need for relatively large current. Due to the MFC being incapable of charging batteries, only the PZT was used to charge batteries and the charge times for several nickel metal hydride batteries ranging from 40 to 1000mAh are supplied. / Master of Science

Ce travail porte sur la modélisation et la simulation du trafic routier sur un réseau. Modéliser le trafic sur une section homogène (c'est-à-dire sans entrée, ni sortie) trouve ses racines au milieu du XXème siècle et a généré une importante littérature depuis. Cependant, la prise en compte des discontinuités des réseaux comme les jonctions, n'a attiré l'attention du cercle scientifique que bien plus récemment. Pourtant, ces discontinuités sont les sources majeures des congestions, récurrentes ou non, qui dégradent la qualité de service des infrastructures. Ce travail se propose donc d'apporter un éclairage particulier sur cette question, tout en s'intéressant aux problèmes d'échelle et plus particulièrement au passage microscopique-macroscopique dans les modèles existants. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée au lien existant entre les modèles de poursuite microscopiques et les modèles d'écoulement macroscopiques. Le passage asymptotique est assuré par une technique d'homogénéisation pour les équations d'Hamilton-Jacobi. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation et à la simulation des flux de véhicules au travers d'une jonction. Le modèle macroscopique considéré est bâti autour des équations d'Hamilton-Jacobi. La troisième partie enfin, se concentre sur la recherche de solutions analytiques ou semi-analytiques, grâce à l'utilisation de formules de représentation permettant de résoudre les équations d'Hamilton-Jacobi sous de bonnes hypothèses. Nous nous intéressons également dans cette thèse, à la classe générique des modèles macroscopiques de trafic de second ordre, dits modèles GSOM / This work focuses on modeling and simulation of traffic flows on a network. Modeling road traffic on a homogeneous section takes its roots in the middle of XXth century and it has generated a substantial literature since then. However, taking into account discontinuities of the network such as junctions, has attracted the attention of the scientific circle more recently. However, these discontinuities are the major sources of traffic congestion, recurring or not, that basically degrades the level of service of road infrastructure. This work therefore aims to provide a unique perspective on this issue, while focusing on scale problems and more precisely on microscopic-macroscopic passage in existing models. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the relationship between microscopic car-following models and macroscopic continuous flow models. The asymptotic passage is based on a homogenization technique for Hamilton-Jacobi equations. In a second part, we focus on the modeling and simulation of vehicular traffic flow through a junction. The considered macroscopic model is built on Hamilton-Jacobi equations as well. Finally, the third part focuses on finding analytical or semi-analytical solutions, through representation formulas aiming to solve Hamilton-Jacobi equations under adequate assumptions. In this thesis, we are also interested in a generic class of second order macroscopic traffic flow models, the so-called GSOM models

Les structures offshores sont conçues pour résister à des chargements environnementaux sévères. Des études expérimentales et numériques de la fondation d’une éolienne offshore soumise à des chargements statiques monotones/cycliques sont présentées dans ce manuscrit. Des pieux isolés (diamètre de 1,8 m et 40 m de longueur) et une structure en treillis fondée sur 4 pieux ont été testés à 100×g en centrifuge dans un massif de sable de Fontainebleau dense. Le comportement du pieu isolé a été identifié à travers des essais de chargement axial monotone. Différentes méthodes de mise en place de pieu ont été adoptées (installation à 1×g et à 100×g) et leur influence sur la capacité portante a été mesurée. Le diagramme de stabilité du pieu a été construit à partir des résultats des essais cycliques, des essais CPT ont été réalisés et l’influence des contraintes initiales a été étudiée. Des résultats expérimentaux de la fondation jacket soumise à des chargements latéraux cycliques sont enfin présentés. La méthode des éléments finis et un macro-élément pour des pieux ont été utilisés pour reproduire numériquement les résultats expérimentaux. Les lois de comportement adoptées sont basées sur la théorie d’hypo-plasticité et les contraintes initiales dans le sol sont issues de la méthode ICP-05. Les résultats numériques sont confrontés aux résultats expérimentaux et aux résultats analytiques obtenus à partir de la norme API. / Offshore structures are designed to resist to severe environmental loads. This manuscript presents experimental and numerical studies on offshore wind turbine pile foundations submitted to static monotonic/cyclic loads. Isolated piles (diameter of 1.8 m and embedded length of 40m) and a four-legged truss structure installed in dense Fontainebleau sand have been tested at 100×g in a geotechnical centrifuge. The behavior of the isolated piles has been characterized under monotonic axial load. The piles have been jacketed at 1×g and 100×g and the influence of the setup method on the bearing capacity has been measured. The stability diagram of a pile has been constructed using cyclic tests, CPT experiments have been performed and the influence of the initial stresses has been studied. Finally, experimental results of the jacket foundation submitted to lateral cyclic loadings are presented. The finite element method and a macro-element for piles have been used to numerically reproduce the experimental results. Constitutive laws are based on the hypoplasticity theory and the initial stresses in the soil have been calculated using the IC-05 method. The numerical results are compared with the experimental and the analytical results from the API standards.

