Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une thématique de recherche prioritaire développée par le laboratoire GREAH et portant sur l’optimisation de l'efficacité énergétique des systèmes de gestion et de production de l’énergie électrique. Dans ce cadre, les performances de convertisseurs d’énergie (machines électriques pour la conversion de l'énergie électromécanique) ont un impact déterminant sur l'efficacité énergétique de la conversion et sur la qualité de gestion de l'énergie électrique en termes de rendement, de maximisation de la puissance massique, de réduction des émissions, de réduction des coûts, ce qui nécessite, par conséquent, un effort particulier de conception et de dimensionnement. L’objectif principal de cette thèse vise à développer un modèle léger permettant d’exploiter assez rapidement l’espace des solutions potentiellement optimales dans la première phase de la conception des machines synchrones à aimants permanents. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse portent sur la modélisation électromagnétique pour le pré-dimensionnement et la conception des machines synchrones à aimants permanents intégrées dans l’éolien de fort puissance. Dans ce manuscrit, deux approches de modélisation des machines électriques ont été proposées. La modélisation par réseau de réluctances présentée consiste à découper le domaine d’étude en un certain nombre d’éléments volumiques dont chacun est décomposé en tubes de flux. La modélisation analytique hybride proposée est basée sur un couplage fort entre un réseau de réluctances généré à partir d’un maillage du domaine d’étude et une solution formelle des équations de Maxwell dans les régions de faible perméabilité (entrefer magnétique). Les résultats obtenus à partir de ces modèles sont validés par les résultats correspondants issus de la méthode des éléments finis. Pour montrer le gain obtenu en temps de calcul, les temps d’exécutions des codes de calcul sont comparés aux temps mis par le logiciel Flux. / This subject of the thesis is part of a priority research theme developed by the GREAH laboratory on the optimization of the energy efficiency of electrical energy management and production systems. In this context, the performance of energy converters (electrical machines for the conversion of electromechanical energy) have a decisive impact on the energy efficiency of the conversion and on the quality of electrical energy management in terms of efficiency, reduction of emissions, reduction of costs, which therefore requires a special effort to design. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a light model allowing to exploit fairly quickly the space of potentially optimal solutions in the first phase of machine design. The work presented in this thesis focuses on electromagnetic modeling for the pre-design of permanent magnets synchronous machines integrated into high power wind turbines. In this manuscript, two modeling approaches of electric machines have been proposed. The presented reluctance network modeling is generated from the mesh of studied domain as the finite element method. Reluctance elements are used for the mesh. The proposed hybrid analytical modeling is based on a strong coupling between a reluctances network generated from a mesh of the study domain and analytical models based on the formal solution of Maxwell’s equations in regions of low permeability (magnetic gap). This approach can help solve the problem of air-gap modeling in MEC method, and the consideration of the local magnetic saturation in modeling approaches involving analytical technique. The results obtained from these models are validated by the corresponding results from the finite element method and very good has been observed. To indicate the gain obtained in time, the execution times of the programs are compared to the times set by the Flux software.

