Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Jason Bergtold / ABSTRACT Grands Moulins d'Abidjan (GMA) is a flour milling company operating in Côte d'Ivoire. It wishes to determine the optimal blend of wheat and additives that minimizes its costs of production while meeting its quality specifications. Currently, the chief miller selects the mix of ingredients. The management of the company would like to dispose of a scientific tool that challenges the decisions of the chief miller. The thesis is about building and testing this tool, an optimization model. GMA blends up to six ingredients into flour: soft wheat, hard wheat, gluten, ascorbic acid and two types of enzyme mixes. Quality specifications are summarized into four flour characteristics: protein content, falling number, Alveograph W and specific volume of a baguette after four hours of fermentation. GMA blending problem is transformed into a set of equations. The relationships between ingredients and quality parameters are determined with reference to grains science and with the help of linear regression. The optimization model is implemented in Microsoft Office Excel 2010, in two versions. In the first one (LP for Linear Programming model), it is assumed that weights of additives can take any value. In the second one (ILP for Integer Linear Programming model), some technical constraints restrain the set of values that weights of additives can take. The two models are tested with Premium Solver V11.5 from Frontline Systems Inc., against four situations that actually occurred at GMA in 2011 and 2012,. The solutions provided by the model are sensible. They challenge the ones that were actually implemented. They may have helped GMA save money. The optimization model can nevertheless be improved. The choice of relevant quality parameters can be questioned. Equations that link ingredients and quality parameters, and particularly those determined with the help of linear regression, should be further researched. The optimization model should also take into account some hidden constraints such as logistics that actually influence the decision of GMA chief miller. Finally, sensitivity analyses may also be used to provide alternative solutions.

Thesis advisor: Zhifeng Ren / Solid-state cooling and power generation based on thermoelectric effects are attractive for a wide range of applications in power generation, waste heat recovery, air-conditioning, and refrigeration. There have been persistent efforts on improving the figure of merit (ZT) since the 1950's; only incremental gains were achieved in increasing ZT, with the (Bi1-xSbx)2(Se1-yTey)3 alloy family remaining the best commercial material with ZT ~ 1. To improve ZT to a higher value, we have been pursuing an approach based on random nanostructures and the idea that the thermal conductivity reduction that is responsible for ZT enhancement in superlattices structures can be realized in such nanostructures. The synthesis and characterization of various nanopowders prepared by wet chemical as well as high energy ball milling methods will be discussed in this dissertation. The solid dense samples from nanopowders were prepared by direct current induced hot press (DC hot press) technique. The thermoelectric properties of the hot pressed samples have been studied in detail. By ball milling ingots of bulk alloy crystals and hot pressing the nanopowders, we had demonstrated a high figure-of-merit in nanostructured bulk bismuth antimony telluride. In this dissertation, we use the same ball milling and hot press technique, but start with elemental chunks of bismuth, antimony, and tellurium to avoid the ingot formation step. We show that a peak ZT of about 1.3 can be achieved. Our material also exhibits a ZT of 0.7 at 250 °C, close to the value reached when ingot was used. This process is more economical and environmentally friendly than starting from bulk alloy crystals. The ZT improvement is caused mostly by the low thermal conductivity, similar to the case using ingot. Transmission electron microscopy observations of the microstructures suggest that the lower thermal conductivity is mainly due to the increased phonon scattering from the high density grain boundaries and defects. The performance of thermoelectric materials is determined by its dimensionless figure-of-merit (ZT) which needs to be optimized within a specific temperature range for a desired device performance. Hence, we show that by varying the Bi/Sb ratio, the peak ZT can be shifted to a higher or lower temperature for power generation applications or a cooling mode operation. A peak ZT of about 1.3 is achieved from a Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 composition which is highest among the different compositions. These nanostructured bulk samples have a significantly low lattice thermal conductivity compared to the bulk samples due to the increased phonon scattering in the grain boundaries and defects. This study shows that Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 may potentially perform better for cooling devices, while Bi0.3Sb1.7Te3 should be able to show better power generation efficiency. Several issues related to accurate measurement of thermoelectric properties were identified and many of them were solved during my studies and these are discussed in this thesis. With the data we obtained, it is clear that nanopowder-based thermoelectric materials hold significant promise. Therefore, a review of synthesis of nanostructured materials by solution-based methods, including a hydrothermal process for the Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, and Bi2Te2.25Se0.75 nanoparticles, a solvothermal route for Sb2Te3 nanostructures, and a polyol process for the preparation of Bi nanostructures is presented in this dissertation. These new nanostructures may find applications in enhancing the thermoelectric performance. Although small sized and well dispersed nanopowders of various thermoelectric materials could be prepared by a solution method in large scale, contamination and partial oxidation are always big challenges in a chemical approach. Hence, a high energy ball milling technique to prepare thermoelectric nanopowders in large scale and without major contamination is still found to be more efficient and preferred. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Physics.

