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Our research applies an intersectional lens to consider how gender, ethnicity and the minority status of immigrants, shape women migrant entrepreneurs’ motivations, measure of success, and barriers at different stages of the entrepreneurial journey, accounting for the sociocultural context. We applied a qualitative approach constructed around a case study strategy and semi-structured interviews with 6 Latin American migrant women entrepreneurs running a business in Ottawa, Canada.  The results highlighted that there is wide range of motivations for women migrant entrepreneurs to start running a business and they are confronted with different barriers. They may share some similar motivations and barriers, but their socio-cultural context makes each of their situations unique. We came to the same conclusion regarding their definition of entrepreneurial success. This research brings a better understanding of the motivations and barriers faced by an understudied population and it also allowed them to define their own criteria for measuring success. The results are limited to only one study area and one ethnicity. A larger sample size with more cases from multiple study areas could provide further insights.

In the United States, migrant farm workers are often the lowest paid workers in a multi-billion dollar agricultural industry, and are also often provided substandard housing which lacks the space and basic necessities to live in dignity and hope. After a few years of hard labor and sacrifices, some of these farm workers, called seasonal or resettled farm workers, decide to lay down roots in rural communities around the country where they obtain more stable, year-round work and thus need more permanent homes to raise families and be part of their communities. This thesis documents the research and conceptualization of farm worker housing, a community center and a chapel for these farm workers. The idea of space, not only as a physical entity but also as a place for events, interactions, and as an enabler of community and progress are the specific areas of study that will drive my research and process. My belief is that Architecture's ultimate goal is that it should be relevant to our daily lives, our dreams and aspirations, that it become a stage for our hopes and dreams, a space to enhance our lives, to serve but not get in the way, to uplift and to recharge our minds, our bodies and most importantly, our souls. I kept these thoughts in mind as I embarked on a journey filled with hope, frustrations, discovery and clarity. This study is of an Architecture that is not only responsive to the land and the environment, but also to the lives, work, community and culture of its inhabitants; that a place farm workers can call home will emerge and help elevate the living conditions and nurture the continuing narrative of farm workers in America. / Master of Architecture

Yes / Pregnant migrant women held in detention centres in the UK can be particularly vulnerable. They may have poor physical and mental health, which is exacerbated by their incarceration, and are at a disproportionally increased risk of maternal and perinatal mortality. Unpublished studies have found that pregnant migrant women have poor experiences in detention. To explore pregnant migrant women's experiences of living in detention. Method: Four migrant women who had been held in detention while pregnant and two volunteer health professionals were interviewed. Findings: Results suggest that migrant women have very poor experiences in detention. Four key themes emerged: ‘challenges to accessing UK healthcare’, ‘exacerbation of mental health conditions, ‘feeling hungry’ and ‘lack of privacy’. Conclusion: These findings could be used to review maternity care in detention and ensure that detention staff understand the experiences of detained pregnant women so that the needs of this vulnerable group can be met.

In this thesis, I attempt to explore the development of migrant literature in an era of digitalcommunication. The latest developments in communication technology have certainlydestabilized patterns of content creation and dissemination. While many use it uncritically,mostly as a means of information and keeping in contact, there are new avenues open forthose who wish to engage actively and create a space for new dialogue. And though theseonline platforms have not completely overturned hierarchies between literatures from theWest versus the global South, they have certainly altered both the content and form of workoriginating from African countries. By doing so, digital technology has boosted the creationof an African identity that moves away from victimhood by reimagining ideas of what itmeans to be and write from an African perspective where a multiplicity and hybridity ofvoices exist. I have chosen three “digital migrant novels” (Caren Irr’s term): ChimamandaNgozi Adichihe’s Americanah, NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names, and Open Cityby Teju Cole. I begin by situating these novels in a technologically sophisticated, mediaoriented space, where the geography of nations is challenged by overlapping spaces of digitalcommunication. My aim is threefold – to identify new patterns in migrant identity and to seehow they are affected by technology use; to see whether these patterns correspond to theemergence of an Afropolitan identity (and to understand what permutations this Afropolitanidentity can take on). And and finally, to analyse how digital media communication shapes amigrant’s relationship to homeland and language.

