Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss., 2009

Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss., 2009

Universiẗat, Diss--Köln, 2004. / Zusfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache.

Yes / The first 1H, 13C, 31P and 11B solid state MAS NMR studies of electron- deficient carborane-containing ruthenium and osmium complexes [Ru/Os(p-cym)(1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane-1,2- dithiolate)] are reported. The MAS NMR data from these 16-electron complexes are compared to those of free carborane-ligand and an 18-electron triphenylphosphine ruthenium adduct, and reveal clear spectral differences between 16- and 18-electron organometallic carborane systems in the solid state. / We thank the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. PA00P2-145308 to NPEB), the ERC (grant no. 247450 to PJS), EPSRC (grant no. EP/F034210/1) and EC COST Action CM1105 for support. JVH thanks EPSRC and the University of Warwick for partial funding of the solid state NMR infrastructure at Warwick, and acknowledges additional support obtained through Birmingham Science City: Innovative Uses for Advanced Materials in the Modern World (West Midlands Centre for Advanced Materials Project 2), with support from Advantage West Midlands (AWM) and partial funding by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

In contrast to the static snapshots provided by protein crystallography, G protein-coupled receptors constitute a group of proteins with highly dynamic properties, which are required in the receptors’ function as signaling molecule. Here, the human neuropeptide Y2 receptor was reconstituted into a model membrane composed of monounsaturated phospholipids and solid-state NMR was used to characterize its dynamics. Qualitative static 15N NMR spectra and quantitative determination of 1H-13C order parameters through measurement of the 1H-13C dipolar couplings of the CH, CH2 and CH3 groups revealed axially symmetric motions of the whole molecule in the membrane and molecular fluctuations of varying amplitude from all molecular segments. The molecular order parameters (Sbackbone = 0.59-0.67, SCH2 = 0.41-0.51 and SCH3 = 0.22) obtained in directly polarized 13C NMR experiments demonstrate that the Y2 receptor is highly mobile in the native-like membrane. Interestingly, according to these results the receptor was found to be slightly more rigid in the membranes formed by the monounsaturated phospholipids than by saturated phospholipids as investigated previously. This could be caused by an increased chain length of the monounsaturated lipids, which may result in a higher helical content of the receptor. Furthermore, the incorporation of cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine, or negatively charged phosphatidylserine into the membrane did not have a significant influence on the molecular mobility of the Y2 receptor.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Synthese und die Eigenschaften von fluordotierten Aluminium(hydr)oxiden. Dazu wurde zunächst ein Syntheseprotokoll erarbeitet, das die kontrollierte und reproduzierbare Sol-Gel Synthese von F-Al(OH)3-Phasen ermöglichte. Auf Grundlage dieser Syntheseroute konnten Parameter wie der Fluorgehalt der Phasen kontrolliert und der Einfluss auf strukturelle Eigenschaften systematisch untersucht werden. Die Charakterisierung der amorphen Phasen wurde hauptsächlich über MAS NMR spektroskopische Methoden vorgenommen. Herausragendes Strukturmerkmal der Proben ist die Anwesenheit von AlV- und AlIV-Sites, die charakteristisch für das hohe Maß an struktureller Störung in den Proben sind. Über die Untersuchung der thermischen Eigenschaften konnte gezeigt werden, dass es schon bei Temperaturen von unterhalb 80 °C zur anteiligen Dehydroxylierung der Phasen kommt und mit einem starken Anstieg der unterkoordinierten AlV- und AlIV-Spezies verknüpft ist. Bei etwa 300 °C sind die Phasen weitestgehend dehydratisiert, allerdings kommt es bei Kontakt mit Luft zu einer Reaktion mit atmosphärischen H2O Molekülen. Bei ausreichend langer Zeit und hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit führt dies zu einer vollständigen Rehydratisierung der Probe, die wiederum mit dem Rückgang der AlV- und AlIV-Spezies verknüpft ist. Kalziniert man die F-Al(OH)3-Phasen im Vakuum bei 700 °C, erhält man ein schwach kristallines, übergangsaluminiumoxidähnliches F-Al2O3. Das so hergestellte F-Al2O3 besitzt kontrollierbare Mengen Fluorid und ist katalytisch aktiv. Der Einfluss von Fluorid auf die katalytische Aktivität und die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit der Proben wurde umfassend untersucht und über zwei unterschiedliche Testreaktion evaluiert. In diesem Zuge konnte auch die Bildung von Brønsted-Zentren auf der Oberfläche gesteuert und ihr Bildungsmechanismus besser verstanden werden. Ein besseres Verständnis zur katalytischen Lewis-Aktivität der Probe konnte durch die direkte Beobachtung der aktiven Oberfläche erreicht werden. Hier wurden reaktive und koordinativ ungesättigte AlV- und AlIV-Sites beobachtet, die durch den Kontakt mit Luft zerstört werden und dadurch ihre katalytische Aktivität verlieren. / The present work deals with the synthesis and properties of fluorine-doped aluminum (hydr)oxides. For this purpose, a synthesis protocol was first developed, which allowed the controlled and reproducible synthesis of F-Al(OH)3 phases. Based on this sol-gel route, parameters such as the fluorine content of the phases could be controlled and the influence on structural properties could be systematically investigated. The amorphous F-Al(OH)3 samples show a number of interesting properties. The characterization was carried out mainly by MAS NMR spectroscopic methods. Outstanding structural feature of the samples is the presence of AlV- and AlIV-sites, which are characteristic of the high degree of structural disorder in the samples. The investigation of the thermal properties has shown that even at temperatures below 80 °C there is a proportional dehydroxylation of the phases, which is associated with a strong increase of the undercoordinated AlV- and AlIV-species. At around 300 °C, the phases are largely dehydrated, but contact with air causes a reaction with atmospheric H2O molecules. With sufficient time and high humidity, this leads to complete rehydration of the sample, which in turn is associated with the decline of the AlV- and AlIV-species. If the F-Al(OH)3 phases are calcined in vacuum at 700 °C, a weakly crystalline transition alumina-like F-Al2O3 is obtained. Thus, the F-Al2O3 produced has controllable amounts of fluoride and is catalytically active. The influence of fluoride on the catalytic activity and surface finish of the samples was extensively studied and evaluated by two different test reactions. In this context, the formation of Brønsted centers on the surface could be controlled which also led to a better understanding of the mechanism of the formation. A better understanding of the catalytic Lewis activity of the sample could be achieved by direct observation of the active surface. Here, reactive and coordinatively unsaturated AlV- and AlIV-sites were observed which were destroyed by contact with air, thereby losing their catalytic activity.