Résumé : Les principaux challenges de l’industrie du futur sont de satisfaire à toujours plus d’exigences en termes de développement durable, d’optimisation des coûts et des délais. Les secteurs industriels fabriquant des produits à haute valeur ajoutée tels que l’aéronautique et le spatial, sont dans une perspective continue d’amélioration des produits manufacturés et des procédés. L’emploi de matériaux tels que des alliages de titane ou les superalliages à base de nickel devient courant. Ils sont cependant « complexes à usiner ». Les difficultés comme l’usure prématurée des outils, les déformations de pièces ou encore les mauvaises qualités de surface deviennent problématiques. C’est dans cette perspective que l’assistance cryogénique en usinage peut répondre aux diverses problématiques. Cette technologie peut apporter les réponses aux exigences d’industrialisation : limitation des élévations de température, pas de nettoyage post-usinage et pas d’utilisation de fluides de coupe nocifs pour les opérateurs. Cela induit pourtant de nouvelles questions tel que l’acheminement du fluide cryogénique vers les zones souhaitées, l’optimisation du procédé ou encore l’impact du grand froid sur les outils et les pièces. De nouveaux verrous technologiques et scientifiques apparaissent. Cette thèse propose de les étudier. / Abstract: The main challenges facing the industry are to satisfy ever more demands in terms of sustainable development, optimization of costs and deadlines. The industrial sectors manufacturing products with high added value in aeronautics and space, are continously in a perspective of improvement the manufactured products and processes. The use of materials such as titanium alloys or nickel-based superalloys is common. Its are "complex to machine". Difficulties in the use of tools, parts deformations or poor surface qualities become problematic. It is in this perspective that the cryogenic assistance in machining can answer the various problems. This technology can provide answers to the industrialization requirements: limiting the rising temperature, no post-machining cleaning and no use of cutting fluids, harmful, for operators. This leads to new questions such as the routing of the cryogenic fluid to the desired zones, the optimization of the process or the impact of a cold fluid on the tools and the parts. New technological and scientific locks are emerging. This PhD thesis propose to study them.

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment; Master of Science in Engineering; Research Report / The primary objective of this study was to develop a methodology for evaluating how the reliability profile of the typical South African Platinum concentrator plant is affected by firstly the size of the primary milling units incorporated in the circuit and secondly by the way that the primary milling units are configured. A methodology, together with a set of general expressions is presented which considers the Platinum concentrator as a stochastic process where the behaviour of the primary mill is a direct measure of the failure pattern of the overall concentrator. The reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) of the primary mill, and hence the overall concentrator, is then determined by a combination of three different Markov models where each Markov model is used to evaluate and measure a separate set of reliability parameters. This approach effectively overcomes the computational complexity associated with large Markov models. The results of two case studies used to validate the methodology do indicate that the reliability, availability and maintainability profiles of large single stream Platinum concentrators could be fundamentally different from the conventional multiple stream primary mill configurations.