Adições de Ti-C e Cr refinam o grão em nanocompósitos de Nd-Fe-B, aumentando substancialmente o valor de seu campo coercivo Hc. Isto motivou a investigação do efeito da adição de Ti-C e Cr em nanocompósitos de Pr-Fe-B e em outros nanocompóstitos à base de Nd-Fe-B. Fitas metálicas das composições (Pr9,5Fe84,5B6)0,97-x(TiC)0,03Crx (x = 0; 0,0025; 0,005; 0,0075; 0,01) e (Nd9,5Fe84,5B6)0,97-x (TiC)0,03Crx (x = 0,005; 0,01) foram produzidas por resfriamento rápido. Medidas de magnetização em campos magnéticos de até 90 kOe mostraram que os materiais contendo Cr possuem Hc substancialmente maior do que os demais sem. Para um nanocompósito de Pr com 1% Cr, o campo coercivo obtido foi Hc = 12,5 kOe, enquanto que para um nanocompósito de Pr com 0% Cr obtivemos um Hc = 5,1 kOe. O produto energético máximo da amostra com 1% Cr foi de, aproximadamente, 13,6 MGOe, valor este limitado pela remanência. Uma análise do difratograma de raios X mostrou que as fitas à base de Pr-Fe-B com 1%Cr consistem basicamente de uma fase Pr2Fe14B dura e uma fase α-Fe mole. Uma espectroscopia Mössbauer foi realizada em 300 K e mostrou uma redução dos campos hiperfinos devido à adição do Cr. Também foi realizada uma microscopia eletrônica de transmissão na amostra Pr-Fe-B com 1% Cr e os resultados mostraram que o nanocompósito possui um tamanho de grão maior do que o material sem Cr, sendo que a microestrutura majoritária são de grãos constituídos de α-Fe, de tamanho médio de 100 nm, imersos numa matriz de Pr2Fe14B. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-30T15:59:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vinicius Cappellano de Franco.pdf: 2554552 bytes, checksum: ca6455aec67ec4bd99efc6bdb3497dc6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-30T15:59:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vinicius Cappellano de Franco.pdf: 2554552 bytes, checksum: ca6455aec67ec4bd99efc6bdb3497dc6 (MD5) / The addition of both Ti and Cr-C refine the grains in nanocomposites of Nd-Fe-B, increasing substantially the coercive field Hc . This motived our investigation of the effect of the addition of Ti-C and Cr to nanocomposites of Pr-Fe-B and Nd-Fe-B. Ribbons compositions (Pr9,5Fe84,5B6)0,97-x(TiC)0,03Crx (x = 0; 0,0025; 0,005; 0,0075; 0,01) and (Nd9,5Fe84,5B6)0,97-x (TiC)0,03Crx (x = 0,005; 0,01) were produced by melt-spinning. Magnetization measures in fields up to 90 kOe showed that materials containing Cr have substantially higher Hc than the other materials without Cr. For a Pr nanocomposites with 1% Cr, the coercive field Hc was 12.5 kOe, while for a Pr nanocomposites with 0% Cr, Hc = 5.1 kOe. For the sample with 1% Cr, the maximum energy product was approximately 13.6 MGOe, a value limited by the remanence. The X-ray diffractogram analysis showed that the ribbons based on Pr-Fe-B with 1% Cr consist basically of a Pr2Fe14B hard phase and an α-Fe soft phase. Mössbauer spectroscopy was performed at 300 K and showed a reduction of the hyperfine field due to the addition of Cr. Transmission electronic microscopy of the Pr-Fe-B sample with 1% Cr showed that the nanocomposites have a grain size larger than the material without Cr, the microstructure consisting of α Fe grains, with an average size of 100 nm, in a matrix of Pr2Fe14B.

