Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Huederson Aparecido Botura da Silva.pdf: 9209159 bytes, checksum: 19951a63245110738c893753fdd3874c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-07 / In an eletric power transmission system, the insulators are directly associated with the security level of the web, which your fail influence on companies statistics. The polymeric insulators are become more utilized year after year, having numerous advantages to its competitors (glass and/ or porcelain), however, its useful life can not be determined yet. This paper discuss the use of the free frequency of 915 MHz for monitoring and supervision af this polymeric insulators, and can thus provide data about the web, as well, indicate its useful live. Was performed a data transmission with variations of the intensity of eletric fields resulting from the line fitting of the 500kv rated voltage insulator. The variation of the electric field was obtained using different anti-corona rings. Its values were obtained using software as Gmsh and GetDP which use the method of finites elements. Was possible to observe that the central frequency of the carrier didi not change when a sign passed throw the electric field, besides being possible to perform the communication between the sensors having, at the most critical configuration, a packet loss equal to 1,6%. Also was possible observerd that for all tests performed occurred a small degradation of the sign during the data transmission. / Em um sistema de transmiss?o de energia el?trica, os isoladores est?o diretamente associados ao n?vel de seguran?a da rede, na qual sua falha influ?ncia em indicadores das concession?rias. Os isoladores polim?ricos est?o adquirindo com o passar dos anos maior utiliza??o, sendo que possui in?meras vantagens perante seus concorrentes (vidro e/ou porcelana), entretanto sua vida ?til ainda n?o pode ser determinada. Este trabalho aborda a utiliza??o da frequ?ncia livre de 915 MHz para monitoramento e supervis?o destes isoladores polim?ricos, sendo poss?vel assim fornecer dados sobre a rede bem como indicando a sua vida ?til. Foi realizado uma transmiss?o de dados mediante varia??es da intensidade do campo el?trico decorrentes do terminal fase do isolador da classe de tens?o de 500 kv. A varia??o da intensidade do campo el?trico foi obtido utilizando an?is anti-corona diferentes, sendo seus valores obtidos atrav?s de simula??es utilizando os softwares Gmsh e GetDP que utiliza o m?todo dos elementos finitos. Foi poss?vel observar que a frequ?ncia central da portadora n?o teve varia??o quando o sinal passava pelo campo el?trico, al?m de ser poss?vel realizar a comunica??o entre os n?s sensores tendo, na configura??o mais cr?tica, uma perda de pacotes igual a 1,6%. Tamb?m foi poss?vel observar que para todos os ensaios realizados ocorreu pequena degrada??o do sinal durante a transmiss?o de dados.

Increasing the power density of power electronic converters while reducing or maintaining the same cost, offers a higher potential to meet the current trend inrelation to various power electronic applications. High power density converters can be achieved by increasing the switching frequency, due to which the bulkiest parts, such as transformer, inductors and the capacitor's size in the convertercircuit can be drastically reduced. In this regard, highly integrated planar magnetics are considered as an effective approach compared to the conventional wire wound transformers in modern switch mode power supplies (SMPS). However, as the operating frequency of the transformers increase from several hundred kHz to MHz, numerous problems arise such as skin and proximity effects due to the induced eddy currents in the windings, leakage inductance and unbalanced magnetic flux distribution. In addition to this, the core losses whichare functional dependent on frequency gets elevated as the operating frequency increases. Therefore, this thesis provides an insight towards the problems related to the high frequency magnetics and proposes a solution with regards to different aspects in relation to designing high power density, energy efficient transformers.The first part of the thesis concentrates on the investigation of high power density and highly energy efficient coreless printed circuit board (PCB) step-down transformers useful for stringent height DC-DC converter applications, where the core losses are being completely eliminated. These transformers also maintain the advantages offered by existing core based transformers such as, high coupling coefficient, sufficient input impedance, high energy efficiency and wide frequencyband width with the assistance of a resonant technique. In this regard, several coreless PCB step down transformers of different turn’s ratio for power transfer applications have been designed and evaluated. The designed multilayered coreless PCB transformers for telecom and PoE applications of 8,15 and 30W show that the volume reduction of approximately 40 - 90% is possible when compared to its existing core based counterparts while maintaining the energy efficiency of the transformers in the range of 90 - 97%. The estimation of EMI emissions from the designed transformers for the given power transfer application proves that the amount of radiated EMI from a multilayered