Šiame darbe aptariamos materialinės atsakomybės pagal darbo teisę sąlygos ir subjektai. Darbe lyginamuoju teisės aiškinimo metodu nagrinėjami naujai priimto Darbo kodekso ir Darbo įstatymų kodekso materialinės atsakomybės nuostatų skirtumai. Analizuojant teisinį reguliavimą, taip pat paliečiami materialinės atsakomybės taikymo praktikoje ypatumai- pateikiamos konkrečios Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo Civilinių bylų skyriaus teisėjų kolegijos nutartys bei nutarimai, taikantys ir aiškinantys materialinę atsakomybę reguliuojančias normas. Išskiriami atskiri darbo teisinių santykių šalių materialinės atsakomybės dėl neturtinės žalos padarymo atvejai, nurodoma, kaip suprantama neturtinė žala, padaryta darbuotojui ir darbdaviui (juridiniam asmeniui). Lyginamuoju metodu nagrinėjami užsienio šalių įstatymai, įtvirtinantys šios atsakomybės sąlygas ir subjektus. Darbo pabaigoje pateiktose išvadose atskleidžiamos teorinės bei praktinės problemos, kylančios taikant darbo teisinių santykių šalims materialinę atsakomybę. / Material responsibility under labour law has occured in order to provide the consensus of employee‘s and employer‘s interests. Since the former is recognized as weaker party of labour relationship, provisions of material responsibility protect his financial interests. On the other side, it is also an effective mean of securing the property of employer. Having this social importance in mind, thesis investigates two majour clauses of material responsibility under labour law, the conditions and subjects. Accordingly, the difference of legal provisions of newly issued Labour Code and the Code of Labour Laws is discussed under a comparative method of study. Pursuant to these provisions, the rulings of Judicial Board of Civil Cases Department of Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania dealing with material responsibility are provided. Separate cases of material responsibility due to non-material damage caused to a party of legal labour relationship are observed, refering to the meaning of this kind of damage, specifically, done to the employee and employer (corporation). Laws of foreign countries, relating the conditions and subjects of material responsibility are considered as well. There are conclusions made at the end of the thesis, revealing both theoretical and practical problems, arising when applying material responsibility to a party of legal labour relationship.

Enligt läroplanen för förskolan ska förskolan erbjuda barn en lärmiljö där de kan växla mellan olika aktiviteter såväl inomhus som utomhus. Studiens syfte är att undersöka de förutsättningar som olika leksaksförråds material erbjuder för barns lek och samspel under deras utevistelse. Vidare är syftet att ta reda på hur förskollärare förhåller sig till olika typer av leksaker och saker att leka med ute på gården.  Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ metodansats genom tre observationer och sex intervjuer. Genom dessa undersöker vi tre förskolors leksaksförråd och material som barnen har tillgång till i sin utevistelse samt sex förskollärares resonemang kring dessa. Resultatet visar på att förskollärare har olika resonemang och uppfattningar kring materialets olika funktioner för barns lärande och utveckling av materialets användning. Dessa funktioner påverkas av barns tillgänglighet och pedagogers förhållningssätt. Vidare belyses materialets möjligheter och begränsningar. / According to the curriculum for preschool, the preschool should offer children a learning environment where they can switch between different activities both inside and outside. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions that different toys inventory’s offer children in their play and interaction during their time outdoors. Further is the purpose to investigate how the preschool teachers’ arguments concerning the selection of toy and material to play with in their time outdoors.  The essay is based on a qualitative method through three observations and six interviews. Through these, we examine three preschools material that three preschool toys inventory’s  and materials that children have access to their time outdoors and six preschool teachers´ arguments surrounding the choice of these materials. The results show that preschool teachers have different arguments and purposes about the materials different functions concerning children's development and learning. These functions affect children’s availability and development of material use. These functions are influenced by children's availability and teachers' attitudes. Also highlights the material's capabilities and limitations.