Adições de Ti-C e Cr refinam o grão em nanocompósitos de Nd-Fe-B, aumentando substancialmente o valor de seu campo coercivo Hc. Isto motivou a investigação do efeito da adição de Ti-C e Cr em nanocompósitos de Pr-Fe-B e em outros nanocompóstitos à base de Nd-Fe-B. Fitas metálicas das composições (Pr9,5Fe84,5B6)0,97-x(TiC)0,03Crx (x = 0; 0,0025; 0,005; 0,0075; 0,01) e (Nd9,5Fe84,5B6)0,97-x (TiC)0,03Crx (x = 0,005; 0,01) foram produzidas por resfriamento rápido. Medidas de magnetização em campos magnéticos de até 90 kOe mostraram que os materiais contendo Cr possuem Hc substancialmente maior do que os demais sem. Para um nanocompósito de Pr com 1% Cr, o campo coercivo obtido foi Hc = 12,5 kOe, enquanto que para um nanocompósito de Pr com 0% Cr obtivemos um Hc = 5,1 kOe. O produto energético máximo da amostra com 1% Cr foi de, aproximadamente, 13,6 MGOe, valor este limitado pela remanência. Uma análise do difratograma de raios X mostrou que as fitas à base de Pr-Fe-B com 1%Cr consistem basicamente de uma fase Pr2Fe14B dura e uma fase α-Fe mole. Uma espectroscopia Mössbauer foi realizada em 300 K e mostrou uma redução dos campos hiperfinos devido à adição do Cr. Também foi realizada uma microscopia eletrônica de transmissão na amostra Pr-Fe-B com 1% Cr e os resultados mostraram que o nanocompósito possui um tamanho de grão maior do que o material sem Cr, sendo que a microestrutura majoritária são de grãos constituídos de α-Fe, de tamanho médio de 100 nm, imersos numa matriz de Pr2Fe14B. / The addition of both Ti and Cr-C refine the grains in nanocomposites of Nd-Fe-B, increasing substantially the coercive field Hc . This motived our investigation of the effect of the addition of Ti-C and Cr to nanocomposites of Pr-Fe-B and Nd-Fe-B. Ribbons compositions (Pr9,5Fe84,5B6)0,97-x(TiC)0,03Crx (x = 0; 0,0025; 0,005; 0,0075; 0,01) and (Nd9,5Fe84,5B6)0,97-x (TiC)0,03Crx (x = 0,005; 0,01) were produced by melt-spinning. Magnetization measures in fields up to 90 kOe showed that materials containing Cr have substantially higher Hc than the other materials without Cr. For a Pr nanocomposites with 1% Cr, the coercive field Hc was 12.5 kOe, while for a Pr nanocomposites with 0% Cr, Hc = 5.1 kOe. For the sample with 1% Cr, the maximum energy product was approximately 13.6 MGOe, a value limited by the remanence. The X-ray diffractogram analysis showed that the ribbons based on Pr-Fe-B with 1% Cr consist basically of a Pr2Fe14B hard phase and an α-Fe soft phase. Mössbauer spectroscopy was performed at 300 K and showed a reduction of the hyperfine field due to the addition of Cr. Transmission electronic microscopy of the Pr-Fe-B sample with 1% Cr showed that the nanocomposites have a grain size larger than the material without Cr, the microstructure consisting of α Fe grains, with an average size of 100 nm, in a matrix of Pr2Fe14B.

Les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse porté sur le développement d’un aimant pour système de RMN portable. Une homogénéité élevée a été recherchée tout en maintenant le champ magnétique statique B0 aussi élevé que possible (100ppm, 0.12T). Les dimensions de l’aimant sont prédéfinies ainsi que celles de la zone d'intérêt fonction de la taille des aimants permanents utilisés. Ce type de système est dédié à la recherche biomédicale et agroalimentaire. Les travaux présentés ont consisté, à discuter dans un premier temps un certain nombre des paramètres des matériaux magnétiques essentiels à la construction d’aimants de RMN portables. Plus particulièrement le choix des aimants permanents, utilisant un matériau tels que le NdFeB a été justifié. Une combinaison entre portabilité, prix et sensibilité a abouti à la conception d’un prototype d’aimant portable pour appareil RMN à partir d’un système simple d’arrangement de 24 aimants permanents. Le champ magnétique et l'homogénéité de ce système ont été calculés et simulés à l’aide du logiciel Ansys puis les résultats obtenus ont été vérifiés avec le logiciel Radia. Une nouvelle méthode de shim pour augmenter l'homogénéité et corriger les imperfections du champ B0 a été aussi introduite. La position des aimants de shim a fait l’objet d’une optimisation avec le logiciel Radia. Sur la base de ces résultats, un prototype a été réalisé. Les résultats des mesures de champ magnétique et de l'homogénéité sont en bonne corrélation avec les résultats obtenus par simulation. Les erreurs de mesure ont été estimées et une précision suffisante a été atteinte compte tenu des tolérances portant à la fois sur les caractéristiques et sur la fabrication des aimants. Un autre aimant basé sur la configuration Mandhalas (Magnet Arrangement for Novel Discrete Halbach Layout) a fait l’objet d’une étude comparative, portant sur deux configurations utilisant des aimants de formes circulaires et de formes carrés, a été effectuée par simulation 2D (sur la base de trois critères : la masse, l'homogénéité et l'intensité du champ magnétique). Les Mandhalas fabriqués à partir d’aimants circulaires permettent d’avoir de meilleurs résultats (0.32T, 178ppm). D’autre part, la simulation 3D a été faite afin d’évaluer la totalité du système. A partir des résultats obtenus, un système de shim passif a été aussi utilisé dans ce cas et a permis l’augmentation de la zone d'homogénéité de manière significative. / This thesis focuses on the development of a magnet system for NMR applications with high homogeneity while maintaining the static magnetic field B0 as high as possible (100 ppm, 0.12T). Due to the application goals, the magnet dimensions are predefined as well as those of the region of interest according to the size of the used permanent magnets. Such system is dedicated to biomedical and agroalimentary applications. The goal of this research has been firstly, the discussion of parameters of magnetic materials which are essential to the construction of portable NMR magnets, and then the choice of the permanent magnet material the “NdFeB” that was explained. A compromise between the portability, price and the sensitivity has led to the design of a prototype of portable NMR magnet with a simple system of arrangement of 24 permanent magnets. The magnetic field and the homogeneity of the system were calculated and simulated by using ANSYS software and these results were correlated to those obtained by the Radia software. A new shim method has been used to increase the homogeneity and correct the field B0 imperfection. Based on these results, a prototype was realized. The results of the magnetic field strength and homogeneity obtained by measurements are in good correlation with the results obtained by simulation. Sufficient accuracy was reached to take into account and correct errors due to manufacturing tolerances of the magnets. Another magnet system based on Mandhalas configuration (Magnet Arrangement for Novel Discrete Halbach Layout) was studied. The comparison between two configurations made from circle and square magnets was performed by 2D simulation (using three criteria: mass, homogeneity and the magnetic field strength). The Mandhalas made from circle magnets give better results (0.32 T, 178 ppm). The 3D simulation was carried out to evaluate the total system. From these results, a passive shim system was also used in this case and the homogeneity significantly increases.

