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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Thermo-mechanical evolution of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle in an extensional environment Insights from the Beni Bousera peridotite massif (Rif belt, Morocco)

FRETS, Erwin 26 October 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Les processus de déformation contrôlant l'amincissement de la lithosphère continentale sont encore mal contraints. Nos connaissances sont principalement basées sur la modélisation thermomécanique d'extension à l'échelle de la lithosphère--utilisant des lois rhéologiques derivées expérimentalement, l'imagerie géophysique et l'analyse de xénolithes provenant de rift continentaux actifs à ce jour, tels que le Rift Est-Africain. L'originalité de ce travail reside dans l'étude des deux plus grands massifs de péridotites sous-continentales ayant enregistrées des conditions primaires du facies à diamant: les massifs de Beni Bousera au nord du Maroc et de Ronda au sud de l'Espagne, respectivement. Les structures et la zonation petrologique et métamorphique --impliquant une évolution polybarique et polythermique-- préservéees dans ces massifs offrent une opportunité unique pour étudier l'évolution thermo-mécanique du manteau sous-continental dans un contexte extensif. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié les mécanismes de déformation des péridotites et des pyroxénites afin de contraindre les modes d'exhumation du manteau lithosphérique sous-continental, depuis des conditions du facies des lherzolites à grenat, jusqu'au facies à spinelle et enfin à plagioclase. Nous avons combiné la cartographie des faciès tectono-métamorphiques et des structures ductiles de déformation, l'analyse des microstructures, la mesure d'orientations préférentielles de réseau (OPR), et la géothermobarométrie conventionelle couplée à la modélisation thermodynamique (PerpleX) afin de contraindre les conditions de pression et température de la déformation. Nous avons montré que l'exhumation précoce du facies à grenat au facies à spinelle était accomodée par une faille transtensive affectant le manteau lithosphérique. Dans ce contexte, la zonation tectono-métamorphique et le gradient thermique important (ca. 100ºC/km) préservés à Beni Bousera résultent de la juxtaposition mécanique de domaines lithosphériques initialement équilibrés à différentes pressions et températures, fossilisée à une profondeur de ca. 60 km durant l'Oligocène supérieur (ca. 25 Ma). L'exhumation finale du facies de lherzolite à spinelle au facies à plagioclase et l'emplacement final dans la croûte, mieux enregistrés dans Ronda, se sont produits par inversion et plissement de la section lithosphérique fortement amincie dans un contexte arrière-arc, probablement lors du retrait vers le sud de la lithosphère subduite et la collision de l'arc avec les paléo-marges maghrébines au Miocène inférieur (21-23 Ma).
172

Διφωτονική απορρόφηση νέων συμμετρικών οργανικών ενώσεων και διφωτονικός πολυμερισμός / Two-photon absorption of new symmetric organic compounds and two-photon polymerization