Electrochemically formed passive layers on titanium and zirconium, and their optical, surface and corrosion properties are presented. With the use of higher applied AC voltages, the passive layers become thicker and more protective of the underlying metal, as determined from thickness measurements by scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam instruments, as well as passive layer corrosion resistance measurements by electrochemical polarization curve and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry experiments. The surface morphology of all samples was studied with atomic force microscopy, profilometry, visible light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and finally electron backscattered diffraction experiments. The passive layers were found to be uniform in their surface structure with no cracks or fractures. However, the samples prepared at VAC = 60-80 V showed defects, which were increasingly prevalent at higher VAC. These defects are thought to be attributed to a process of localized electrochemical breakdown. The aforementioned increase in corrosion resistance is in spite of the defects, which were observed for the samples prepared at VAC = 60-80 V. Surface morphology, in relation to optical properties, was also investigated through reflectance spectroscopy measurements. A correlation between grain colouration and light reflected from the sample surface was observed through measurements using visible light microscopy as well as near infrared ultraviolet visible reflectance spectroscopy. These experiments showed a red-shift of wavelength maxima (λmax) values as voltages, and therefore thickness, were increased. This is the reason that different colours are seen for different thicknesses; the red shift causes different wavelengths to be reflected constructively and destructively. Overall, these passive layers are protective of an already remarkable metal and, with greater knowledge of their properties, their potential may be observed in a wide range of applications. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2011-09-19 19:44:07.148

No description available.

Syftet med denna studie är att få en insyn i förskollärares avsikter när det kommer till den fysiska inomhusmiljöns betydelse för, och påverkan på, barns lek. De fyra frågeställningarna som ställdes var: Vilken betydelse har inomhusmiljön för barns lek enligt förskollärarna? Vilka möjligheter har barnen, enligt förskollärare, att vara med och påverka inomhusmiljön? Vilka avsikter har förskollärarna med den fysiska inomhusmiljön? Hur ser inomhusmiljön ut på de olika avdelningarna? Den metod som använts för studien är kvalitativt inriktad, totalt fyra förskollärare intervjuades och totalt fyra förskoleavdelningar observerades. Resultatet visade att förskollärarna beskrev den fysiska inomhusmiljön som viktig för barns lek. Förskollärarna menade att barnen hade möjlighet att vara med och påverka inomhusmiljön då förskollärarna följde barnens intresse och behov. Förskollärarna lyfte även sin egen betydelse för utformningen av miljön och menade att det var upp till dem att introducera den fysiska inomhusmiljön så att den främjar barns lek. Resultatet visade även att de fyra avdelningarna formade lokalerna i likhet med varandra, oavsett hur många rum som fanns till förfogande. Slutsatser vi kan dra är att förskollärares förhållningssätt och tillåtande personlighet är viktig för utformningen av den fysiska inomhusmiljön.

No description available.

Kommunalt avloppsvatten innehåller stora mängder föroreningar bland annat organiskt material som påverkar organismerna i naturen. Reningsverken runtom i Sverige arbetar ständigt för att minimera utsläppen av föroreningar. Det är viktigt att kontinuerligt analysera vattnets kvalité för att kontrollera reningsverkets funktion. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) och Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) är två analysmetoder som används för att mäta organisk halt i avloppsvatten. Från COD-analysen uppkommer farligt avfall som innehåller kvicksilver varför analysmetoden enligt EU-direktiv ska fasas ut. TOC-analysen föreslås som ersättningsmetod. Syftet med rapporten är att presentera omräkningsfaktorer mellan de två metoderna. Ett stort antal mätdata, erhållna från tidigare utförda analyser vid Centrala reningsverket i Kristianstad, utgör grunden för beräkningarna. Resultaten visar en spridning av omräkningsfaktorerna för olika inkommande avloppsvatten medan variationen är mindre för utgående avloppsvatten. För inkommande vatten gjordes tre grupperingar av reningsverk och omräkningsfaktorn mellan COD/TOC bestämdes till 3,3, 3,8 respektive 4,2. För utgående vatten gjordes två grupperingar och omräkningsfaktorn bestämdes till 3,0 respektive 3,6. För att understryka reningsverkets resultat vid rapporteringen till olika myndigheter har ett nytt kontrollkort för TOC-analysen tagits fram.