L’intégration de l’énergie éolienne, qui est une ressource renouvelable très utilisée, n’est pas toujours facile pour le micro-réseau urbain. Dans cette thèse, une éolienne urbaine basée sur une machine synchrone à aimants permanents (MSAP) est étudiée pour être intégrée dans un micro-réseau urbain à courant continu. Un état de l'art concernant les énergies renouvelables, les micro-réseaux à courant continu et les stratégies de contrôle de la production d'énergie éolienne, est réalisée. Basé sur un modèle d’éolienne urbaine répondant à la demande du système électrique, qui se compose d’un émulateur de vent et de pales, un MSAP et un convertisseur DC/DC, cette thèse propose des méthodes de poursuite du point de puissance maximale satisfaisant à l’obligation de produire de l’énergie dans la mesure du possible. Une stratégie de contrôle à puissance limitée répond correctement. De simples à complexes, quatre algorithmes MPPT, P&O à pas fixe, P&O à pas variable avec la méthode Newton-Raphson améliorée, P&O à pas variable à base de logique floue et une méthode indirecte de type lookup table, sont étudiés et implémentés pour être comparés à l’aide de trois profils de vitesse du vent. Par expérimentation, les algorithmes MPPT et PLC sont comparés, analysés et discutés. Résumant tous les résultats expérimentaux, la méthode lookup table peut gérer toutes les exigences du mode de fonctionnement MPPT en présentant la meilleure performance, mais, dans le mode de fonctionnement PLC, la P&O à base de logique floue présente les meilleures performances. / The integration of the wind power, which is one mostly used renewable resource, is always one challenger for urban microgrid. In this thesis, one urban wind turbine based on a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is studied in order to be integrated into a DC urban microgrid. A state of the art concerning the renewable energies, DC microgrid, and control strategies of wind power generation is done. Based on a model of urban wind turbine fitting the demand of urban electric system, which consists of an emulator of wind speed and blades, a PMSM and a DC/DC converter, this thesis proposes the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods satisfying the requirement of producing energy as much as possible, and power limited control (PLC) strategies answering the demand of flexible energy production. From simple to complex, four MPPT algorithms including Perturbation and Observation (P&O) fixed step-size method, P&O with improved Newton-Raphson method, P&O with fuzzy logic method and lookup table method are studied and implemented to be compared with each other using three wind velocity profiles. According to the experience about MPPT subject, four PLC algorithms are introduced and implemented to be analyzed and compared with each other with one power demand profile calculated randomly. Summarizing all experimental results, the lookup table method can handle all requirement of MPPT operating mode supplying the best performance, however, in the condition of more flexible power demand operating mode, the combination of P&O and fuzzy logic method presents the best performance and potential which can be achieved in future works.

