This paper describes the evolution of Chinese comprehensive planning and proposes a number of recommendations related to the country's economic development and political reform, based on analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the current approaches to comprehensive planning. Chinese urban planning has a long history. Its origin can be traced back to 5,000 years ago. The urban planning approaches advanced along with the development of Chinese cities. During the long history, Chinese people formulated a unique way of urban planning. The different urban planning approaches have specifically identifiable features in different historic periods. Particularly, with the establishment of the socialist regime in China in 1949, complete and systematic urban planning approaches were created. Today, when the country is proceeding with economic and political reforms, the reform of comprehensive planning approaches has also been undertaken in a significant way. The author poses a number of viewpoints for the potential transformation of the approaches in China, with particular emphasis on the change of planning mechanism (including planning process and implementation) and citizen participation. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

The Family as an Externality within a Market Economy: Evidence from the Czech Republic The dissertation thesis deals with an issue of fertility decline in developed countries from a perspective of relationship between the family and the market economy. The family is perceived as an externality with respect to theoretical economic framework as well as to real economy of the Czech Republic in the period of economic transition. In other words, neither theory nor applied policy fully reflects contribution of the family for the whole society. The thesis goes into the family specification from distinct standpoints, its development within time, relationship to economy and briefly introduces economic approaches to the family at both micro and macro level. In addition, the thesis carries out analyses of Czech data in the period 1989-2010. While the macro analysis is focused on interaction between fertility and economy performance, the micro analysis is devoted to financial support provided by state to the family via the social scheme and the tax system. Keywords: the family, fertility, economy, the Czech Republic, the social scheme, the tax system

abstract: The discussion on the question of integrity has a long history. It is regarded as an important research proposition in the fields of Chinese and Western philosophy, law, sociology, ethics, management and economics. Even though the research results are combined with each other for reference, there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis and empirical study on integrity. In the process of transition from planned economy to market economy, a series of problems have arisen. The problem of dishonesty has caused huge losses to the society as a whole. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical importance to conduct a quantitative analysis on the topic of trustworthiness, and investigate the relationship between trustworthiness and the economy. This paper adopts a game theory model to analyze the reasons for corporate dishonesty, and the problem faced by the regulators. Based on the results from the model, we clarify the duties of various subjects (enterprises, governments and credit organizations) in the construction of a society with integrity. Then, we analyze different cases of dishonesty and point out the channels through which the economy would be affected by the problem of dishonesty. (1) as an institution, integrity helps reduce the transaction cost and prompt market efficiency; (2) integrity serves as a production factor that influences the economy; (3) integrity will affect the economy by influencing the ability of small and medium enterprises to borrow. Finally, after we establish the relationship between integrity and the market economy, we use survey data to conduct an empirical analysis on the development of integrity in China. The survey data allow us to build a cycle of integrity risk, and identify the current position in the cycle. Besides, we also compare the region difference regarding integrity, which supports the idea that integrity matters for the economic development. Because the questionnaires are the only way to obtain the data that can be analyzed at present, the paper not only fills in the research gap caused by the lack of data, but also jumps out of the existing research methods, and enriches the empirical work for the study of integrity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2017