In the first part of this work a novel type of low-density, sponge-like material for the separation of mixtures of oil and water has been prepared by vapour deposition of hydrophobic tri-chloro-silanes on ultra-porous cellulose nanofibril (CNF) aerogels. To achieve this, a highly porous (&gt;99%) robust CNF aerogel with high structural flexibility is first formed by freeze-drying an aqueous suspension of the CNFs. The density, pore size distribution and wetting properties of the aerogel can be tuned by selecting the concentration of the CNF suspension before freeze-drying. The hydrophobic light-weight aerogels are almost instantly filled with the oil phase when they selectively absorb oil from water, with a capacity to absorb up to 45 times their own weight. The oil can subsequently be drained from the aerogel and the aerogel can then be subjected to a second absorption cycle. The second part is about aerogels with different pore structures and manufactured with freeze-drying and supercritical carbon dioxide for the preparation of super slippery surfaces. Tunable super slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) were fabricated through fluorination of CNFsand subsequent infusion with perfluorinated liquid lubricants. CNF-based self-standing membranes repelled water and hexadecane with roll-off angles of only a few degrees. The lifetime of the slippery surface was controlled by the rate of evaporation of the lubricant, where the low roll-off angle could be regained with additional infusion. Moreover, adjusting the porosity of the membranes allowed the amount of infused lubricant to be tuned and thereby the lifetime. The CNF-based process permitted the expansion of the concept to coatings on glass, steel, paper and silicon. The lubricant-infused films and coatings are optically transparent and also feature self-cleaning and self-repairing abilities. The third part describes how porous structures from CNFs can be prepared in a new way by using a Pickering foam technique to create CNF-stabilized foams. This technique is promising for up-scaling to enable these porous nanostructured cellulose materials to be produced on a large scale. With this technique, a novel, lightweight and strong porous cellulose material has been prepared by drying aqueous foams stabilized with surface-modified CNFs. Confocal microscopy and high-speed video imaging show that the long-term stability of the wet foams can be attributed to the octylamine-coated, rod-shaped CNF nanoparticles residing at the air-liquid interface which prevent the air bubbles from collapsing or coalescing. Careful removal of the water yields a porous cellulose-based material with a porosity of 98 %, and measurements with an autoporosimeter (APVD) reveal that most pores have a radius in the range of 300 to 500 μm. In the fourth part, the aim was to clarify the mechanisms behind the stabilizing action of CNFs in wet-stable cellulose foams. Factors that have been investigated are the importance of the surface energy of the stabilizing CNF particles, their aspect ratio and charge density, and the concentration of CNF particles at the air-water interface. In order to investigate these parameters, the viscoelastic properties of the interface have been evaluated using the pendant drop method. The properties of the interface have also been compared by foam stability tests to clarify how the interface properties can be related to the foam stability over time. The most important results and conclusions are that CNFs can be used as stabilizing particles for aqueous foams already at a concentration as low as 5 g/L. The reasons for this are the high aspect ratio which is important for gel formation and the viscoelastic modulus of the air-water interface. Foams stabilized with CNFs are therefore much more stable than foams stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). The charge density of the CNFs affects the level of liberation of the CNFs within large CNF aggregates and hence the number of contact points at the interface, and also the gel formation and viscoelastic modulus. The charges also lead to a disjoining pressure related to the long-range repulsive electrostatic interaction between the stabilized bubbles, and this contributes to foam stability. In the fifth part, the aim was to develop the drying procedure in order to producea dry porous CNF material using the wet foam as a precursor and to evaluate the dry foam properties. The wet foam was dried in an oven while placed on a liquid-filled porous ceramic frit to preserve and enhance the porous structure in the dried material and prevent the formation of larger cavities and disruptions. The cell structure has been studied by SEM microscopy and APVD (automatic pore volume distribution). The mechanical properties have been studied by a tensile tester (Instron 5566) and the liquid absorption ability with the aid of the APVD-equipment. By changing the charge density of the CNFs it is possible to prepare dry foams with different densities and the lowest density was found to be 6 kg m-3with a porosity of 99.6 %. The Young ́s modulus in compression was 50 MPa and the energy absorption was 2340kJ m-3 for foams with a density of 200 kg m-3. The liquid absorption of the foam with a density of 13 kg m-3 is 34 times its own weight. By chemically cross-linking the foam,it wasalso possible to empty the liquid-filled foams by compression and then to reabsorb the liquid to the same degree with maintained foam integrity. This new processing method also shows great promise for preparing low-density cellulose foams continuously and could be very suitable for industrial up-scaling. / <p>QC 20141103</p>

No description available.