Φυτίλης, Ιωάννης 31 March 2010 (has links)
Η διφωτονική απορρόφηση (ΔΦΑ) είναι το μη γραμμικό-φαινόμενο κατά το οποίο δύο φωτόνια απορροφούνται ταυτόχρονα σε ένα υλικό μέσο. Τα τελευταία 20 χρόνια το φαινόμενο αυτό έχει προσελκύσει ιδιαίτερα το ενδιαφέρον της επιστημονικής κοινότητας για την ανακάλυψη νέων αποδοτικών ενώσεων λόγω και των εφαρμογών που έχει βρεθεί ότι μπορεί να προσφέρει. Η διφωτονική μικροσκοπία, ο διφωτονικός πολυμερισμός, η τρισδιάστατη αποθήκευση δεδομένων είναι μερικές από τις σημαντικές εφαρμογές που εκμεταλλεύονται τα πλεονεκτήματα της ΔΦΑ. Τη τελευταία δεκαετία η έρευνα επικεντρώνεται στη θεωρητική και πειραματική μελέτη της ΔΦΑ οργανικών ενώσεων με σκοπό την διασύνδεσης των χαρακτηριστικών της δομής των μορίων με την ΔΦΑ που παρέχουν και την εύρεση στρατηγικών σύνθεσης οργανικών ενώσεων υψηλής ΔΦΑ. Επίσης πολλές είναι οι επιστημονικές εργασίες που χρησιμοποιούν τις ενώσεις αυτές στην έρευνα για την ανάπτυξη και βελτίωση των διφωτονικών εφαρμογών. Στη διατριβή αυτή γίνεται μελέτη της ΔΦΑ συζυγιακών οργανικών ενώσεων αποτελούμενες από ένα κεντρικό τμήμα συνδεδεμένο αντιδιαμετρικά με δυο ίδιους υποκαταστάτες. Τα συμμετρικά αυτά μόρια έχουν ως κεντρικό τμήμα φλουορένιο ή αλκόξυ-φαινυλένιο ή καρβοξύλιο και διάφορους υποκαταστάτες στα άκρα. Η τεχνική μέτρησης διφωτονικά διεγερμένου φθορισμού με laser femtosecond χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τον υπολογισμό των τιμών της ενεργούς διατομής ΔΦΑ των μορίων στη φασματική περιοχή 750-840nm. Από τη συγκριτική μελέτη των ενώσεων προκύπτει ότι ο υποκαταστάτης φθαλιμίδιο προσφέρει την μεγαλύτερη ΔΦΑ και για τα τρία διαφορετικά κεντρικά τμήματα, ενώ όταν συνδέεται με το φλουορένιο έχει την υψηλότερη ενεργό διατομή ΔΦΑ φθάνοντας την τιμή των 1650GM στη φασματική περιοχή που μελετήθηκε. Επίσης παρατηρήθηκε ότι ο υποκαταστάτης ναφθαλιμίδιο προκαλεί μετατόπιση του μεγίστου ΔΦΑ σε αρκετά μεγαλύτερα μήκη κύματος. Παρόμοια μετατόπιση παρατηρείται και για τα μόρια με κεντρικό τμήμα το καρβαζόλιο. Η μετατόπιση αυτή του φάσματος ΔΦΑ δεν αντιστοιχεί σε μετατόπιση του φάσματος μονοφωτονικής απορρόφησης. Οφείλεται στην άρση της κεντροσυμμετρίας του μορίου, λόγω της διαμόρφωσης της δομής του, η οποία κάνει επιτρεπτή τη διφωτονική μετάβαση στην πρώτη μονοφωτονικά επιτρεπτή ενεργειακή κατάσταση που ειδάλλως είναι απαγορευμένη. Η επίδραση του διαλύτη στις διφωτονικές ιδιότητες των μορίων μελετάται επίσης στη διατριβή αυτή. Για τις τέσσερις πιο αποδοτικές ενώσεις, ως προς το διφωτονικά διεγερμένο φθορισμό, έγιναν μετρήσεις για τον υπολογισμό των φασμάτων ΔΦΑ τους σε πέντε διαλύτες διαφορετικής πολικότητας (διηλεκτρικής σταθεράς). Από τις μετρήσεις φάνηκε η σημαντική επίδραση του διαλύτη στη ΔΦΑ των τεσσάρων χρωστικών η οποία μεγιστοποιείται σε διαλύτη μεσαίας πολικότητας, ο τρεις στην ακετοφαινόνη και μια στο THF. Η χαμηλή κβαντική απόδοση φθορισμού που παρατηρείται στα διαλύματα με ακετοφαινόνης μειώνει αρκετά το διφωτονικά προκαλούμενο φθορισμό και κατατάσσει τo THF ως τον αποδοτικότερο διαλύτη για διφωτονικές εφαρμογές που εκμεταλλεύονται το φθορισμό. Επίσης και ο μη πολικός διαλύτης τολουόλιο προκαλεί έντονο φθορισμό λόγω της υψηλής κβαντικής απόδοσης παρόλο που επιφέρει δραστική μείωση της ΔΦΑ σε σύγκριση με τους άλλους διαλύτες που μελετήθηκαν. Δύο από τις χρωστικές που μελετήθηκαν ως προς τη ΔΦΑ τους χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ως φωτοεκκινητής πολυμερισμού ενός ακρυλικού μονομερούς και την μελέτη του πολυμερισμού συναρτήσει διαφόρων παραμέτρων ακτινοβόλησης της ρητίνης. Οι χρωστικές αυτές έχουν φλουορένιο ως κεντρικό τμήμα και υποκαταστάτες στα άκρα φθαλιμίδιο ή τριφαινυλαμίνη. Και οι δύο χρωστικές δύναται να προκαλέσουν τον πολυμερισμό του μονομερούς με ακτινοβόληση υπερβραχέων παλμών στα 800nm, αλλά η προσθήκη αμίνης ως συνεκκινητή μειώνει το κατώφλι ισχύος εκκίνησης του. Επίσης, σε υψηλές τιμές ισχύος ακτινοβόλησης στο ίδιο μήκος κύματος παρατηρήθηκε αυτο-πολυμερισμός του μονομερούς γεγονός το οποίο έχει επισημανθεί μία μόνο ακόμη φορά σε μια εργασία με ρητίνη μίξης τριών ακρυλικών μονομερών. Δύο ρητίνες που παρασκευάστηκαν στην παρούσα διατριβή αναμιγνύοντας το μονομερές με τη κάθε χρωστική και με προσθήκη του συνεκκινητή μελετήθηκαν για την εξάρτηση του πολυμερισμού από τον φακό εστίασης και από την ισχύ, την ταχύτητα σάρωσης και τη διάμετρο της δέσμης. Για το σκοπό αυτό κατασκευάστηκαν δοκίμια στα οποία εγγράφονταν πολυμερισμένες γραμμές μεταβάλλοντας κάποια από τις παραπάνω παραμέτρους και μετρώντας το πάχος και το ύψος των γραμμών αυτών από τις εικόνες μικροσκοπίου σάρωσης ηλεκτρονίων. Το γεγονός ότι ο μικρότερης ισχύος φακός παρατηρηθηκε ότι προκαλεί λεπτότερη γραμμή εξηγείται από το φαινόμενο κατωφλίου του πολυμερισμού. Ωστόσο η λεπτότερη γραμμή επιτυγχάνεται με τον ισχυρότερο φακό καθώς μπορεί να μειωθεί περισσότερο η ισχύς της δέσμης λόγω του χαμηλότερου κατωφλίου εκκίνησης του πολυμερισμού για το φακό αυτό. Η αύξηση της ταχύτητας σάρωσης ή η μείωση της ισχύος της δέσμης επιφέρουν μικρότερες διαστάσεις πάχους και ύψους της γραμμής που πολυμερίζεται. Επίσης η κατανομή της ισχύος ακτινοβόλησης σε ολόκληρο το πίσω άνοιγμα του φακού επιφέρει καλύτερη εστίαση και λεπτότερη πολυμερισμένη γραμμή. Ωστόσο η κατάλληλη χωρική διαμόρφωση της δέσμης μπορεί να μειώσει τις διαστάσεις των πολυμερισμένων δομών. / -
173