A sucata eletrônica tem obtido crescente importância no cenário mundial de resíduos sólidos. Isso se deve não somente à sua toxicidade, mas também ao seu alto valor econômico, dado que as quantidades de metais presentes nas placas são expressivas (cerca de 36% em placas-mãe de computadores). A reciclagem da sucata eletrônica pode demandar uma ou mais etapas envolvendo a hidrometalurgia, em particular a lixiviação ácida, um dos processos economicamente viáveis. A fim de se estudar a influência da cominuição prévia da sucata, via moagem de alta energia, na cinética e na capacidade da lixiviação ácida de alguns metais de interesse, placas-mãe de computadores da marca Dell, do ano de 2006, foram cominuidas segundo duas rotas. Na primeira delas, houve cominuição apenas com o moinho de facas, tradicionalmente utilizado nessa etapa. Na segunda, fragmentos provenientes da cominuição em moinho de facas foram adicionalmente cominuídos em moinho planetário. Foram estabelecidos procedimentos similares de digestão e lixiviação das amostras das duas rotas, assim como nos respectivos resíduos de lixiviação. Os licores foram caracterizados quimicamente por ICP-OES. Concluiu-se que a cominuição adicional das placas-mãe em moinho planetário propiciou aumento substancial da cinética de reação e do rendimento da lixiviação do cobre, níquel e estanho, em razão do maior grau de cominuição atingido. Os rendimentos foram de 99,3 %, 98,9% e 93,6% no moinho planetário, contra 41,40 %, 60,2 % 83,9 % obtidos com o uso exclusivo do moinho de facas, respectivamente para o cobre, níquel e estanho. / The e-waste has a growing importance in the global scenario of solid waste. This is due to its toxicity and high economical value. The high value is provided by the valuable metals content on e-waste, whose concentrations are expressive (about 36% in weight on printed circuit boards). Many times, the recycling is complicated, requiring one or more steps of hydrometallurgy, particularly acid lixiviation, one of the economical viable process. In order to study the influence of previous comminution of e-waste by high energy milling, in chemical kinetic and in the acid leaching capacity of metals, Dell computer motherboards, from 2006, was comminuted in two different routes. In the first one, the motherboards were comminuted only in knife mill, a traditional way to comminute the e-waste. In the second route, the fragments that came from the knife mill were additionally comminuted in planetary mill. Similar procedures of digestion and leaching were established for both routes, as with the residues from both leaching. The leaching and digestion liquors were chemically characterized by ICP-OES. It was concluded that the additional comminution of motherboards in planetary mill propitiated a substantial increase in reaction kinetic and in metal leaching yield, cooper, nickel and tin, in function of comminution grade. The yields were 99.3 %, 98.9 % and 93.6 % in planetary mill, versus 41.4 %, 60.2 % and 83.9 % obtained in knife mill alone, respectively to cooper, nickel and tin.

Les technologies de fabrication additive(FA) basées sur la technique de fusion laser sur lit de poudres, telles que les procédés de fusion sélective laser (Selective Laser Melting ‘SLM’) et de fusion par faisceau d'électrons (Electron Beam Melting ‘EBM’), ne cessent de se développer afin de produire des pièces fonctionnelles principalement dans les domaines aérospatial et médical. Le procédé de fabrication additive offre de nombreux avantages, tels que la liberté de conception, la réduction des étapes de fabrication, la réduction de la matière utilisée, et la réduction de l'empreinte carbone lors de la fabrication d'un composant. Néanmoins, les pièces obtenues nécessitent une opération d’usinage de finition afin de satisfaire les tolérances dimensionnelles et l’état de surface. / Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques based on powder bed fusion like Selective Laser Melting(SLM) and Electron Beam Melting processes(EBM) are being developed to make fully functional parts mainly in aerospace and medical sectors. There are several advantages of using AM processes like design freedom, reduced process steps, minimal material usage and reduced carbon footprint while producing a component. Nevertheless, the parts are built with near net shape and then finish machined to meet the demands of surface quality and dimensional tolerance.

Neste trabalho eletrodos negativos de baterias de níquel-hidreto metálico constituídos por ligas de hidreto metálico baseadas em MgNi, processadas por moagem de alta energia utilizando-se um moinho de bolas tipo vibratório, foram preparadas e inicialmente investigadas utilizando técnicas como difração de raios-X, energia dispersiva de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e microscopia eletrônica de varredura para caracterização estrutural e morfológica. Em seguida foram feitos estudos eletroquímicos como ciclos galvanostáticos de carga e descarga e voltametria cíclica para se obter informações como a estabilidade e a capacidade de descarga da liga, bem como conhecer os processos de difusão que ocorrem no interior das ligas. As ligas foram baseadas em Mg55Ni45 com o Mg sendo substituído parcialmente por Ti em até 8% atômico e o Ni substituído parcialmente por Pt ou por Pd em até 4%, em cada um dos casos. As análises consistiram em avaliar ligas com 1 ou 2 substituintes, gerando uma série de combinações devidas às variações na quantidade de cada substituinte. Foi observado que as ligas contendo Ti apresentaram melhora na capacidade de descarga inicial quando comparadas à liga base; ligas contendo Pt ou Pd melhoraram a capacidade de reter carga durante os ciclos, apresentando maior estabilidade; ligas contendo Ti e Pt apresentam melhores capacidades de descarga inicial, inclusive maiores que as ligas contendo Ti, finalmente as ligas contendo Pd apresentaram as maiores capacidades, com e sem adição de Ti. / This work investigated negative electrodes for nickel-metal hydride batteries, formed by Mg-based metal hydride alloys and prepared by high energy mechanical alloying. The prepared alloys were first characterized using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analyses, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, for obtaining structural and morphological information\'s of the materials. Electrochemical analyses comprised galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and cyclic voltammetry, used for obtaining information\'s on the alloy discharge capacity and stability as well as on the diffusion processes occurring in the bulk of the alloys. The alloys were based on Mg55Ni45, in which Mg was partially substituted by Ti up to 8 % (atomic) and Ni partially substituted by Pt or Pd up to 4 % (atomic). These materials were formed with 1 or 2 substituting elements, in a series of several Ti, Pt, Pd, Ti and Pt and Ti and Pd combinations. It was seen the alloys containing Ti show higher initial discharge capacity when compared to the base material. In the case where Pt or Pd substitutes Ni, higher charge retention capacity along the cycles was seen, but when Ti and Pt or Pd are used together, the alloys show higher initial discharge capacity, larger than when Ti used alone. Finally, it was seen that the alloys containing Pd present the largest discharge capacity, both in the absence or in the presence of Ti.