El reciclado de los residuos de construcción y demolición para ser empleados en la producción de hormigones, principalmente aquellos que provienen de la trituración de hormigones de desecho, se ha convertido en una alternativa de gran importancia respecto a la disminución de la contaminación ambiental, permitiendo además una reducción en la explotación de recursos naturales no renovales. Las propiedades que presentan los agregados reciclados se ven modificadas con relación a las que poseen los agregados naturales de densidad normal, principalmente su porosidad, densidad y resistencia. Estas diferencias son atribuidas al mortero de cemento que se encuentra adherido a las partículas de agregado natural, o bien constituyendo una partícula por sí mismo. Respecto al comportamiento resistente, los hormigones reciclados pueden presentar resistencias similares a las del hormigón de origen, dependiendo de la calidad y porcentaje de agregado reciclado utilizado. Sin embargo, el desempeño durable que presentan los hormigones reciclados podrá variar en función de las características de los hormigones, del porcentaje de agregado reciclado utilizado y de las condiciones a las cuales son expuestos. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo de Tesis consiste en determinar la influencia que tiene el nivel de resistencia y el tipo de agregado grueso natural (AGN) del hormigón de origen sobre las propiedades de los agregados gruesos reciclados (AGR). A tal fin, se elaboraron hormigones de razones a/c 0,45 y 0,65 empleando AGN de uso habitual en diferentes regiones del país, tales como piedra partida granítica, cuarcítica y basáltica, y canto rodado silíceo. Los AGR se obtuvieron de la trituración de dichos hormigones, analizándose diferentes propiedades físico‐mecánicas de los mismos, como granulometría, densidad, absorción, desgaste ʺLos Ángelesʺ, pasa tamiz de 75 μm, peso por unidad de volumen, porcentaje de vacíos, índices de lajosidad y elongación, y contenido de mortero, comparativamente con las correspondientes a los AGN. El comportamiento mecánico de los hormigones elaborados con 25 y 75 % de AGR se compara con el de los hormigones con 100 % de AGN. Para ello se realizaron evaluaciones de las resistencias a compresión, tracción por compresión diametral y módulo de rotura en flexión, determinándose también el módulo de elasticidad estático. Además, se realizaron valoraciones con ensayos semi‐destructivos (Break‐Off) y no destructivos (ultrasonido y frecuencia de resonancia) a fin de determinar las posibles modificaciones que pueden producirse debido a las características que poseen los AGR. Con el fin de adquirir un mayor conocimiento sobre la durabilidad de los hormigones reciclados, se analizan distintas propiedades de transporte comparándolas con las de hormigones de igual nivel resistente elaborados con agregados naturales. Se realizaron determinaciones de absorción de agua por inmersión, succión capilar, penetración de agua a presión y difusión de cloruro en inmersión. Además, se presentan los resultados obtenidos en experiencias de campo sobre hormigones expuestos en suelo con sulfato. De los resultados obtenidos surge que el tipo de AGN del hormigón de origen puede tener mayor influencia que la razón a/c sobre algunas propiedades de los AGR, como la densidad, la absorción de agua, la resistencia a la abrasión y el contenido de mortero. En cuanto a la resistencia a compresión, en los hormigones con 75 % de AGR se alcanzaron los mismos niveles resistentes que en los hormigones originales, mientras que en los elaborados con 25 % de AGR la resistencia se incrementó en aproximadamente 15 %. Con relación al comportamiento durable, en los hormigones con 75 % de AGR de granito y basalto los parámetros de transporte por capilaridad y permeabilidad duplican a los determinados en los hormigones originales, mientras que en los elaborados con 25 % de AGR de canto rodado se produce una disminución del orden del 25 %. Respecto a la difusión de cloruro, los hormigones con AGR de cuarcita y canto rodado muestran una mayor capacidad de retención de cloruro con relación a los hormigones originales, la cual se incrementa con el contenido de AGR. En base a los resultados obtenidos surge que, al igual que lo que sucede en los hormigones convencionales, la razón a/c es el principal factor que condiciona el desempeño durable de los hormigones reciclados, debiéndose considerar en segundo término el tipo de AGN empleado. Al incrementarse la razón a/c, el tipo y porcentaje de AGR utilizado se constituye en un factor de mayor importancia.