Evolução estrutural dos granitoides arroio divisa durante o movimento transcorrente da zona de cisalhamento Quitéria-Serra do Erval, RS

Schnorr, Evelin Roberta January 2017 (has links)
O período pós-colisional Neoproterozoico no sul do Brasil é marcado por intensa atividade tectônica transcorrente. Neste contexto, a Zona de Cisalhamento Quitéria Serra do Erval, uma das inúmeras estruturas que compõe o Cinturão de Cisalhamento Sul-brasileiro, controlou o aporte, a ascensão e o posicionamento de diversos granitoides, dentre eles, os Granitoides Arroio Divisa, intrusivos no Complexo Arroio dos Ratos. Os Granitoides Arroio Divisa compreendem uma associação de rochas predominantemente granodioríticas, com termos dioríticos e tonalíticos ocorrendo em menor expressão. Apresentam textura heterogranular média a grossa e são sempre foliadas. Ao longo da intrusão, são distinguidas zonas de mais alta e mais baixa deformação, distribuídas de forma heterogênea, o que é evidenciado pelo grau de desenvolvimento e morfologia das estruturas planares e lineares. Nas zonas de mais baixa deformação, concentradas nas porções centrais do corpo granítico, predominam as estruturas magmáticas e a componente deformacional é menos intensa, enquanto que em direção à borda norte da intrusão, a morfologia destas estruturas progride por aumento na intensidade da deformação, com a geração de foliação milonítica bem desenvolvida A evolução estrutural dos Granitoides Arroio Divisa é marcada por estruturas tardi-magmáticas que avançam progressivamente para estruturas subsolidus, e subsequentemente para estruturas de mais baixa temperatura, evidenciando a cristalização com concomitante história deformacional sob condições de temperatura decrescente. Feições microestruturais de alta temperatura incluem o desenvolvimento do padrão tabuleiro de xadrez em cristais de quartzo, e a geração de subgrãos grandes em cristais de K-feldspato e plagioclásio, compatíveis com temperaturas da fácies anfibolito superior e com a temperatura solidus de composições graníticas. As feições microestruturais de baixa temperatura consistem na recristalização dos cristais de quartzo por bulging, neoformação de grãos finos ao redor dos cristais de feldspato, e desenvolvimento de pertitas em chamas nos K-feldspato, compatíveis com temperaturas da fácies xistos verdes, bem abaixo da solidus. Enquanto as microestruturas de alta deformação estariam associadas aos estágios iniciais da cristalização e resfriamento do magma, as de mais baixa estariam relacionadas aos estágios pós-cristalização, quando rocha e encaixante alcançam equilíbrio térmico. / The Neoproterozoic post-collisional period in southern Brazil is marked by intense transcurrent tectonic activity. In this context, the Serra do Erval Quitéria Shear Zone, one of the several structures that compose the South Brazilian Shear Belt, controlled the input, ascent and emplacement of several granitoids, among them the Arroio Divisa Granitoids, intrusive in the Complex Arroio dos Ratos. The Arroio Divisa Granitoids consist an association of predominantly granodioritic rocks, with dioritic and tonalitic terms occurring in lesser expression. They presented medium to thick heterogranular texture and are always foliated. Along the intrusion, zones of higher and lower deformation are distinguished, distributed in a heterogeneous way, which is evidenced by the degree of development and morphology of the planar and linear structures. In the lower deformation zones, which are concentrated in the central portion of the granitic body, the magmatic structures prevail and the deformation component is less intense, whereas towards the north margin of the intrusion the morphology of these structures progresses by increase in the intensity of the deformation, with the generation of well-developed milonitic foliation The structural evolution of the Arroio Divisa Granitoids is marked by progressively advance of the late-magmatic to subsolidus structures, and subsequently to structures of lower temperature, evidencing the crystallization with concomitant deformational history under conditions of decreasing temperature. High-temperature microstructural features include the development of the chessboard pattern in quartz crystals, and the generation of large subgrains in K-feldspar and plagioclase crystals, compatible with temperatures of amphibolite high-grade facies and with the solidus temperature of granite compositions. The low temperature microstructural features consist of recrystallization of the quartz crystals by bulging, neoformation of fine grains around the feldspar crystals, and development of flaming pertite in the K-feldspar, compatible with temperatures of the greenschist facies, well below the solidus. While the high deformation microstructures would be associated to the initial stages of crystallization and cooling of the magma, the one of lower deformation would be associated to the post crystallization stages, when rock and host rock reach thermal balance.
174