随着我国城镇化的发展和城乡迁移人口的大幅增加，越来越多进城务工人员选择让子女随迁进入城市。在城乡教育水平存在差异的情况下，让子女随迁或留守反映着家庭对高质量教育的需求，同时也有可能改变家庭中教育资源的分配状况。政府是基础教育总成本的主要承担者，政策上可以通过增加政府教育的投入来减轻家庭的私人负担。因此，家庭负担的私人成本大小与政府的供给具有密切的关系。 / 本研究主要采用2008年CHIP（Chinese Household Income Project）数据，从需求的角度考察随迁选择及其对教育支出的影响。研究进一步加入了流出老家和流入城市两地的县级的宏观教育财政数据来反映政府教育供给状况，并探讨了家庭支出和政府供给的相关关系。研究首先采用Probit 回归对随迁选择影响因素进行分析发现，除了个体、家庭和地区因素外，城市教育财政支出是家庭进行随迁选择的拉动力，城乡间教育支出的相对差异也显著地促进随迁选择；研究的第二部分采用倾向得分匹配法寻找随迁与家庭教育支出的因果关系。结果发现，与留守相比，随迁会导致家庭校内教育支出的显著增加，其中进入公办学校的家庭支出增加62%至64%左右。最后，结合政府供给水平对家庭需求的影响，作者发现，流入地政府的教育支出有助于提高流动儿童进入公办学校的机会，与家庭教育支出存在着挤入效应，随着政府支出的增加，家庭需要负担更多的私人成本。 / 研究首次将政府供给水平与随迁子女的教育需求进行结合，具有一定的创新意义。 结论中关于城乡教育支出差异对随迁选择的积极作用，有助于中央或地方政府通过促进城乡均衡发展对随迁过程进行引导；而随迁家庭需要承担高额教育支出的客观事实，也有利于家庭进行随迁选择时充分地考虑成本因素；研究最后发现的挤入效应反映了流入地县级政府教育财力的缺陷，明确了中央政府承担责任的必要性。 / Whiles urbanization and rural-urban migration in China have been increased rapidly in recent years, more and more migration workers have chosen to bring their children to urban migration destinations. Because of the huge rural-urban gap in education funding, the choice of migrating with children versus leaving them behind in rural areas reflects demand of high educational quality by families. Further, different migration behaviors could also affect households’ resource allocation on education. Since government plays a major role on the total cost of basic education, policies can be implemented to release family’s budget constraint by raising the education finance. As a result, the extent to which private education cost by migrant households is closely related to the level of public funding. / Using the 2008 Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) data, my thesis attempts to investigate the determinants of family migration decision on children and the impact of children migration on educational expenditure. I merge the CHIP data with the macro educational fiscal data in migrants’ place of origin and destination to to indicate the public fiscal support, and explore the relationship between household expenditure and governmental funding on education. I first run probit regressions to explore factors of migration decision on whether to bring children together or not. Results suggest that controlling for individual, household and regional characteristics, the level of educational funding in urban destinations is a key driving force for children’s migration. In addition, the gap on educational funding between urban and rural areas is positively related to children’s migration. I then examine the casual impact of children’s migration on households’ education expenditure using the Propensity Score Matching method. The estimates show that children’s migration to urban areas induces higher household educational expenditure. Compared with the cost for left-behind children, the household expenditure for migrant children in urban public schools is around 62% to 64% higher. Lastly, I investigate the effects of public fiscal support at destination areas on migrant household’s demand on education. It is evident that higher level of public funding increases the probability of enrolling in public schools. I also find crowding-in effect of government spending on private investment, which implies that families need to pay more when government expenditure increases / My research is innovative as it is the first study to consider both private demand and pubic supply in children’s migration issue. It is informative for either local or central government to consider balance the educational investment in both rural and urban areas if the governments intend to reduce children’s rural-to-urban migration with their parents. Further, my results might be helpful for migrant parents to understand the costs associated with migrating children together: there is potential higher expenditure that they need to bare even if their children can be enrolled in better quality urban public schools. Finally, crowding-in effect suggests that public educational resources in destination areas are limited which calls for support from the central government. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 曹妍. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-158). / Abstracts also in English. / Cao Yan.