Cette thèse étudie des modèles mésoscopiques adaptés à la simulation d'ondes de choc et de détonation dans des fluides. Ces phénomènes mettent en jeu des processus complexes et nécessitent des systèmes de taille suffisante pour les observer. L'enjeu est ainsi de gagner en échelle par rapport aux méthodes microscopiques, précises mais coûteuses, tout en conservant les propriétés essentielles. Dans cette optique, le développement de méthodes multi-échelles couplant différentes résolutions au sein d'une même simulation permet d'adopter une description plus fine dans certaines régions. Nous étudions plus particulièrement la SDPD (Smoothed Dissipative Particle Dynamics) qui couple une discrétisation particulaire des équations de Navier-Stokes et des fluctuations thermiques variant avec la résolution. La reformulation de la SDPD en termes d'énergie interne, en plus de la position et de la quantité de mouvement, permet de rapprocher structurellement la SDPD et la DPDE (Dissipative Particle Dynamics with Energy conservation). Des schémas numériques conçus pour la DPDE sont adaptés à la SDPD afin d'assurer la conservation de l'énergie et la stabilité de la dynamique. Nous étudions également les propriétés statistiques de la SDPD et établissons des estimateurs de la température et de la pression. La cohérence multi-échelle de laSDPD est démontrée par des simulations à l’équilibre et pour des ondes de choc et nous proposons un couplage entre la SDPD à différentes résolutions. Enfin, la pertinence physique de la méthode est illustrée par la simulation d’ondes de détonation et d’éjection de matière / This thesis studies mesoscopic models adapted to the simulation of shock and detonation waves in fluids. These phenomena require systems sufficiently large to observe the complex processes occurring in this context. The aim is thus to increase the accessible time and length scales of microscopic methods, accurate but expensive, while preserving their essential properties. To this end, the multiscale coupling of methods at different resolutions allows to finely describe a specific region, limiting the computational cost. In particular, we study Smoothed Dissipative Particle Dynamics (SDPD) which couples a particle discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations and thermal fluctuations that scale consistently with the resolution. The SDPD equations are reformulated in terms of internal energies, which increases the structural similarity with Dissipative Particle Dynamics with Energy conservation (DPDE). We adapt numerical schemes for DPDE to the context of SDPD in order to ensure energy conservation and stability. We study the statistical properties of SDPD and determine estimators for temperature and pressure. The size consistency in SDPD is established for equilibrium and shock waves, which leads us to propose a multiscale coupling of SDPD at different resolutions. Finally, its physical relevance is illustrated by simulating micro-jetting and detonation waves

Le thème principal de cette thèse est celui des liens macro financiers. J’ai couvert trois questions différentes liées à ce sujet. Dans le premier chapitre, Gaël Giraud et moi-même développons un modèle pour la zone euro en réponse à de nombreuses critiques des modèles de politiques avant le GFC et en mettant l’accent sur l’interaction entre le secteur financier et la macroéconomie. Les deuxième et troisième chapitres portent sur le comportement du secteur financier au lendemain de la crise financière mondiale et ses implications pour la macroéconomie. Le chapitre 2 examine la pratique de l’abstention à l’égard des emprunteurs en difficulté. La question finalement pertinente dans ce chapitre est de savoir dans quelle mesure ce comportement influe sur l’économie réelle. Enfin, le troisième chapitre met en lumière un épisode de manipulation sur les marchés des matières premières. Cette prétendue manipulation n’était apparemment possible qu’en raison de la position dominante des banques sur le marché pendant la période qui a précédé la crise et par la suite. En fin de compte, je quantifie les effets d’un tel comportement et apporte la preuve d’un changement structurel du marché manipulé au cours de la période de manipulation alléguée. Le premier chapitre exploite un ensemble de données au niveau des banques, tandis que dans les chapitres 2 et 3, je développe des modèles macroéconomiques structurels. En particulier, le modèle de système dynamique du deuxième chapitre est une innovation. Cette catégorie de modèles, et plus particulièrement un modèle de la taille que nous développons, n’a jamais été estimée et utilisée par la