Efeito do tratamento térmico de solubilização na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas da liga de alumínio A356 / Efeito do tratamento térmico de solubilização na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas da liga de alumínio A356 / Effect of solution heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy / Effect of solution heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy

Haskel, Tatiane 23 July 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5 Conclusoes - Referencias.pdf: 87748 bytes, checksum: 317ace1061109510ffacdade715d092a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work examines the effects of solution heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy. Tensile bars were molten to tensile tests and solution treatment in several conditions of time and temperature were performed. The A356 alloy with different weight percentage of magnesium and with its respective as-casting specimens were also analysed to evaluate the heat treatment. To evaluate the results tensile tests, alloy hardness and matrix microhardness, and metallographic analysis and fractographs were performed. The microstructural analysis allowed to evaluate the evolution of microstructural transformation. Results changes were attained to alloy with less percentage of Mg (0,15wt. %). However, to the alloy with higher percentage of Mg (0,3wt. %) the results indicated increase in all properties analysed, increasing the time and the temperature of solution. Only to the temperature of 570°C, a property drop of ultimate tensile strength and elongation were observed. The best properties were obtained to 10 hours of the solution in 540°C, as a result of a better distribution and coalescence of the Si particles. The fractographs showed changes on the fracture mode in function of increase in the solution time and temperature, evidencing the increase of the ductility observed through mechanical tests. The kind of alloy fracture and the matrix fracture mode and Si particles were evidenced in fracture surfaces. / Este trabalho avalia os efeitos do tratamento térmico de solubilização sobre a microestrutura e as propriedades mecânicas da liga de alumínio A356. Foram fundidos corpos de prova para ensaios de tração e realizados tratamentos de solubilização em diversas condições de tempo e temperatura. A liga A356, com diferentes percentuais em peso de magnésio e com suas respectivas amostras brutas de fundição, também foram analisadas para avaliação dos efeitos do tratamento térmico. Para avaliação dos resultados foram realizados ensaios de resistência à tração, de dureza da liga e microdureza da matriz e, análises de metalografias e fractografias. As análises microestruturais permitiram avaliar a evolução da transformação microestrutural. Variações nos resultados foram obtidos, para liga com menor teor de Mg (0,15% em peso). Porém, para liga com maior teor de Mg (0,3% em peso) os resultados indicaram aumento em todas as propriedades analisadas, com o aumento do tempo como da temperatura de solubilização. Apenas para temperatura de 570°C uma queda nas propriedades de máxima resistência e alongamento foram observadas. As melhores propriedades foram obtidas com 10 horas de solubilização a 540°C, como resultado de uma melhor distribuição e coalescimento das partículas de Si. As fractografias mostraram alterações no modo de fratura, em função do incremento no tempo e na temperatura de solubilização, evidenciando o aumento de ductilidade observada através dos ensaios mecânicos. O tipo de fratura da liga, e o modo de fratura da matriz e das partículas de Si também foram evidenciados pelas superfícies de fratura.
175

Propriedades de concretos produzidos com rejeito particulado de borracha em substituição parcial do agregado miúdo / Properties of concretes containing waste vulcanized rubber scrap particles replacement of finer aggregate