Hino, Midori. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190-203). / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- Research Problem and Its Background --- p.1 / Research Problem / Background / Chapter 2. --- Theoretical Considerations --- p.9 / Ethnicity and Nationalism / Power Relation of Differences: Regional and Class / State Involution in Urban South China / Chapter 3. --- Methodology --- p.21 / Participant Observation and Interviews / Written Materials and Media Study / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Setting --- p.27 / Chapter 1. --- Historical Background of Foshan --- p.31 / A Long History / Development as a Commercial Town / Post 1949 Period / Chapter 2. --- Reform and Opening: A Rush to Modernization --- p.37 / Economic Achievement and Prosperous Life / Incentive toward High-Tech Industry / Immigration: Intellectuals and Laborers / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Rencai and Migration of Rencai: Its Sociocultural Meaning / Chapter 1. --- What Is Rencai? --- p.46 / Cadre and Rencai: Sociopolitical Aspect / Rencaixue: The Study of Rencai / Zhicheng: A Visible Criterion of Rencai / Popular Notion of Rencai / Economic Development and Rencai / The Commoditization and Marketization of Rencai: Rencai Job Market / Chapter 2. --- The Migration of Rencai into the Pearl River Delta --- p.69 / Who Are They? Why Do They Come? / Why Are They Hired? / What Are They Expected to Do in Foshan? / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Migrant Intellectuals in Foshan: Their Social Position and Individual Perspective / Chapter 1. --- Terminology --- p.79 / Locals / Migrants / Chapter 2. --- The History of Repeated Migration in Foshan --- p.87 / The Late Imperial Period: Migration of Merchants / The PRC Period: Migration of Cadres / The Reform Period: Migration of Intellectuals and Peasants / Chapter 3. --- Stories of Migrant Intellectuals --- p.94 / Aspiration / Action / Evaluation / "Sense of Loss and Sense of ""Cultural Authoritativeness""" / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Different Cultures as Social Resources --- p.117 / Chapter 1. --- Are Migrant Intellectuals Homogeneous? --- p.117 / Chapter 2. --- Interpretations of Cultural Differences --- p.118 / Language Difference / Different Thoughts and Behaviors / "Different Cultural Tastes,or Different ""Cultural Levels""" / Chapter 3. --- Resources Legitimated by the State --- p.161 / Sense of Legitimacy / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusion: Local Culture and Identity in Transition / Chapter 1. --- New Cultural Alternatives in Foshan --- p.167 / "Language Shift: ""Getting Better""" / Life with Books: A Higher Culture? / Chapter 2. --- Reconciliation and Integration: Creating a Common Identity --- p.182 / Local Identity and National Identity / Two Aspects of Reconciliation: Ethnicity and Class / References Cited --- p.190

Abortion has become a common practice in modern China since the implementation of birth limitation policy in the 1950s. In recent decades, the growing prevalence of abortion among young unmarried migrant workers has aroused public concern. Socially, abortion among this group of young women is often seen as a reproductive health problem or anomalous phenomenon that needs to be managed and handled; at the individual level, abortion is singled out as a behavioural misconduct of young women, which signifies their moral failure. However, these indiscreet and injudicious perceptions fail to acknowledge the complexity and structural dynamics behind their choices.While past studies have examined abortion through perspectives including law, morality, policy and reproductive health, or analyzed its impact on macro politics and institutions at a societal level, few of them have looked into the authentic experiences of these women and examined the whole issue from the perspective of interpersonal and gender dynamics. To fill the gap of knowledge, the present study aims at comprehending this distinctive life event of women and reflecting women’s agency. Through conducting intensive ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews with 20 unmarried female migrant workers aged from 17 to 28 years old with diverse background, the underlining forces behind the occurrence of abortion are revealed, such as the influence of state family planning policy, the complex changes of lifestyle under market reform,and the heavy influence of partners and families on the decisions concerning marriage and childbirth. This study also traces the process within which abortion decisions are made, from sexual contacts, contraceptive uses, abortion decision-making,to the negotiation between partners, depicting women’s responses to structural constraints and how their choices are made under the influence of migration. / 人工流產(人流)議題一直是不同社會的關注焦點之一，它不但與婦女生殖健康和心理健康密切相關，同時亦涉及公共衛生及人口政策等領域。在中國，自五十年代計劃生育政策實施以降，人流成為解決意外懷孕的主要方法，近年來，未婚年輕女性的人流現象愈見普遍，當中不少是來自農村到城市打工的未婚流動女性，益發成為研究者關注的現象。有別於過去集中在人流的普遍性及對婦女生理健康的影響的定量研究，本研究以未婚流動女性的角度出發，以其第一身的敘述，理解她們的人流經歷及其在過程中展現的能動性。研究自去年六月進行，與二十位有人流經歷的未婚年輕女性進行深入訪談，以檢視其選擇避孕及決定人流的經過，瞭解她們與親密伴侶及雙方家庭在決定過程中的協調，同時透過觀察其生活環境、工作歷史，以及親密關係的互動方式與權力動態，以釐清政策、市場和人際動態在人流過程中所扮演的角色，及對這些女性的人流經歷所產生的影響。 / Lai, Yuen Shan. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-124). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 11, October, 2016). / Lai, Yuen Shan. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.