In contrast to the static snapshots provided by protein crystallography, G protein-coupled receptors constitute a group of proteins with highly dynamic properties, which are required in the receptors’ function as signaling molecule. Here, the human neuropeptide Y2 receptor was reconstituted into a model membrane composed of monounsaturated phospholipids and solid-state NMR was used to characterize its dynamics. Qualitative static 15N NMR spectra and quantitative determination of 1H-13C order parameters through measurement of the 1H-13C dipolar couplings of the CH, CH2 and CH3 groups revealed axially symmetric motions of the whole molecule in the membrane and molecular fluctuations of varying amplitude from all molecular segments. The molecular order parameters (Sbackbone = 0.59-0.67, SCH2 = 0.41-0.51 and SCH3 = 0.22) obtained in directly polarized 13C NMR experiments demonstrate that the Y2 receptor is highly mobile in the native-like membrane. Interestingly, according to these results the receptor was found to be slightly more rigid in the membranes formed by the monounsaturated phospholipids than by saturated phospholipids as investigated previously. This could be caused by an increased chain length of the monounsaturated lipids, which may result in a higher helical content of the receptor. Furthermore, the incorporation of cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine, or negatively charged phosphatidylserine into the membrane did not have a significant influence on the molecular mobility of the Y2 receptor.