Partala, Tânia 03 November 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pre-textuais.pdf: 51961 bytes, checksum: 92d8926bfc05a6edbc7684111e97a1d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents results from an investigation on the potential use of waste vulcanized rubber scrap (WRS) particles as aggregate in construction concretes. The waste rubber scrap used in this study was obtained from the local rubber manufacturing industry. In the preparation of concretes, the Brazilian Standard was followed to achieve the required amounts of natural aggregate and WRS. For the study, mechanical properties along their durability of concrete produced with recycled aggregate were investigated and the results presented. While experimenting with hardened, concrete mixtures were prepared using WRS as the replacement of natural fine aggregate at the level 5%, 10% and 15 vol. % with water/cement ratios of 0.37, 0.45 and 0.55 (weight). The mixtures have been cured for periods of 7, 28 and 90 days. The properties of hardened recycled aggregate concrete were examined: 7-day, 28-day and 90-day compressive strength, water absorption and bulk density were carried out in specimens cured for 28 days. The analysis of the results has been carried out using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Such statistical analysis is discussed against microstructures of some selected samples which were studied using SEM/EDX. Bulk density of concrete was far lower than that of normal crushed aggregate. Although the use of waste vulcanized rubber scrap particles as replacement for the usual natural river sand, a specified 28-day compressive strength (28 MPa) can still be achieved at water/cement of 0.45 and replacement content of 15 vol. %. SEM/EDX analysis results shown that a discontinuity can be observed in the rubber-matrix interface indicating poor adhesion between the rubber particle and the cement paste. In the light of these findings, reusing waste vulcanized rubber scrap particles as aggregates in concrete production is not only a viable solution to the problem of inadequate concrete aggregates but also may help solving a vital environmental issue. / Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da investigação do uso de resíduos particulados de borracha (RPB) como substituinte parcial do agregado miúdo na produção de concretos. O resíduo foi proveniente do recorte de peças e peças com defeitos de fabricação, geradas durante as operações de moldagem, vulcanização e garantia da qualidade de uma indústria de borracha local. Por meio do método de dosagem proposto por Campiteli, foi possível definir os parâmetros de referência para a escolha dos níveis estudados. Foram preparados concretos usando RPB em níveis de 5%, 10% e 15% (em volume), em substituição ao agregado miúdo natural, com os níveis de relação água/cimento de 0,37, 0,45 e 0,55 (em massa), para diferentes traços de agregado/cimento. As misturas foram curadas por períodos de 7, 28 e 90 dias. As propriedades do concreto com RPB avaliadas foram: resistência à compressão após 7, 28 e 90 dias de cura, absorção de água e densidade aparente aos 28 dias de cura. A análise dos resultados foi feita usando ferramentas estatísticas, tais como, teste de hipóteses e análise de variância. Alguns resultados obtidos por meio da análise estatística foram confrontados com uma análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV/EDS). A análise do ensaio de resistência a compressão mostrou que a adição de RPB diminui a resistência mecânica dos concretos em todas as idades de cura. A queda de resistência mecânica está relacionada com a microestrutura dos concretos, em conseqüência da maior porosidade na matriz cimentícia dos concretos com RPB, quando comparados aos concretos de referência. Foi possível obter concretos com resistência à compressão após 28 dias de cura de até 28 MPa, utilizando um fator água/cimento de 0,45 (em massa) e 15% em volume de RPB. Esses concretos podem ser usados na construção civil com função estrutural.
176

Propriedades de argamassas obtidas pela substituição parcial de cimento Portland por rejeitos particulados de tijolos / Mortars Properties Obtained by Partial Replacement of Portland Cement by Ground Waste Calcined Clay Bricks

Scandolara, Juliano Pedro 29 July 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PRE-TEXTUAIS.pdf: 48578 bytes, checksum: 21f78cab7ee8f139f12bf814c8bfa87f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work describes the results of an investigation on the possible applications of ground waste calcined clay bricks (WCB) for use as an active partial replacement for Portland cement in mortars. The investigation has been carried out using a full factorial design for experimental design. For the study, the physical and mechanical properties along their durability of mortar produced with WCB were investigated and the results presented. Mortar mixtures were prepared using WCB as the partial replacement of Portland cement at the level 10%, 20% and 30 wt.% with water/cement ratios of 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65. The necessary data for establishing a mix proportion design and a quality control method are obtained. Properties of fresh (consistency index and specific gravity) and hardened (7-day, 28-day and 120-day compressive strength, 28-day water absorption and 28-day alkali content) mortars were evaluated on specimens. Such statistical modeling is discussed against qualitative X-ray diffraction and microstructures of some selected samples were studied using SEM. Several empirical equations, surface and contour plots for the physicalmechanical properties of fresh and hardened recycled mortar with WCB as replacement content were obtained via regression analysis. The influence of level of WCB on the properties has been established, and its suitability for use in a mortar application has been assessed. The consistency decreased in parallel to an increase in the proportion of WCB. Specific gravity of mortars was far lower than that of normal no replacement mortars. A given 28-day compressive strength (21 MPa to 37 MPa) can be achieved at several water/cement ratio and the replacement contents up to 30 wt. %, thus producing na economical mixture mortar with WCB and lower cement Portland content. XRD and SEM analyses results indicated the presence of quartz, calcite, ettringite, portlandite, and silicates in recycled mortars. / Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da investigação do uso de rejeitos particulados de tijolos (RPT) na forma de pó, proveniente de tijolos de cerâmica vermelha, como substituinte parcial do cimento Portland, na produção de argamassas para construção civil. O estudo foi realizado adotando-se o projeto fatorial completo 32 acoplado com técnicas de metodologia de superfícies de resposta. Foram preparadas argamassas usando RPT em níveis de 10%, 20% e 30% (em massa), em substituição ao cimento Portland, com os níveis de relação água/cimento de 0,45, de 0,55 e 0,65. As misturas foram curadas por períodos de 7, 28 e 120 dias. As propriedades das argamassas contendo RPT no estado fresco foram avaliadas: massa específica e índice de consistência. As propriedades avaliadas das argamassas com RPT no estado endurecido foram: resistência à compressão (7, 28 e 120 dias), absorção de água aos 28 dias e teor de álcalis (CaCO3) aos 28 dias. Os resultados obtidos através da metodologia estatística foram confrontados com as análises de difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) de amostras selecionadas. Foram obtidas equações empíricas, gráficos de superfície de resposta e de contorno para as propriedades físico-mecânicas das argamassas com RPT no estado fresco e endurecido, por meio de análise de regressão. A consistência diminuiu linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de RPT incorporado em substituição ao cimento Portland. A massa específica das argamassas contendo RPT foi menor do que na argamassa sem RPT. Foi possível obter argamassas com resistências à compressão aos 28 dias de 21 MPa a 37 MPa para vários níveis de relação água/cimento em até 30 % de substituição de cimento Portland por RPT. Dessa forma, é possível produzir argamassas econômica e ambientalmente viáveis, a partir da substituição parcial de cimento Portland por RPT, nas dosagens estudadas. As análises de DRX e de MEV indicaram a presença do quartzo, da calcita, da etringita, da portlandita, silicatos e porosidade em amostras de argamassas selecionadas, de modo que foi possível relacionar as mesmas com a resistência à compressão das argamassas.
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Evolução estrutural dos granitoides arroio divisa durante o movimento transcorrente da zona de cisalhamento Quitéria-Serra do Erval, RS