transformer is lessthan that of the two layered transformer because of the decreased radius for thesame amount of inductance.The design guidelines for the multilayered coreless PCB step-down transformer for the given power transfer application has been proposed. The designed transformer of 10mm radius has been characterized up to the power level of 50Wand possesses a record power density of 107W/cm3 with a peak energy efficiency of 96%. In addition to this, the design guidelines of the signal transformer fordriving the high side MOSFET in double ended converter topologies have been proposed. The measured power consumption of the high side gate drive circuitvitogether with the designed signal transformer is 0.37W. Both these signal andpower transformers have been successfully implemented in a resonant converter topology in the switching frequency range of 2.4 – 2.75MHz for the maximum load power of 34.5W resulting in the peak energy efficiency of converter as 86.5%.This thesis also investigates the indirect effect of the dielectric laminate on the magnetic field intensity and current density distribution in the planar power transformers with the assistance of finite element analysis (FEA). The significanceof the high frequency dielectric laminate compared to FR-4 laminate in terms of energy efficiency of planar power transformers in MHz frequency region is also explored.The investigations were also conducted on different winding strategies such as conventional solid winding and the parallel winding strategies, which play an important role in the design and development of a high frequency transformer and suggested a better choice in the case of transformers operating in the MHz frequency region.In the second part of the thesis, a novel planar power transformer with hybrid core structure has been designed and evaluated in the MHz frequency region. The design guidelines of the energy efficient high frequency planar power transformerfor the given power transfer application have been proposed. The designed corebased planar transformer has been characterized up to the power level of 50W and possess a power density of 47W/cm3 with maximum energy efficiency of 97%. This transformer has been evaluated successfully in the resonant converter topology within the switching frequency range of 3 – 4.5MHz. The peak energy efficiency ofthe converter is reported to be 92% and the converter has been tested for the maximum power level of 45W, which is suitable for consumer applications such as laptop adapters. In addition to this, a record power density transformer has been designed with a custom made pot core and has been characterized in thefrequency range of 1 - 10MHz. The power density of this custom core transformer operating at 6.78MHz frequency is 67W/cm3 and with the peak energy efficiency of 98%.In conclusion, the research in this dissertation proposed a solution for obtaining high power density converters by designing the highly integrated, high frequency(1 - 10MHz) coreless and core based planar magnetics with energy efficiencies inthe range of 92 - 97%. This solution together with the latest semiconductor GaN/SiC switching devices provides an excellent choice to meet the requirements of the next generation ultra flat low profile switch mode power supplies (SMPS).

At the moment Swedish Transport Administration uses a monitor system that candetect urgent errors as warm ball-bearings and flat wheels etc. with stationarydetectors. To avoid these errors Swedish Transport Administration, UPWIS AB andUppsala University work with a system that will continuously monitoring the train todetect the errors as fast as possible. This will save money in the future for SwedishTransport Administration and all other partners that use the rails.Swedish Transport Administration has already RFID readers beside the rail to detecttrains position. The new monitoring system will use these readers and send data fromthe monitoring system via these readers to a database.The aim of this thesis work is to design and build a RFID antenna to send data fromthe monitoring system to the RFID readers. The antenna should be a circularpolarized and it needs to manage the harsh environment on the train.This thesis work started with a theoretical study which investigated four commonantenna types (dipole, loop, PIFA and patch/microstrip) to evaluate which antennatype that is the best solution for this application. It was decided to design a patchantenna from the theoretical study since it fulfils all the requirements for the antenna.Simulations and tests shows that the antenna is circular polarized and have amaximum reading distance of 5 m for 868 MHz. For 2.45 GHz it is linear polarizedand has a reading distance of at least 10 m. With other hardware settings the antennawill have longer reading distance at 2.45 GHz.When all parts of the test bed was finished the test bed was mounted on themeasurement wagon. The final test shows that the antenna fulfils the task. Theantenna transmitted the data from the sensor boxes to the RFID readers.The report suggests future work to minimize the reading distance and size for theantenna. These are: transfer sensor data to RFID tag by “multi hop”, hardwareimprovement for instance antenna diversity and using another substrate (higherdielectric constant).