Here I report the hydrothermal chemistry of scandium, examining the behavior of the Sc³⁺ cation in various systems, including phosphates, phosphites, phosphonates and carboxylates. In total, 27 different materials, 23 of which are novel, have been synthesised and their structures solved. Seven different scandium phosphate-based materials have been successfully synthesised using amines and alkali hydroxides as structure directing agents, producing chain, layer and framework materials. Thermal analysis of these materials indicated that they were not stable upon removal of the template, because there are hydrogen bonding networks between the template and free OH groups on the phosphate groups. Certain conditions lead to the crystallization of either kolbeckite, Sc(PO₄).2H₂O, or a langbeinite-type structure, (NH₄)₂Sc₂(HPO₄)(PO₄)₂, which are dense frameworks. Investigation of scandium phosphites leads to the formation of more thermally stable frameworks. Investigation of scandium phosphite-based materials using different structure directing agents yielded three framework phosphite materials and one layered phosphite / phosphate. The use of lithium hydroxide and ethylenediamine within scandium phosphite systems resulted in the crystallization of a gainesite type framework, (LiSc(HPO₃)₂)and (H₃N(CH₂)₂NH₃)₂Sc₄(HPO₃)₈, which distorts in order to accommodate the amine, but not the lithium cation. Decreasing the potential for the formation of hydrogen bonding networks in the phosphite systems led to the formation of framework structures, however these structures did not retain their crystalline integrity upon removal of the template. In order to impart structure directing properties upon scandium-based materials but avoid the formation of hydrogen bonding networks upon which the crystalline integrity is dependent, scandium phosphonates were investigated. Seven different scandium phosphonate materials have been synthesised, two of which have been solved from powder diffraction data, and one from a combination of powder diffraction data, molecular modeling and single crystal data. Synthesis of scandium phosphonate materials yielded two thermally stable, porous materials with reversible water adsorption properties, NaSc(CH₃PO₃)₂•H₂O and Sc₂(O₃PCH₂(NHC₅H₁₀NH)₋CH₂PO₃)₃4H₂O. The success of this approach led to the examination of scandium carboxylate metal organic framework materials. The incorporation of Sc³⁺ into microporous carboxylate frameworks yielded three aliphatic scandium carboxylates and six aromatic scandium carboxylates. The scandium analogue of MIL-53 shows potential for gas adsorption studies, as well as illustrating that scandium carboxylates can be isostructural to metal carboxylate materials already published. The scandium terephthalate, Sc₂(O₂CC₆H₄CO₂)₃, is a small pore framework material with an unprecedented structure type, the adsorption properties of which have been examined using a variety of different small gas molecules and hydrocarbons, including X-ray analysis of the structures whilst adsorbing different molecules. ⁴⁵Sc MAS NMR has been performed on the materials prepared pure and characterized in this thesis, in order to establish a library of chemical shifts for scandium in different framework environments.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind One-part Geopolymere, hergestellt aus drei verschiedenen Silikatquellen und Natriumaluminat, mit Hilfe der Festkörper-Kernspinresonanz-Spektroskopie (NMR) charakterisiert worden. Die Methode erlaubt neben der Untersuchung von kristallinen auch die von amorphen Phasen, was einen der Hauptvorteile der NMR gegenüber der Röntgendiffraktometrie darstellt. Unter der Verwendung von Reisschalenasche konnte ein vollständig amorphes Material hergestellt werden, während Microsilica und ein siliciumreiches Nebenprodukt aus der Chlorsilan-Herstellung zur Bildung von Geopolymer-Zeolith-Kompositen führte. Zeolith Na-A ist bei diesen der kristalline Hauptbestandteil und je nach Ausgangszusammensetzung variiert die Stoffmenge dieser Phase. Die Bildung von Zeolithen ist für herkömmliche Two-part Geopolymere mit kleinem Si/Al-Verhältnis hinreichend bekannt hier für One-part Geopolymere untersucht worden. Verschiedene Methoden der NMR-Spektroskopie wurden eingesetzt. So konnten mehrere Wasser-Spezies in den Geopolymer-Zeolith-Kompositen durch die Verwendung von Einzelpuls-, Kreuzpolarisations- und rotor-synchronisierten Spin-Echo-Experimenten unterschieden werden. Wiederholungsmessungen nach mehr als 500 Tagen konnten keine relevanten Alterungseffekte nachweisen und bestätigten die chemische Stabilität der Komposite. Weiterführend sind REDOR- (rotational-echo double-resonance) und TRAPDOR (transfer of population in double resonance) MAS NMR Experimente durchgeführt worden. Die beiden Faujasith-ähnlichen Zeolithe Na-X und Na-Y wurden als Modellsubstanzen genutzt, um das 29Si-27Al TRAPDOR-Verhalten von Q4(mAl)-Einheiten in Alumosilikaten zu analysieren. Zusätzliche quantitative 29Si MAS NMR Messungen (qNMR) konnten den Reaktionsgrad der Silikatquellen bestimmen und diesen in Relation zu den mechanischen Eigenschaften der Materialien setzen. Durch Kombination der erzielten Ergebnisse konnte der Reaktionsprozess von One-part Geopolymeren illustriert werden. / One-part geopolymers produced from three different silica sources and sodium aluminate were characterized using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR) spectroscopy. The method allows the investigation of crystalline as well as amorphous phases in the materials. The latter is one of the main advantages of NMR over X-ray diffraction. The use of rice husk ash produced a fully amorphous material. On the contrary, microsilica and a silica-rich industrial byproduct from chlorosilane production led to the formation of geopolymer-zeolite composites. Zeolite Na-A was found as major crystalline phase in these composites. Depending on the starting composition, the relative amounts of this phase varied. The formation of zeolites is well known for conventional two-part geopolymers with low Si/Al-ratios and was investigated in this study for one-part mixes. Different solid-state NMR spectroscopic methods were applied. Various water species could be distinguished in the composites using single pulse, cross polarisation and rotor-synchronised spin echo measurements. Measurements after more than 500 days revealed no significant aging effects of the composites, which confirm their chemical stability. REDOR (rotational-echo double-resonance) and TRAPDOR (transfer of population in double resonance) MAS NMR experiments were conducted. Two faujasite-type zeolites - Na-X and Na-Y - were used as model systems to analyse the 29Si-27Al TRAPDOR behaviour of different Q4(mAl) sites in alumosilicates. Additionally, quantitative 29Si MAS NMR measurements were used to investigate the degree of reaction of the silica feedstocks, showing relations to the mechanical properties of the hardened materials. Combining the findings gained in the present study, the reaction process of one-part geopolymers could be illustrated.