Schnorr, Evelin Roberta January 2017 (has links)
O período pós-colisional Neoproterozoico no sul do Brasil é marcado por intensa atividade tectônica transcorrente. Neste contexto, a Zona de Cisalhamento Quitéria Serra do Erval, uma das inúmeras estruturas que compõe o Cinturão de Cisalhamento Sul-brasileiro, controlou o aporte, a ascensão e o posicionamento de diversos granitoides, dentre eles, os Granitoides Arroio Divisa, intrusivos no Complexo Arroio dos Ratos. Os Granitoides Arroio Divisa compreendem uma associação de rochas predominantemente granodioríticas, com termos dioríticos e tonalíticos ocorrendo em menor expressão. Apresentam textura heterogranular média a grossa e são sempre foliadas. Ao longo da intrusão, são distinguidas zonas de mais alta e mais baixa deformação, distribuídas de forma heterogênea, o que é evidenciado pelo grau de desenvolvimento e morfologia das estruturas planares e lineares. Nas zonas de mais baixa deformação, concentradas nas porções centrais do corpo granítico, predominam as estruturas magmáticas e a componente deformacional é menos intensa, enquanto que em direção à borda norte da intrusão, a morfologia destas estruturas progride por aumento na intensidade da deformação, com a geração de foliação milonítica bem desenvolvida A evolução estrutural dos Granitoides Arroio Divisa é marcada por estruturas tardi-magmáticas que avançam progressivamente para estruturas subsolidus, e subsequentemente para estruturas de mais baixa temperatura, evidenciando a cristalização com concomitante história deformacional sob condições de temperatura decrescente. Feições microestruturais de alta temperatura incluem o desenvolvimento do padrão tabuleiro de xadrez em cristais de quartzo, e a geração de subgrãos grandes em cristais de K-feldspato e plagioclásio, compatíveis com temperaturas da fácies anfibolito superior e com a temperatura solidus de composições graníticas. As feições microestruturais de baixa temperatura consistem na recristalização dos cristais de quartzo por bulging, neoformação de grãos finos ao redor dos cristais de feldspato, e desenvolvimento de pertitas em chamas nos K-feldspato, compatíveis com temperaturas da fácies xistos verdes, bem abaixo da solidus. Enquanto as microestruturas de alta deformação estariam associadas aos estágios iniciais da cristalização e resfriamento do magma, as de mais baixa estariam relacionadas aos estágios pós-cristalização, quando rocha e encaixante alcançam equilíbrio térmico. / The Neoproterozoic post-collisional period in southern Brazil is marked by intense transcurrent tectonic activity. In this context, the Serra do Erval Quitéria Shear Zone, one of the several structures that compose the South Brazilian Shear Belt, controlled the input, ascent and emplacement of several granitoids, among them the Arroio Divisa Granitoids, intrusive in the Complex Arroio dos Ratos. The Arroio Divisa Granitoids consist an association of predominantly granodioritic rocks, with dioritic and tonalitic terms occurring in lesser expression. They presented medium to thick heterogranular texture and are always foliated. Along the intrusion, zones of higher and lower deformation are distinguished, distributed in a heterogeneous way, which is evidenced by the degree of development and morphology of the planar and linear structures. In the lower deformation zones, which are concentrated in the central portion of the granitic body, the magmatic structures prevail and the deformation component is less intense, whereas towards the north margin of the intrusion the morphology of these structures progresses by increase in the intensity of the deformation, with the generation of well-developed milonitic foliation The structural evolution of the Arroio Divisa Granitoids is marked by progressively advance of the late-magmatic to subsolidus structures, and subsequently to structures of lower temperature, evidencing the crystallization with concomitant deformational history under conditions of decreasing temperature. High-temperature microstructural features include the development of the chessboard pattern in quartz crystals, and the generation of large subgrains in K-feldspar and plagioclase crystals, compatible with temperatures of amphibolite high-grade facies and with the solidus temperature of granite compositions. The low temperature microstructural features consist of recrystallization of the quartz crystals by bulging, neoformation of fine grains around the feldspar crystals, and development of flaming pertite in the K-feldspar, compatible with temperatures of the greenschist facies, well below the solidus. While the high deformation microstructures would be associated to the initial stages of crystallization and cooling of the magma, the one of lower deformation would be associated to the post crystallization stages, when rock and host rock reach thermal balance.
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Fabricação de microestruturas dopadas com nanofios de ZnO via fotopolimerização por absorção de dois fótons / Fabrication of microstructures doped with ZnO nanowires by two-photon absorption polymerization