suite pour l’analyse des politiques. / The main theme of this thesis are macro-financial linkages. I covered three different questions related to this topic. In the first chapter Gaël Giraud and I develop a model for the Euro Area answering to many of the critiques of policy models before the Global Financial Crisis and with a focus on the interaction between the financial sector and the macroeconomy. The second and third chapter focus on behaviour of the financial sector in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis and its implications for the macroeconomy. Chapter 2 investigates the practice of forbearance towards stressed borrowers. The ultimately relevant question in this chapter is to what extend there is a feedback to the real economy due to this behaviour. Finally, the third chapter sheds light on an episode of manipulation in commodity markets. This alleged manipulation was apparently only possible due to the dominant market position banks took in the run up to the crisis and thereafter. Ultimately I quantify the effects of such behaviour and provide evidence of a structural change of the manipulated market during the period of alleged manipulation. The first chapter exploits a bank level dataset, whereas in chapter 2 and 3 I develop structural macroeconomic models. Especially the dynamical system model in the second chapter is an innovation. This class of models and more specifically a model of the size we develop has never been estimated and subsequently used for policy analysis.

O parâmetro que determina o processo de transferência de oxigênio através da interface ar-água em escoamentos com superficie livre é o coeficiente de reaeração superficial, \'K IND.2\'. Existe um grande número de equações na literatura científica que realizam a previsão do coeficiente de reaeração, no entanto, a maioria dessas equações considera apenas algumas características hidráulicas do corpo de água como a velocidade e a profundidade, e ainda, como em sua maioria são de natureza empírica, acabam sendo adequadas para corpos de água específicos. Além destes dois parâmetros (velocidade e profundidade do escoamento), existem outros doze que são considerados importantes para estudos de reoxigenação em águas superficiais. É neste contexto que o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar em condições de laboratório a influência da rugosidade do leito de um canal sobre o coeficiente de reaeração superficial. Além da rugosidade, foram variadas as condições de velocidade média do escoamento e profundidade da lâmina de água. A variação da rugosidade foi realizada através da implementação de obstáculos com geometria conhecida, dispostos transversalmente ao escoamento, e denominados como macro-rugosidades. Os resultados demonstraram evidências de que o coeficiente de reaeração superficial é controlado de forma significativa pela rugosidade do leito do canal. Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos matemáticos de natureza semi-empírica para a previsão do \'K IND.2\', os quais incorporam variáveis hidrodinâmicas e geométricas consideradas relevantes para o processo de transferência de massa na interface ar-água. / The parameter that determines the process of oxygen transfer through the air-water interface in flows with free surface is the superficial reaeration coefficient, \'K IND.2\'. There are a large quantity of equations in the cientific literature that perform the prevision of the reaeration coefficient; however, most of them consider only some of the hydraulic characteristics of water body; for example, the velocity and the depth. Most of these equations have empirical origin and are adequate just for a specific water body. In addition to these two parameters (velocity and depth of flow), there are another twelve important parameters in reoxygenation studies in superficial waters. In this context, the aim of this work was to study the influence of bed roughness of a channel on the superficial reaeration coefficient, under laboratory conditions. Besides the roughness, the conditions of mean velocity of the flow and depth of water were varied. The variation of roughness was done with implementation of obstacles with known geometry, arranged transversely to the flow direction, and called macro-roughness. The results have shown evidences that the surface reaeration coefficient is controlled significantly by the roughness of the channel bed. Two mathematical models of semi-empirical origin for the \'K IND.2\' prevision were developed, which incorporate hydrodynamic and geometric variables considered relevant in the process of mass transfer in air-water interface.