La presente tesis ha sido realizada para optar el Título Profesional de Economista, la cual es titulada “La Banca Comunal y la Reducción de la Pobreza en la Zona Peri Urbana Norte de Lima, en el Período 2010- 2012”. El objetivo de la investigación ha sido determinar y explicar de qué manera los resultados obtenidos de la Banca Comunal permiten mejorar la reducción de la pobreza en la zona peri urbana norte de Lima. La hipótesis general ha comprobado que los financiamientos otorgados por la banca comunal impactan de manera significativa en la reducción de la pobreza en el ámbito de la zona peri urbana norte de Lima, mejorando los niveles de ingresos y calidad de vida de los pobladores; obteniéndose un coeficiente de correlación Rho de Spearman = 0.282**, demostrándose al 99% la correlación significativa al nivel 0,01 bilateral, interpretándose como débil relación entre las variables, con una ρ = 0.003 (ρ < 0.05), rechazándose la hipótesis nula. El diseño de investigación ha sido de tipo descriptivo – correlacional, de tipo cuantitativo. Se empleó un instrumento de investigación orientado a los colaboradores de la institución. La población de estudio estuvo determinada por 3 instituciones micro financieras. Se ha concluido que la banca comunal se relaciona significativamente con la reducción de la pobreza de sus beneficiarios. Por lo tanto, se ha comprobado que los financiamientos otorgados por la banca comunal impactan de manera significativa en la reducción de la pobreza. This thesis has been made to choose the degree of Economist, which is entitled "Village Banking and Poverty Reduction in Urban Peri North Zone of Lima, in the period 2010- 2012". The research objective was to determine and explain how the results of the Communal Bank can improve the reduction of poverty in the peri urban area north of Lima. The general hypothesis has found that loans granted by the banking community would impact significantly in reducing poverty in the peri urban area north of Lima, improving income levels and quality of life of the people; obtaining a correlation coefficient Spearman rho = 0.282 **, showing 99% correlation significant at the 0.01 level bilateral, interpreted as a weak relationship between variables, with ρ = 0.003 (ρ <0.05), rejecting the null hypothesis. The research design was descriptive - correlational quantitative. A research tool aimed at employees of the institution was used. The study population was determined by 3 employees of the institution study and sampling determinists. It has been concluded that village banking is significantly related to reducing poverty of its beneficiaries. Therefore, it has been found Financing granted by communal banks has a significant impact on poverty reduction.

The topic of thesis is an analysis of the German economy in the years 1948 - 1953, which took place in liberalization of the economy. Liberalization allowed the growth of the economy, which is known as Germany's economic miracle. The work will include an analysis of the benefits Erhard's economic reform, based on the teachings ordoliberalismu. The work includes a theoretical basis for the most important ideas ordoliberalismus. The main part of the thesis, however, focused on the historical context of economic reforms and the economic situation in West Germany. The first part contains a theoretical view of ordoliberalismus. The next chapter deals with the first step in the transition to a market economy and monetary reform. Here is analyzed the cause, course and consequence of monetary reform on the economy situation in the country. There would be followed by an analysis of monetary and banking system development, together with the liberalization of foreign trade.

Abstract The purpose of this essay is to shed light on why the democratic developments in Botswana and Zimbabwe, despite their many similarities, have gone in very different directions. By the time of their respective independence, both countries proclaimed themselves democratic states. However, only Botswana succeeded in the transition, while Zimbabwe soon fell back into an autocratic regime. The method used is a comparative case study. By comparing the cases Botswana and Zimbabwe in according to five selected democratic variables, this method makes it possible to explain why only Botswana succeeded. The research questions are: How have Botswana’s and Zimbabwe’s respective democratic transitions happened? What factors have influenced and guided the direction of the democratic development in Botswana and Zimbabwe? The following democratic variables will guide the comparison: “Economic development”, “Market economy”, “Strong middleclass”, “External influences” and “Political leaders dedicated to democracy”.                 The results show considerable differences between the democratic transitions of Botswana and Zimbabwe as regards all the selected democratic variables. The comparative method thus proved to be an effective tool to explain the democratic development in the two countries investigated in this case study. However, these factors potentially just scratch the surface and, in a theory-developing spirit, more democratic factors can broaden the explanation even more.

Poland's transition from a centrally-planned economy (CPE) to a market economy began in 1989. Building a market economy out of the failures of a CPE represents an unprecedented process in the history of economic development. At the core of the transition is the privatization of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Many problems encountered during privatization are accounting related, and before privatization can occur valuation issues must be resolved. What has been the role of accounting in Poland's transition? Accounting is an interactive process that reflects and creates reality. The accounting process facilitates the calculation of the value created by a firm by attempting to trace the flow of resources through the value-creating process, and it identifies, measures, records, summarizes, and reports transactions. How these transactions are internalized determines how they flow through the accounting process, and, because the former SOEs are complex organizations in transition, decisions concerning when and how to record events can be diverse. The primary objective of this study is to provide insight into the accounting transition in Poland by addressing issues of ownership rights, valuation, financial reporting, and disclosure. The research question is: How is accounting transforming and being transformed in Poland? The research question is addressed in the context of the political and economic environment of three SOEs privatized and traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. To identify the role accounting played, I examined the financial reports of three of the first Polish SOEs privatized, employing case study methodology. The analysis indicates that accounting facilitated the transition by creating capital with the overstatement of assets. The overvalued assets will have to be absorbed in future periods, and subsequent research should address this problem.