Ruben Dario Fonseca Rodriguez 24 July 2012 (has links)
No presente trabalho produzimos microestruturas, através da técnica de fotopolimerização via absorção de dois fótons, dopadas com nanofios de ZnO, um material que vem sendo amplamente explorado devido as suas interessantes propriedades ópticas e elétricas. Para a fabricação das microestruturas, utilizamos um oscilador laser de Ti:safira que produz pulsos de aproximadamente 100 fs em 800 nm. A intensidade dos pulsos de femtossegundos é alta o suficiente para induzir a absorção¬ de dois fótons em torno do volume focal, localizando a polimerização a esta região. Portanto, através da varredura do feixe na resina polimérica fabrica-se a estrutura desejada. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos uma metodologia para introduzir nanofios de ZnO às microestruturas fabricadas, a partir da mistura do pó de nanofios de ZnO à resina acrílica. A resina utilizada é uma combinação de duas resinas, o etoxilated(6)trimethylolpropane triacrylate (SR-499) e tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (SR-368). Como fotoiniciador utilizamos o Lucirin TPO-L (2,4,6-trimetilbenzoiletoxifenil phosphine oxide). As microestruturas produzidas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, difração de Raios X e espectroscopia de espalhamento micro-Raman. Através destas técnicas, foi possível observar a presença dos nanofios nas microestruturas, bem como caracterizar suas propriedades morfológicas que se mostram adequadas para o desenvolvimento de microdispositivos. Observamos também a emissão de fluorescência das microestruturas excitadas por um e dois fótons. Sendo assim, a metodologia de fabricação descrita aqui pode ser usada como mais uma opção na concepção de novos dispositivos tecnológicos. / In this study we fabricated microstructures, using the two-photon polymerization technique, containing ZnO nanowires, a material that has been widely exploited due to their interesting optical and electrical properties. For the microstructures fabrication, we used Ti:Sapphire laser oscillator operating at 800 nm with 100 fs pulses. The intensity of the fs-pulses is high enough to induce two-photon absorption, confining the excitation and thus the polymerization to the focal volume. By scanning the beam across the resin the desired microstructure is fabricated. In this work, we developed a method to introduce ZnO nanowires in the fabricated microstructure by mixing the ZnO nanowires powder to the acrylic resin. The used resin is a combination of two compounds, etoxilated(6)trimethylolpropane triacrylate (SR-499) and tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (SR-368). As a photoinitiator we have used Lucirin TPO-L (2,4,6-trimetilbenzoiletoxifenil phosphine oxide).The produced samples were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and micro-Raman scattering. From these techniques it was possible to observe the presence of nanowires in the microstructures, as well as to characterize the morphological properties, which has been shown to be interesting for developing microdevices. We have also observed fluorescent emission of the microstructures excites by one and two-photons absorption. Therefore, the methodology described here can be used as an alternative in the design of new optical devices.
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Avaliação da replicagem de moldes torneados com ferramenta de diamante usando prensagem a quente em polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) / Evaluation of the replication of molds generated from single point diamond turning using hot embossing in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)