Methane activation with bromine followed by the condensation of the methyl bromide into higher hydrocarbons or oxygenates is a novel route. However, the selective production of monobrominated methane (CH3Br) at high conversions is a crucial prerequisite. A reaction model was developed according to the kinetic data available in the literature and thoroughly studied to investigate the optimum reactor conditions for selective methane bromination in gas phase. It was concluded that at high methane (&gt / 90%) conversions dibromomethane synthesis was favored at high selectivity (~90%) under the following conditions: T=330 &deg / C, Br:CH4 = 3. Sulfated zirconia included SBA-15 catalysts were prepared and characterized for the catalytic methane activation via bromination. The SBA-15 sol-gel preparation technique was followed and the zirconium was added during the preparation in the form of ZrOCl2&middot / 8H2O with 5-30 mol % ZrO2 with respect to the SiO2 content simultaneously with the silicon source (TEOS). The catalysts were sulfated in 0.25 M H2SO4 solution. The zirconium contents of the catalysts were determined by elemental analysis and 15 wt. % Zr was determined as the highest amount. XRD analysis showed the crystalline zirconia peaks only for high zirconia loadings (&gt / 25 mol % ZrO2) indicating the good distribution of Zr in silica framework at lower loadings. BET surface areas of the sulfated catalysts are in the range of 313-246 m2/g. The porous structures of the catalysts were determined by TEM pictures, which revealed that the increase in Zr content decreased the long range order of pore structure of SBA-15 in agreement with XRD results. The acidities of the catalysts were determined by 1H MAS NMR experiments. Br&oslash / nsted acidity was identified by a sharp 1H MAS NMR line at 10.6 ppm. The highest acidity was observed at 5.2 wt. % Zr loading according to 1H MAS NMR experiments. 29Si MAS NMR analysis showed the formation of Si-O-X linkages (X=H, Zr). Further characterization of Br&oslash / nsted acidity was performed by FT-IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO at 82 K. The analysis revealed that the Br&oslash / nsted acidity of sulfated catalysts were similar to the acid strength of the conventional sulfated zirconia. In TPD experiments, the basic molecule isopropylamine (IPAm) was adsorbed and decomposition temperature of IPAm was monitored. The temperature decreased from 340 &deg / C to 310 &deg / C in sulfated catalysts, indicating the acidic character of these samples. Catalytic methane bromination reaction tests were performed in a quartz tubular reactor. The results showed that 69% methane conversion was attainable over SZr(25)SBA-15 catalyst at 340 &deg / C. The liquid 1H NMR measurements of the products revealed that &gt / 99% methyl bromide selectivity was achieved.