AlNiCo magnets are known for high-temperature stability and superior corrosion resistance and have been widely used for various applications. Reported magnetic energy density ((BH) max) for these magnets is around 10 MGOe. Theoretical calculations show that ((BH) max) of 20 MGOe is achievable which will be helpful in covering the gap between AlNiCo and Rare-Earth Elements (REE) based magnets. An extended family of AlNiCo alloys was studied in this dissertation that consists of eight elements, and hence it is important to determine composition-property relationship between each of the alloying elements and their influence on the bulk properties. In the present research, we proposed a novel approach to efficiently use a set of computational tools based on several concepts of artificial intelligence to address a complex problem of design and optimization of high temperature REE-free magnetic alloys. A multi-dimensional random number generation algorithm was used to generate the initial set of chemical concentrations. These alloys were then examined for phase equilibria and associated magnetic properties as a screening tool to form the initial set of alloy. These alloys were manufactured and tested for desired properties. These properties were fitted with a set of multi-dimensional response surfaces and the most accurate meta-models were chosen for prediction. These properties were simultaneously extremized by utilizing a set of multi-objective optimization algorithm. This provided a set of concentrations of each of the alloying elements for optimized properties. A few of the best predicted Pareto-optimal alloy compositions were then manufactured and tested to evaluate the predicted properties. These alloys were then added to the existing data set and used to improve the accuracy of meta-models. The multi-objective optimizer then used the new meta-models to find a new set of improved Pareto-optimized chemical concentrations. This design cycle was repeated twelve times in this work. Several of these Pareto-optimized alloys outperformed most of the candidate alloys on most of the objectives. Unsupervised learning methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Heirarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were used to discover various patterns within the dataset. This proves the efficacy of the combined meta-modeling and experimental approach in design optimization of magnetic alloys.

The thesis theme is the design of 3 MW high-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor. The work is divided into several parts, and contains the information given on the topic. The first part lists trends and new technologies of high-speed electric machines, and the issues and construction of high-speed synchronous machines are also listed here. In the second part, the machine is analytically designed from the specified values, which is then modelled in the RMxprt program. In the penultimate part, the engine is simulated by programs that are included in the ANSYS Electronics Desktop package, they are RMxprt and Maxwell. The modified engine model in RMxprt is simulated using defined formulas and then converted to Maxwell 2D, where the engine is simulated using the finite element method. In the last part, the results from the analytical calculation are compared with other high-speed machines. In addition, the results of simulations from RMxprt and Maxwell were compared in the last part.

The master thesis deals with problems of electrical gears divided to the teoretical and practical part of submitted work. Thesis was created in conjuction with company VUES Brno s.r.o. The author of the master thesis accomplished three-month work experience at aforementioned company and consequently solved the national project: Automatic station with utilization of active synchronic brakes for testing electrical hand-held tools. The project included creating full-automatic station for testing life-time cyclic tests electrical hand-held tools. The author of the project engage in programme for frequency transmitter served as headstone of the master thesis.

V tomto projektu jsou popsány základy problematiky větrných elektráren. V první řadě práce zmiňuje ekomonické aspekty, vývoj větrné energetiky v minulosti a pravděpodobný vývoj v příští generaci, stavbu a možné topologie větrných elektráren. Dále je ukázána konstrukce větrné elektrárny, integrace větrvých parků do distribuční sítě a ostrovní sítě a související ekonomické aspekty. Dále jsou zmíněny způsoby řízení, kvality elektrické energie a bezpečnosti. V následující části, je provedena simulace moderní přímo poháněné turbíny o výkonu 660kW a řešení koeficientu výkonu. Pro tuto simulaci byl použitý systém s pomaloběžným synchronním generátorem s permanentnímy magnety. Chování a výsledky simulace větrné elektrárny jsou popsány v závěrečné části této práce.

Diploma thesis is summarizing common theoretical knowledge about permanent magnets and electromagnetism. Represent DC electromagnet as basic part for levitated high-speed train. Work is analyzing basics under cart and principles used for magnetic levitation in high-speed transportation. Second practice part including projecting construction levitated cart and analyzing acquired mathematical model of electromagnet. Work is analyzing process for projecting control for side electromagnets and realization real model, including tuning computer communication with states of sensors and comparison real model with model simulated in program Simulink.