Robson Alves de Oliveira 14 December 2006 (has links)
Neste trabalho, diferentes tipos de microestruturas foram geradas por torneamento com ferramenta de diamante de ponta única e microendentação para serem replicadas através da prensagem a quente. Testes foram realizados para ser avaliada a geração destas microestruturas por dois métodos distintos: microdeformação e microusinagem, planejados para observar a replicação gerada por marca de endentação Vickers (piramidal) e, remoção de material (torneamento com ferramenta de diamante de ponta única). Uma revisão no processo de manufatura aplicada para a replicação de microestruturas é apresentada. Os materiais usados como molde e réplica foram o cobre eletrolítico e o polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), respectivamente. Inicialmente, a usinabilidade do cobre eletrolítico foi avaliada sob diferentes condições de corte, a fim de determinar parâmetros apropriados de torneamento para obter um fino revestimento de superfície final (rugosidade). Observou-se que para avanços (f) de 10 mícrons por revolução e profundidade de corte (ap) de 5 mícrons, a superfície apresentou um baixo valor de rugosidade, isto é, 2,81 nm para rugosidade média (Ra) e 13,4 nm para rugosidade teórica (Rt). Além disso, observou-se que a microestrutura do material mostrou-se de fundamental papel na rugosidade, por conta da recuperação elástica dos grãos devido a anisotropia da estrutura policristalina do cobre. As microestruturas geradas para a replicagem foram: a) lente esférica, b) perfil senoidal e sulcos concêntricos. Os resultados mostraram que é viável a reprodução, com boa conformidade das microestruturas, por meio de prensagem a quente. Observou-se que as bordas e as superfícies finas com rugosidade em torno de 10 nm rms foram bem replicadas. / In this work, different types of microstructures were generated by single point diamond turning and microindentation for will replicated through the hot embossing. Tests were carried to evaluate the generation these microstructures by two distinct methods: micro-deformation and micro-machining, planned to observe the replication of the mark generated by the Vickers indenter (Pyramidal) and the latter by material removal (single point diamond turning). A review on several manufacturing processes applied to replication of microfeatures, is presented. The materials used as mould and replication workpiece were electroless copper and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), respectively. Initially, the machinability of electroless copper was evaluated under different cutting conditions to determinate appropriate turning parameters to obtain very fine surface finish (roughness). It was observed that for f = 10 microns of revolution (feed rate) and ap = 5 microns (depth of cut), the surface presented the roughness’ lowest value, i.e., 2,81 nm to medium roughness (Ra) and 13,4 nm to theoretical roughness (Rt). Moreover, it was observed that the microstructure of the material plays a fundamental role on roughness, because of the elastic recovery of grains due to the anisotropy of the polycrystalline structure of copper. The microfeatures generated were the following: a) spherical lens, b) sinusoidal profile and concentrical grooves. The results showed that it is feasible to reproduce, with good agreement, the microfeatures by means of hot embossing. It was observed that thin edges and fine surfaces with roughness around 10 nm rms were well replicated.
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Simulation numérique multi-échelles du comportement mécanique des alliages de titane bêta-métastable Ti5553 et Ti17 / Numerical multiscale simulation of the mechanical behavior of beta-metastable titanium alloys Ti5553 and Ti17

Martin, Guillaume 10 December 2012 (has links)
Le but de ce travail de thèse est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de déformation à température ambiante dans les alliages de titane bêta-métastable Ti17 et Ti5553. Les microstructures étudiées sont composées de grains bêta transformé, dans lesquels la phase alpha peut précipiter, selon les relations de Burgers, sous la forme de douze variants différents. Une approche multi-échelles est donc préconisée avec trois niveaux représentatifs: macroscopique, mésoscopique (ex-grains bêta), et microscopique (variants alpha et matrice bêta de chaque grain). Différents modèles à champs moyens sont adaptés pour reproduire le comportement mécanique du Ti17 et du Ti5553. Ces modèles impliquent deux transitions d'échelle, et sont basés sur l'homogénéisation des comportements locaux, avec plusieurs manières de représenter les interactions intergranulaires. Les relations entre microstructures et propriétés mécaniques sont également considérées. Les modèles les plus complexes développés dans cette étude vont permettre de simuler l'anisotropie élastique et l'écoulement visqueux de chaque variant alpha (hcp) et de chaque matrice bêta (bcc), en employant la plasticité cristalline avec des écrouissages de type cinématique et isotrope. L'identification des paramètres matériaux est faite à partir d'une vaste base de données expérimentale provenant du projet PROMITI. Pour comprendre le rôle de chaque phase dans le processus de déformation, un calcul EF a également été fait afin de reproduire l'essai de traction sur une très fine éprouvette plate. Dans cette étude, le niveau mésoscopique est explicitement représenté en reprenant fidèlement la géométrie et l'orientation cristallographique de chaque grain bêta transformé. Des comparaisons entre expérience et simulation sont faites à l'échelle macroscopique pour les courbes contrainte - déformation, ainsi qu'au niveau mésoscopique, en considérant les champs de déplacement hors-plan et les champs de déformation. / The purpose of this PhD work is to investigate deformation mechanisms at room temperature in beta-metastable titanium alloys Ti17 and Ti5553. Studied microstructures are composed of beta-grains, in which alpha phase can precipitate under twelve different variants according to Burgers relationship. A multiscale approach is then proposed with three levels to consider: macroscopic, mesoscopic (prior beta grains) and microscopic (alpha variants and beta matrix of each grain). Different mean field models are adapted to depict Ti17 and Ti5553 mechanical behaviors. These models are based on the two scale-transition homogenization of local behaviors, with various ways of representing intergranular interactions. Relationships between microstructures and mechanical properties are also considered. The most advanced micromechanical models developed in this work depict elastic anisotropy and viscoplastic flow of each hcp alpha variant and each bcc beta matrix, using crystal plasticity with kinematic and isotropic hardening. Identification of material parameters is done using a large experimental database from PROMITI project. To understand the role of each phase in the deformation process, a FE computation was also made to reproduce the uniaxial tensile test of a very thick micro-specimen. In this study, the mesoscopic scale is explicitly represented: each beta grain has a real geometry and crystallographic orientation, according to a measured EBSD map in SEM. Comparisons between experiment and the numerical simulation are made on macroscopic stress - strain curves as well as on the mesoscopic scale, by considering out-of-plane displacement and strain fields.

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