A nanotecnologia tem sido empregada como plataforma para o desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas com maior eficácia e segurança. A redução do tamanho de partículas em escala nanométrica permite conferir ao material propriedades inovadoras que têm sido exploradas em inúmeras aplicações, principalmente na indústria farmacêutica. Essa nova característica permite aumentar a biodisponibilidade oral de fármacos pouco solúveis em água. Os nanocristais apresentam como vantagens o aumento da solubilidade de saturação e da velocidade de dissolução. Tais propriedades são decorrentes da sua maior área superficial. Além disso, os nanocristais apresentam excelente adesão em superfícies biológicas. Essa característica resulta não apenas em uma melhor biodisponibilidade, mas também em redução na variação da biodisponibilidade de fármacos pouco solúveis em água. A malária é uma doença negligenciada prevalente nos países emergentes e afeta mais de 210 milhões de pessoas no mundo. Dentre as terapias medicamentosas para o tratamento da malária, o artemeter, derivado da artemisinina, apresenta potente atividade esquizonticida na fase hepática e na fase eritrocítica. Esse fármaco, amplamente utilizado no tratamento da malária, apresenta baixa solubilidade em água limitando sua biodisponibilidade oral. Tendo em vista a melhoria dessa característica, foram utilizados os métodos de moagem a alta energia, homogeneização a alta pressão e moagem via úmida, em escala reduzida para a obtenção de nanocristais. Esse último método foi aquele que permitiu a redução das partículas em escala nanométrica. O método por moagem a alta energia (MAE) revelou, nas condições experimentais do presente trabalho, 10% (D0,1) da população das partículas com diâmetro menor ou igual a 3,504 ± 0,19 µm, 50% (D0,5) menor ou igual a 14,225 ± 0,34 µm e 90% (D0,9) menor ou igual a 57,306 ± 5,72 µm. O diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio foi 25,01 ± 2,08 µm, sendo que o fator limitante na redução do tamanho da partícula foi a densidade do artemeter. Resultados similares foram obtidos empregando método de homogeneização a alta pressão. Diferentes tensoativos foram avaliados empregando o método selecionado, a moagem via úmida em escala reduzida. O agente estabilizante soluplus® foi aquele que favoreceu a redução do tamanho das partículas. Tal característica foi observada por meio de análise térmica. Essa análise permitiu determinar o grau de amorfização mínima, assim como, a presença de fortes ligações moleculares entre o fármaco e diferentes polímeros. A utilização do método por moagem via úmida em escala reduzida permitiu a obtenção de nanocristais de artemeter (formula R2-MUR), com diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio (DHM) igual a 342 ± 16,3 nm, índice de polidispersão (IP) de 0,23 ± 0,01 e distribuição monomodal de tamanho. Essa preparação otimizada foi obtida por meio de planejamento de experimentos por superfície de resposta tendo como variáreis independentes as concentrações de artemeter e do agente estabilizante (Soluplus®) além do tempo de moagem. As respostas foram o DHM e o IP, determinados utilizando espalhamento de luz dinâmica (DLS). Adicionalmente, as avaliações empregando calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e difração de raio X (DRX) revelaram que não houve alteração na estrutura cristalina do artemeter e interação entre o fármaco e os excipientes. O presente trabalho permitiu a obtenção de nanocristais de artemeter com solubilidade de saturação até 2,0 e 1,8 vezes maior em água e tampão McIlvaine (pH 2,5) respectivamente, comparada ao fármaco micronizado. Além disso, a preparação liofilizada foi estável após armazenamento por três meses a temperatura de 25 e 4 °C. / Nanotechnology has been used as a platform for the development of pharmaceutical forms with greater effectiveness and safety. The reduction of particle size on a nanometric scale enables innovative properties to the material. These properties have been exploited in numerous applications, mainly in the pharmaceutical industry. This novel feature allows increasing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Nanocrystals have advantages such as increased saturation solubility and dissolution rate. These properties are due to their greater surface area. In addition, nanocrystals exhibit excellent adhesion on biological surfaces. This characteristic results not only in a better bioavailability but also in a reduction in the bioavailability variation of poorly water-soluble drugs. Malaria is a neglected disease prevalent in emerging countries and affects more than 210 million people