This master thesis is dedicated to Russian development and determinants of its growth. Just two decades ago Russia experienced a total change in the political and economic structure of the country. USSR fall, together will all its successes and failures. Russia went to the path of building a market economy, while the rest of the developed world was already living in such economy and using its benefits. With the heritage of the USSR, Russia had a huge potential to be successful in that road. The goal of this work is to answer the question, whether or not we were able to use it. In order to answer this question two-stage analysis was performed, combining theoretical and quantitative parts. Theoretical part contains the overall analysis of the areas of economic and social development. Quantitative part contains analysis of the main GDP drivers and endogenous powers of industrial production. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

La pratique institutionnelle garantit un traitement spécial aux professions libérales, différent dans les secteurs de la concurrence et du marché. Cette pratique manque cependant de cohérence, dans la mesure où elle se fonde sur une approche au cas par cas et n’ayant jamais été étudiée par une approche transversale. Cette étude identifie alors les éléments qui caractérisent les « professions libérales », de sorte que la Cour de Justice et les institutions européennes puissent donner plus de cohérence à leurs actions. Par ailleurs, vue que la convergence d’intérêts publics et privés - typique de ce marché - cause des tensions entre les règles de concurrence et les droits fondamentaux, les professions libérales peuvent bien être considérées comme un paradigme du principe d'économie sociale de marché. Ce qui pourrait donner une justification théorique au traitement spécial leur étant accordé par le système juridique européen. / The EU institutional practice grants a special treatment to liberal professions in the fields of competition and internal market law. This practice, however, suffers a lack of consistency insofar as it follows a case-by-case approach and has never been studied in a systemic way.This research identifies the elements characterizing these activities and offers a proper definition of “liberal professions”, which can be useful for the European institutions to rationalize their actions. Also, since the convergence of public and private interests - which is typical of this market - produces tensions between competition rules and fundamental rights, the liberal professions may well be regarded as a paradigm of the principle of social market economy. This finding can, therefore, give a theoretical justification for the special treatment accorded to them at European level.

自從一九四九年起，中共一直自認為是個馬列主義的國家，在馬列主義理論主導下，中共從五十年代初到七十年代末期，奉行「市場無用論」和「計劃萬能論」；在實踐中，則確立以限制、消滅商品貨幣關係為主旨的高度集中經濟體制，但是這種經濟體制並未給中共社會帶來共同富裕，反而造成了普遍貧窮，共同落後。正是基於這種國情，七十年代末期不得不提出了改革開放促進生產力發展的政策。中國大陸的經濟改革歷經十餘年，但是始終無法擺脫一放就亂、一亂就收、一收就死的循環論，隨著經濟的發展，中共這種市場半、計劃半、的體制，終放實踐證明為無法適應新的經濟發展。國營企業效益不彰、官員貪污腐化橫行、市場運作失序等弊端日趨惡化。因此，原本先扮演推動經濟改革之有計劃的商品經濟體制，遂成為滯礙經濟發展的瓶頸。一九九二年十月中共召開「十四大」，明確地指出建立社會主義市場經濟的改革目標，今後不再以彌補原有體制的缺陷為限，而是全方位的深化改革，有人稱此次的經濟改革理論是一場經濟革命。從宏觀角度來說，隨著中共邁入市場經濟改革，舊有史大林模式的計劃經濟體制將全面轉軌成為市場經濟體制，過去計劃體制結構組成的領導階層行政管理架構、社會層級及因應體制建構的整體經濟框架、思維及運作模式，在這波市場大潮衝擊下，都將重建，並且這場變化絕不僅僅是經濟制度和經濟政策的變革，而是一場全方位的經濟生活、政治生活和社會生活的革命。本研究的目的即在探討和分析社會主義市場經濟對中共政治、經濟和社會之衝動。