The first microwave measurement techniques uses an open ended coaxial probe with a purposely built sample holder to measure the dielectric properties of potato products from 500 MHz to 1 GHz. The second system utilises a waveguide cell with a purposely built sample holder to characterise potato products from 2.4 to 3.5 GHz. Common British varieties of raw potatoes such as Estima, King Edward and Maris Piper are used in this study. The two microwave measurement techniques are also used to measure the dielectric properties of potato products at elevated temperatures for these frequency ranges. Both measurement techniques are also used to study the effect of storage temperature on the dielectric properties of Saturna raw potato. For this part of the study, it is concluded that the microwave measurement techniques are unable to discriminate between potatoes that had a storage history of different temperature profiles. On the other hand, waveguide cells and open ended coaxial probes are able to measure the dielectric properties of raw potato, partial cooked fried potato and fried potato at the 500 MHz to 1 GHz and 2.4 GHz to 3.5 GHz frequency range. The measurement results show that both dielectric constant and loss values of fried potatoes decreased with frying time, due to the reduced moisture content during the frying process. Furthermore, the dielectric loss behaviour of raw and fried potatoes is dominated by the effect of the ionic conductivity at frequencies lower than 1 GHz. An apparatus has been designed and built in order to measure the dielectric properties of potato for both frequency ranges as a function of temperature. In the subsequent measurements it is found that the dielectric properties of potato products at elevated temperatures also depend on frequency and moisture content. For high moisture content potato (~> 70 %), at 2.45 GHz both the dielectric constant and loss are found to decrease with temperature, whereas at 915 MHz the dielectric constant decreases but the loss increases for the moisture content above 30%. For the intermediate moisture content (10%<MC<70%), all dielectric properties increase with temperature at the microwave heating frequencies 2.45GHz, whereas at 915 MHz all the dielectric properties increase with temperature for the moisture content range 10% to 30%. The increase in dielectric properties with temperature is small and marginal for fried potatoes with low moisture content (< 10 %). It is therefore apparent that moisture content is the primary factor in detecting the complex permittivity of potato products.

This diploma thesis deals with wireless doorbell realisation. The doorbell is battery-powered and supports half duplex voice transferring. The general aim is to design system circuitry, PCB and to create microcontroller firmware.