Devido à importância de cavidades de vapor em meios líquidos, para áreas como transferência de calor e de escoamento em tubos (nos quais elas podem causar sérios danos), o processo de formação e colapso de bolhas tem sido largamente estudado, e boa parte do que ocorre em escala micro já foi reportado. Nos últimos anos, novos estudos no campo têm demonstrado que cavidades de diâmetro não desprezível (chegando a dezenas de centímetros), podem ser geradas em condições controladas. O mecanismo dos experimentos de formação dessas cavidades se aproveita do fato de que substâncias puras (ou quase puras) podem ser mantidas como líquido em temperaturas bem acima das de mudança de fase, e a transição de fase propriamente dita necessita de um mecanismo facilitador ou um ponto de iniciação, de modo que um estado superaquecido pode ser mantido por muito tempo até que essa condição seja alcançada, gerando uma mudança de fase extremamente rápida, e muitas vezes explosiva. As chamadas macro cavidades, geradas por esse processo, possuem uma dinâmica geral de formação e colapso bem semelhante as que ocorrem em escala micro, porém uma série de outros aspectos podem ser observadas nas mesmas, tais como formação de jato central e de película de líquido ascendente junto a parede. Esses aspectos específicos do escoamento, embora descritos em trabalhos anteriores, ainda não foram completamente compreendidos, e se mostram como um desafio na reprodução dos experimentos e na quantificação de força útil gerada. Dessa forma, este estudo se propõem ao melhor entendimento desses detalhes específicos acerca das macro cavidades. Através de filmagens em alta velocidade dos experimentos, e da análise dos dados gerados por essas filmagens, foi realizada uma análise dos mecanismos envolvidos na formação dos jatos centrais e dos filmes ascendentes, comparando a forma como esses efeitos se dão para o caso de macro cavidades com o relatado na bibliografia para casos semelhantes. A fim de facilitar a compreensão da física por trás dos mecanismos de amplificação de ondas, um modelo simplificado da instabilidade de Rayleigh-Taylor aplicado ao fenômeno também foi abordado. / Because of the importance of vapor cavities in liquid, for areas such as heat transfer and pipe flow (in which they can cause serious damage), the process of formation and collapse of bubble has been largely studied, and much of what occurs on a micro scale has already been reported. In recent years new studies in the field have shown that cavities of non-negligible diameter (up to tens of centimeters) can be generated under controlled conditions. The mechanism for the experiments of cavity formation takes advantage of the fact that pure (or near pure) substances can be kept as liquid at temperatures well above the phase change, and the phase transition itself requires a facilitating mechanism or a starting point, such that an overheated state can be maintained for a long time until this condition is reached, generating an extremely rapid, and often explosive, phase change. The so-called macro cavities, generated by this process, have a general dynamics of formation and collapse very similar to those that occur in micro scale, but a number of other aspects can be observed in them, such as formation of central jet and a liquid climbing film close to the wall. These specific aspects of the flow, although described in previous work, have not yet been fully understood, and are shown as a challenge in the reproduction of experiments and in the quantification of useful force generated. Thus, this study proposes to better understand these specific details about the macro cavities. Through high speed filming of the experiments and analysis of the data generated by these films, an analysis was made of the mechanisms involved in the formation of the central jets and the climbing films, comparing the way these events occur in the case of macro cavities, with the reported in the bibliography for similar cases. In order to facilitate the understanding of the physics behind the mechanisms of wave amplification, a simplified model of Rayleigh-Taylor instability applied to the phenomenon was also addressed.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francieli_Helena_Bernardi.pdf: 8314564 bytes, checksum: 7282573e74556a4d894e6d66f627a441 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the composting processes with different percentages of organic residues, identifying the mix that gives the best performance of the process. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering (NEEA) of the Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE). All waste from the composting process was drawn from the activities of the Agricultural Cooperative Consolata COPACOL. The following wastes were used as substrates: waste hatchery, flotation sludge, ash remaining boiler, waste machine pre-cleaning (cereals), composed of poultry carcasses, remaining coal boiler, solid fraction of pig manure, sausage casing (cellulose casings), solid fraction of the waste from washing of trucks, bagasse and Breeders bed. The experiment consisted of two tests: the first test, were mounted compost piles varying the proportions of waste, in order to test the waste mixtures by observing the behavior of the method, four mixtures with two replications in the hatchery was the principal for a total of eight piles. In the second trial, in possession of quantities of waste generated and the seasonality of their production, others were made four piles, with four replications compositions without varying the carbon sources. The first experiment was installed on December 22nd and 23rd, 2009. The residues were individually weighed on digital scales and packed in cartons, layered, and each windrow initial weight was 500 kg of weight. The temperature of the windrow was monitored daily. The weight and volume of the windrows were monitored weekly, every tillage and total solids and volatile solids, pH, conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen. Characterized the chemical waste "in nature and organic compounds at the beginning and end of the process by determining the macro-and micronutrients. The second test was implemented on September 4th, 2010, and were monitored the same parameters mentioned above. The temperature reached highs above 60°C during the composting process in all treatments in both trials. The average time of composting was of 67 days in two trials. The largest reductions in weight were observed in the second test (50,5%). The largest reductions in volume occurred on the second test (68%). The pH showed an increase until the end of the process and the EC decreased for all treatments in the first test, while the second test increased only in one treatment. The organic compounds obtained from the composting of organic residues have significant fertilizer value and can be used in soil as a nutrient source for plants, so the composting proved to be an efficient alternative for the treatment of industrial residues, promoting environmental sanitation. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o processo de compostagem com diferentes porcentagens de resíduos agroindustriais, identificando a mistura que proporciona o melhor desempenho do processo. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola (NEEA) da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE). Todos os resíduos do processo de compostagem foram oriundos das atividades desenvolvidas pela Cooperativa Agrícola Consolata - COPACOL. Foram utilizados como substratos os seguintes resíduos: resíduo de incubatório, lodo de flotador, cinza remanescente da caldeira, resíduos da máquina de pré-limpeza (cereais), composto de carcaça de aves, carvão remanescente da caldeira, fração sólida de dejeto de suíno, invólucro de embutidos (tripa celulósica), fração sólida do resíduo da lavagem de caminhões, bagaço de cana e cama de matrizeiro. O experimento foi composto por dois ensaios: no primeiro ensaio, foram montadas leiras de compostagem variando-se as proporções dos resíduos, com a finalidade de testar as misturas dos resíduos observando o comportamento do método, sendo quatro misturas com duas repetições, em que o resíduo de incubatório foi o principal, num total de oito leiras. No segundo ensaio, de posse das quantidades de resíduos gerados e da sazonalidade de sua produção, foram confeccionadas outras quatro leiras, sendo quatro composições sem repetições variando-se as fontes de carbono. O primeiro ensaio foi implantado nos dias 22 e 23 de dezembro de 2009. Os resíduos foram inicialmente pesados, dispostos em camadas, sendo que cada leira teve como peso inicial 500 kg de massa fresca. A temperatura da leira foi monitorada diariamente. A massa e o volume das leiras foram monitorados semanalmente, a cada revolvimento, bem como sólidos totais e sólidos voláteis, pH, condutividade elétrica, carbono orgânico e nitrogênio total. Caracterizou-se quimicamente os resíduos in natura e os compostos orgânicos no início e ao final do processo, determinando os macro e micronutrientes. O segundo ensaio foi implantado no dia 4 de setembro de 2010 e foram monitorados os mesmos parâmetros anteriormente citados. A temperatura atingiu picos acima de 60 °C durante o processo de compostagem em todos os tratamentos nos dois ensaios. O tempo médio de compostagem foi de 67 dias nos dois ensaios. As maiores reduções de massa foram observadas no segundo ensaio (50,5%). As maiores reduções de volume ocorreram no segundo ensaio (68%). O pH apresentou aumento até o final do processo e a CE diminuiu para todos os tratamentos do primeiro ensaio, enquanto que no segundo ensaio aumentou apenas em um tratamento. Os compostos orgânicos obtidos a partir da compostagem de resíduos agroindustriais apresentam valor fertilizante significativo, podendo ser utilizados no solo como fonte de nutrientes para as plantas. Sendo assim, a compostagem mostrou-se uma alternativa eficiente para o tratamento dos resíduos agroindustriais, promovendo o saneamento ambiental.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francieli_Helena_Bernardi.pdf: 8314564 bytes, checksum: 7282573e74556a4d894e6d66f627a441 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the composting processes with different percentages of organic residues, identifying the mix that gives the best performance of the process. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering (NEEA) of the Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE). All waste from the composting process was drawn from the activities of the Agricultural Cooperative Consolata COPACOL. The following wastes were used as substrates: waste hatchery, flotation sludge, ash remaining boiler, waste machine pre-cleaning (cereals), composed of poultry carcasses, remaining coal boiler, solid fraction of pig manure, sausage casing (cellulose casings), solid fraction of the waste from washing of trucks, bagasse and Breeders bed. The experiment consisted of two tests: the first test, were mounted compost piles varying the proportions of waste, in order to test the waste mixtures by observing the behavior of the method, four mixtures with two replications in the hatchery was the principal for a total of eight piles. In the second trial, in possession of quantities of waste generated and the seasonality of their production, others were made four piles, with four replications compositions without varying the carbon sources. The first experiment was installed on December 22nd and 23rd, 2009. The residues were individually weighed on digital scales and packed in cartons, layered, and each windrow initial weight was 500 kg of weight. The temperature of the windrow was monitored daily. The weight and volume of the windrows were monitored weekly, every tillage and total solids and volatile solids, pH, conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrogen. Characterized the chemical waste "in nature and organic compounds at the beginning and end of the process by determining the macro-and micronutrients. The second test was implemented on September 4th, 2010, and were monitored the same parameters mentioned above. The temperature reached highs above 60°C during the composting process in all treatments in both trials. The average time of composting was of 67 days in two trials. The largest reductions in weight were observed in the second test (50,5%). The largest reductions in volume occurred on the second test (68%). The pH showed an increase until the end of the process and the EC decreased for all treatments in the first test, while the second test increased only in one treatment. The organic compounds obtained from the composting of organic residues have significant fertilizer value and can be used in soil as a nutrient source for plants, so the composting proved to be an efficient alternative for the treatment of industrial residues, promoting environmental sanitation. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o processo de compostagem com diferentes porcentagens de resíduos agroindustriais, identificando a mistura que proporciona o melhor desempenho do processo. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola (NEEA) da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE). Todos os resíduos do processo de compostagem foram oriundos das atividades desenvolvidas pela Cooperativa Agrícola Consolata - COPACOL. Foram utilizados como substratos os seguintes resíduos: resíduo de incubatório, lodo de flotador, cinza remanescente da caldeira, resíduos da máquina de pré-limpeza (cereais), composto de carcaça de aves, carvão remanescente da caldeira, fração sólida de dejeto de suíno, invólucro de embutidos (tripa celulósica), fração sólida do resíduo da lavagem de caminhões, bagaço de cana e cama de matrizeiro. O experimento foi composto por dois ensaios: no primeiro ensaio, foram montadas leiras de compostagem variando-se as proporções dos resíduos, com a finalidade de testar as misturas dos resíduos observando o comportamento do método, sendo quatro misturas com duas repetições, em que o resíduo de incubatório foi o principal, num total de oito leiras. No segundo ensaio, de posse das quantidades de resíduos gerados e da sazonalidade de sua produção, foram confeccionadas outras quatro leiras, sendo quatro composições sem repetições variando-se as fontes de carbono. O primeiro ensaio foi implantado nos dias 22 e 23 de dezembro de 2009. Os resíduos foram inicialmente pesados, dispostos em camadas, sendo que cada leira teve como peso inicial 500 kg de massa fresca. A temperatura da leira foi monitorada diariamente. A massa e o volume das leiras foram monitorados semanalmente, a cada revolvimento, bem como sólidos totais e sólidos voláteis, pH, condutividade elétrica, carbono orgânico e nitrogênio total. Caracterizou-se quimicamente os resíduos in natura e os compostos orgânicos no início e ao final do processo, determinando os macro e micronutrientes. O segundo ensaio foi implantado no dia 4 de setembro de 2010 e foram monitorados os mesmos parâmetros anteriormente citados. A temperatura atingiu picos acima de 60 °C durante o processo de compostagem em todos os tratamentos nos dois ensaios. O tempo médio de compostagem foi de 67 dias nos dois ensaios. As maiores reduções de massa foram observadas no segundo ensaio (50,5%). As maiores reduções de volume ocorreram no segundo ensaio (68%). O pH apresentou aumento até o final do processo e a CE diminuiu para todos os tratamentos do primeiro ensaio, enquanto que no segundo ensaio aumentou apenas em um tratamento. Os compostos orgânicos obtidos a partir da compostagem de resíduos agroindustriais apresentam valor fertilizante significativo, podendo ser utilizados no solo como fonte de nutrientes para as plantas. Sendo assim, a compostagem mostrou-se uma alternativa eficiente para o tratamento dos resíduos agroindustriais, promovendo o saneamento ambiental.