We have developed and created a simulator for calculations and indicatios of maximum permissible values for the electric and magnetic fields as well as the power density in Rádio Base Station, with the use of CDMA technology, in the range of 800 MHz, being the values allowable were referenced and based on the International Commission on Non-ionizing radiation protection. The simulator developed allows to calculate the interference field radiated by rádio base station, with input data such as channel power rádio; Gain Antenna; Number of Rádio Channels, Frequency Operation; Losses in Cable, Attenuation of Direction; Minimum distance; Reflections. To get quickly without the need for the implementation of instruments for measurements, calculations only in that simulator, we calculated values such as: Effective Radiated Power; Density Power Sector; electric field in the Sector; Magnetic Field in the sector; Flux Density Magnetic; point of maximum permissible exposure to electric field and the power density. As results presented in graphs for clarity of visualization of power density in the industry, as well as defining the coverage area. Is also present in the simulator, folders with specifications of antennas, towers and cables used in mobile phones, whose manufacturers are: World RFS, Andrew, and Karthein Brasilsat. They are presented several "links" network access "internet" to complement the specifications of cables, antennas, etc. .. Moreover also part of the simulator to perform calculations quickly and safely assisting in obtaining results of loss of rádio signal generated by rádio base station. Where the simulator has paintings depicting the spreads, where we define propagation "A" and "B".By spreading the "A" we can get the calculations of rádio signal attenuation models in areas of urban, dense urban, suburban, and rural open. Are added in the calculations of reflection coefficients of reflection, the standing wave ratio, return loss, the ratio of reflected power, as well as losses of the signal by impedance mismatch. As for the spread "B" as we can get results in the loss calculations in the rádio signal line in sight and no sight, the effective area, the power density, the power received, the range, the level conversion and the conversion gain in radiant systems. / Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos e criados dois simuladores para cálculos e indicações de valores Máximos Permissíveis para os campos elétricos e magnéticos, bem como as Densidades de Potência em Estações Rádio Base, com a utilização de Tecnologia CDMA, na faixa de 800 MHz. Esses valores permissíveis foram referênciados e fundamentados pela Comissão Internacional de Proteção à Radiação não Ionizante. O simulador 1 permite calcular as interferências de campo irradiado por estação rádio base, com entrada de dados tais como: Potência do Canal de Rádio; Ganho da Antena; Número de Canais de Rádio; Frequência de Operação; Perdas no Cabo; Atenuação da Direção; Distância Mínima; Reflexões. O referido simulador permite, de maneira rápida e sem a necessidade da execução de instrumentos para medições, alcançar os seguintes valores calculados: Potência Radiada Efetiva; Densidade de Potência do Setor; Campo elétrico no Setor; Campo Magnético no Setor; Densidade de fluxo Magnético; ponto de exposição máxima permitida de campo elétrico, bem como a densidade de potência. Os resultados são apresentados em gráficos, para clareza da visualização da densidade de potência no setor, assim como para a definição da área de cobertura. O simulador abrange também pastas com especificações de antenas, cabos e torres utilizadas na telefonia celular, dos seguintes fabricantes: RFS World, Andrew, Karthein e Brasilsat. São apresentados diversos &#8213;links&#8214; de acesso à rede &#8213;internet&#8214; para complemento das especificações de cabos, antenas, etc. O simulador 2 apresenta mais variáveis, procurando executar cálculos de forma rápida e segura auxiliando na obtenção de resuldados das perdas do sinal de rádio produzidas por estação rádio base. Nesse caso, o simulador apresenta telas representando as propagações denominadas &#8213;A&#8214; e &#8213;B&#8214;. Através da propagação &#8213;A&#8214; podemos obter os cálculos de atenuação do sinal de rádio em áreas de modelos urbana, urbana densa, suburbana, aberta e rural. Nos cálculos de reflexão, adicionamos os coeficientes de reflexão, a relação de onda estacionária, a perda de retorno, a relação de potência refletida, assim como as perdas do sinal por descasamento de impedância. Com a propagação &#8213;B&#8214; podemos obter como resultados as perdas do sinal de rádio na linha visada e não visada, a área efetiva, a densidade de potência, a potência recebida, o raio de cobertura, a conversão de níveis e a conversão de ganho em sistemas irradiantes. / Mestre em Ciências

I detta examinationsarbetesrapport för högskoleingenjörsexamen inom Elektronik, presenteras en utredning för att svara på vad som skulle vara den mest generiska pulsgeneratorn för ultraljudstestning inom det klassiska intervallet 0.5 till 15 MHz. Det presenteras flera variabler i teorin, som påverkar en testsignal och varför det inte går att beräkna vad en generisk pulsgenerator bör åstadkomma. Denna rapport presenterar vilka pulsgeneratorer det finns och vad de mer högpresterande pulsgeneratorerna beskrivna i vetenskapliga forskningsresultat har presterat. Samt vilka tekniker som finns och varför vissa tekniker inte är lämpliga. Vid slutet av denna examinationsarbetesrapport presenteras, med hjälp av några antaganden om vad en generisk pulsgenerator behöver prestera, dras en slutsats om vilken av de föreslagna pulsgeneratorerna som är mest generisk. / This bachelor thesis, is a trial in answering what would be a generic pulse generator for ultrasonic testing in the classic test range of 0.5 to 15 MHz. It also goes through multiple variables that affects a test signal and why it really isn't possible to precalculate what a generical pulse generators should achive, in the theory chapter. This thesis also goes through what different types of pulse generators there is and what some of the more high performance pulse generators proposed in scientific articles have achieved and what techniques that have been used and why some techniques are not suitable. In the end of this thesis there is a trial with some assumptions about what a generical pulse generator should achieve, to come to a conclusion about which pulse generator from the proposed ones would be the best generical pulse generator to go with.

This thesis presents a thorough and significant work on the properties of radio sources as derived from deep 610-MHz GMRT data and ancillary multi-wavelength data. The faint radio sources at 610-MHz are found out to distances such that the objects are seen as they were when the universe was less than half its current age. These data provide a first look at the faint radio sky at sensitivities that will soon be achieved by key programs on the South African MeerKAT radio telescope, and thus take a first step in the exploration of the radio universe that will be made by the Square Kilometre Array. I report deep 610-MHz GMRT observations of the EN1 field, a region of 1.86 deg2 . We achieve a nominal sensitivity of 7.1µ Jy beam−1 . From our 610 MHz mosaic image, we recover 4290 sources after accounting for multiple component sources down to a 5σ flux density limit of 35.5 µ Jy. From this data, I derive the 610 MHz source counts applying corrections for completeness, resolution bias and Eddington bias. The 610- MHz source counts show a flattening at flux densities below 1 mJy. The source counts are higher than previous observations at this frequency below this break. However, they are generally consistent with recent models of the low-frequency source population. Using ancillary multi-wavelength data in the field, I investigate the key issue of source population classification using the deepest data at an intermediate-low frequency (higher than LOFAR and lower than JVLA), where previous work has not been sensitive enough to reach the µJy population. By cross-matching against the multi-wavelength data, I identify 72% of the radio sample having reliable redshifts, of which 19% of the redshifts are based on spectroscopy. From the classification, I obtain 1685 sources as Star-Forming Galaxies (SFGs), 281 sources Radio-Quiet (RQ) and 339 sources Radio-Loud (RL) Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) for the sub-sample with redshifts and at least one multi-wavelength AGN diagnostic. SFGs are mostly low-power radio sources, i.e L610 MHz < 1025 W Hz−1 while RQ AGN and RL AGN have radio powers L610 MHz > 1025 W Hz−1 . From cross-matching my sample with other radio surveys (GMRT at 325-MHz, FIRST at 1.4-GHz and JVLA at 5-GHz), I obtain the median spectral index from 325-MHz to 610-MHz to be −0.80 ± 0.29, 610-MHz to 1.4-GHz to be −0.83 ± 0.31 and 1.4-GHz to 5-GHz to be −1.12 ± 0.15. The main result is that the median spectral index appears to steepen at the highest frequency. With the above catalogue in hand, I use the non-parametric V/Vmax test and the radio luminosity function to investigate the cosmic evolution of different source populations. I study SFGs and derive their IR-radio correlation and luminosity function as a function of redshift. By integrating the evolving SFG luminosity functions I also derive the cosmic star formation rate density out to z = 1.5. I address the long standing question about the origin of radio emission in RQ AGN. I compare the star formation rate (SFR) derived from their far-infrared luminosity, as traced by Herschel, with the SFR computed from their radio emission. I find evidence that the main contribution to the radio emission of RQ AGN is the star formation activity in their host galaxies. At high luminosities, however, both SFGs and 1 RQ AGN display a radio excess when comparing radio and infrared star formation rates. The vast majority of our sample lie along the SFR − M? ”main sequence” at all redshifts when using infrared star formation rates. This result opens the possibility of using the radio band to estimate the SFR even in the hosts of bright AGN where the optical-to-mid-infrared emission can be dominated by the AGN. I investigate the evolution of radio AGN out to z ∼ 1.5 with continuous models of pure density and pure luminosity evolution with Φ? ∝ ( 1 + z)(2.25±0.38)−(0.63±0.35)z and L610 MHz ∝ ( 1 + z)(3.45±0.53)−(0.55±0.29)z respectively. I also constrain the evolution of RQ AGN and RL AGN separately with a continuous model of pure luminosity evolution. For the RQ and RL AGN, we find a fairly mild evolution with redshift best fitted by pure luminosity evolution with L610 