Devido à importância de cavidades de vapor em meios líquidos, para áreas como transferência de calor e de escoamento em tubos (nos quais elas podem causar sérios danos), o processo de formação e colapso de bolhas tem sido largamente estudado, e boa parte do que ocorre em escala micro já foi reportado. Nos últimos anos, novos estudos no campo têm demonstrado que cavidades de diâmetro não desprezível (chegando a dezenas de centímetros), podem ser geradas em condições controladas. O mecanismo dos experimentos de formação dessas cavidades se aproveita do fato de que substâncias puras (ou quase puras) podem ser mantidas como líquido em temperaturas bem acima das de mudança de fase, e a transição de fase propriamente dita necessita de um mecanismo facilitador ou um ponto de iniciação, de modo que um estado superaquecido pode ser mantido por muito tempo até que essa condição seja alcançada, gerando uma mudança de fase extremamente rápida, e muitas vezes explosiva. As chamadas macro cavidades, geradas por esse processo, possuem uma dinâmica geral de formação e colapso bem semelhante as que ocorrem em escala micro, porém uma série de outros aspectos podem ser observadas nas mesmas, tais como formação de jato central e de película de líquido ascendente junto a parede. Esses aspectos específicos do escoamento, embora descritos em trabalhos anteriores, ainda não foram completamente compreendidos, e se mostram como um desafio na reprodução dos experimentos e na quantificação de força útil gerada. Dessa forma, este estudo se propõem ao melhor entendimento desses detalhes específicos acerca das macro cavidades. Através de filmagens em alta velocidade dos experimentos, e da análise dos dados gerados por essas filmagens, foi realizada uma análise dos mecanismos envolvidos na formação dos jatos centrais e dos filmes ascendentes, comparando a forma como esses efeitos se dão para o caso de macro cavidades com o relatado na bibliografia para casos semelhantes. A fim de facilitar a compreensão da física por trás dos mecanismos de amplificação de ondas, um modelo simplificado da instabilidade de Rayleigh-Taylor aplicado ao fenômeno também foi abordado. / Because of the importance of vapor cavities in liquid, for areas such as heat transfer and pipe flow (in which they can cause serious damage), the process of formation and collapse of bubble has been largely studied, and much of what occurs on a micro scale has already been reported. In recent years new studies in the field have shown that cavities of non-negligible diameter (up to tens of centimeters) can be generated under controlled conditions. The mechanism for the experiments of cavity formation takes advantage of the fact that pure (or near pure) substances can be kept as liquid at temperatures well above the phase change, and the phase transition itself requires a facilitating mechanism or a starting point, such that an overheated state can be maintained for a long time until this condition is reached, generating an extremely rapid, and often explosive, phase change. The so-called macro cavities, generated by this process, have a general dynamics of formation and collapse very similar to those that occur in micro scale, but a number of other aspects can be observed in them, such as formation of central jet and a liquid climbing film close to the wall. These specific aspects of the flow, although described in previous work, have not yet been fully understood, and are shown as a challenge in the reproduction of experiments and in the quantification of useful force generated. Thus, this study proposes to better understand these specific details about the macro cavities. Through high speed filming of the experiments and analysis of the data generated by these films, an analysis was made of the mechanisms involved in the formation of the central jets and the climbing films, comparing the way these events occur in the case of macro cavities, with the reported in the bibliography for similar cases. In order to facilitate the understanding of the physics behind the mechanisms of wave amplification, a simplified model of Rayleigh-Taylor instability applied to the phenomenon was also addressed.