MHz ∝ ( 1 + z)(2.81±0.43)−(0.57±0.30)z for RQ AGN and L610 MHz ∝ ( 1 + z)(3.58±0.54)−(0.56±0.29)z for RL AGN. The results reveal that the 610 MHz radio AGN population thus comprises two differently evolving populations whose radio emission is mostly SF-driven or AGN-driven respectively. Finally, I probe the infrared-radio correlation and radio spectral indices of the faint radio population using stacking. I stack infrared sources in the EN1 field using the MIPS 24 micron mid-infrared survey and radio surveys created at 325 MHz, 610 MHz and 1.4 GHz. The stacking experiment shows a variation in the absolute strength of the infrared-radio correlation between these three different frequencies and the MIPS 24 micron band. I find tentative evidence of a small deviation from the correlation at the faintest infrared flux densities. The stacked radio spectral index analyses reveal that the majority of the median stacked sources exhibit steep spectra, with a spectral index that steepens with frequency between α 325 610 and α 610 1400. This work is particularly useful to pave the way for upcoming radio surveys with SKA pathfinders and precursors.

This thesis relates to the design and implementation of a Gysel power combiner consisting of two input ports. The design is implemented using discrete (lumped) components over the conventional transmission line architecture and operates at 100 MHz. Because of the high power requirements for the power combiner, special attention is given to the power handling capabilities of the lumped elements and the other components involved. Simulations of an S-parameter of Gysel power combiner are performed using the Advanced Design System (ADS) from Keysight Technologies. The final design of two-way Gysel power combiner using PCB toroidal inductor was implemented, simulated and optimized at centre frequency of 100 MHz. Satisfactory results were obtained in terms of Insertion loss, Return loss and Port Isolation.

Evolutions in integrated circuit technology require the use of a high-frequency synchronous buck converter in order to achieve low cost, low profile, fast transient response and high power density. However, high frequency operation leads to increased power MOSFET switching losses. Optimization of the MOSFETs plays an important role in improving converter performance. This dissertation focuses on revealing the power loss mechanism of power MOSFETs and the relationship between power MOSFET structure and its power loss. The analytical device model, combined with circuit modeling, cannot reveal the relationship between device structure and its power loss due to the highly non-linear characteristics of power MOSFETs. A physically-based mixed device/circuit modeling approach is used to investigate the power losses of the MOSFETs under different operating conditions. The physically based device model, combined with SPICE-like circuit simulation, provides an expeditious and inexpensive way of evaluating and optimizing circuit and device concepts. Unlike analytical or other SPICE models of power MOSFETs, the numerical device model, relying little on approximations or simplifications, faithfully represents the behavior of realistic power MOSFETs. The impact of power MOSFET parameters on efficiency of synchronous buck converters, such as gate charge, on resistance, reverse recovery, is studied in detail in this thesis. The results provide a good indication on how to optimize power MOSFETs used in VRMs. The synchronous rectifier plays an important role in determining the performance of the synchronous buck converter. The reverse recovery of its body diode and the Cdv/dt induced false trigger-on are two major mechanisms that impact SyncFET's performance. This thesis gives a detailed analysis of the SyncFET operation mechanism and provides several techniques to reduce its body-diode influence and suppress its false Cdv/dt trigger-n. This thesis also investigates the influence of several circuit level parameters on the efficiency of the synchronous buck converter, such as input voltage, circuit parasitic inductance, and gate resistance to provide further optimization of synchronous buck converter design.