worldwide. Among the medicinal therapies for the treatment of malaria, artemisinin-derived, artemether has potent schizonticidal activity in the liver and erythrocyte phases. This drug, widely used in the treatment of malaria, presents low solubility in water limiting its oral bioavailability. In order to improve this characteristic, the methods of high energy milling, high-pressure homogenization and wet milling on a reduced scale were used to obtain nanocrystals. This last method was the one that allowed the reduction of the artemether particles in nanoscale. The high energy milling method revealed, in the experimental conditions of the present study, 10% (D0,1) of the population of particles with a diameter less than or equal to 3,504 ± 0,19 µm, 50% (D0,5) less than or equal to 14.225 ± 0.34 µm and 90% (D0.9) less than or equal to 57.306 ± 5.72 µm. The mean hydrodynamic diameter was 25.01 ± 2.08 µm, being the limiting factor in the reduction of particle size the density of the artemether. Similar results were obtained using a high-pressure homogenization method. Different surfactants were evaluated using the selected method, wet milling on a reduced scale. The stabilizing agent soluplus® was the one that favored the reduction of the particle size. This characteristic was observed by thermal analysis. This analysis allowed determining the degree of minimum amorphization, as well as the presence of strong molecular bonds between the drug and some polymers. The wet milling on a reduced scale method allowed obtaining artemether nanocrystals (formula R2-MUR) with a mean hydrodynamic diameter (MHD) of 342 ± 16.3 nm, polydispersity index (PdI) of 0,23 ± 0.01 and monomodal distribution. These preparations were obtained through the response surface methodology (RSM) having as independent variables the concentrations of artemether and stabilizing agent (Soluplus®) and the milling time. MHD and PdI were performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS). In addition, evaluations using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that there was no change in the crystal structure of the artemether and interaction between the drug and the excipients. The present work allowed obtaining of artemether nanocrystals with saturation solubility up to 2.0 and 1.8 times higher in water medium and McIlvaine buffer (pH 2.5), respectively, compared to the micronized drug. In addition, the lyophilized preparation was stable after storage for three months at 25 and 4 ° C.

De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde, existem atualmente 17 doenças tropicais negligenciadas prevalentes em 149 países, afetando aproximadamente um bilhão de pessoas, a nível global. A leishmaniose, problema de saúde prevalente nos países em desenvolvimento, é endêmica em aproximadamente 98 países e territórios, com 350 milhões de pessoas em risco e 12 milhões de casos de infecção no mundo. A transmissão da doença ocorre pela picada de flebotomíneos fêmeas infectadas. Essa doença apresenta três formas principais: leishmaniose cutânea (LC), leishmaniose mucocutânea (LMC) e leishmaniose visceral (LV). Enquanto a leishmaniose cutânea é a forma mais comum da doença, a leishmaniose visceral é a mais grave e pode ser fatal se não for tratada. Em 2016, o Brasil reportou 3.626 e 12.690 casos de LC e LV, respectivamente. O candidato a fármaco hidroximetilnitrofural (NFOH) mostrou atividade contra o parasita da doença de chagas e da leishmaniose. Embora o NFOH seja promissor para o tratamento da leishmaniose, esse possui baixa solubilidade em água. A nanotecnologia tem sido empregada como plataforma para o desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas inovadoras com maior eficácia e segurança. A redução do tamanho de partículas em escala nanométrica permite aumentar a biodisponibilidade oral de fármacos pouco solúveis em água. Os nanocristais apresentam vantagens, tais como, o aumento da solubilidade de saturação e da velocidade de dissolução, decorrentes do aumento da área superficial da partícula. Além disso, esses apresentam maior adesividade às membranas biológicas, membrana celular e superfície do trato gastrointestinal. No presente trabalho utilizou-se a moagem por via úmida em escala reduzida para a obtenção dos nanocristais de NFOH. Diferentes tensoativos foram avaliados empregando o método selecionado, os tensoativos poloxamer 188 e poloxamer 407 foram os que favoreceram a redução do tamanho das partículas. Tal característica foi observada na caracterização físico-química das nanosuspensões de NFOH. A utilização desse método permitiu a obtenção de nanocristais de NFOH, com diâmetro hidrodinâmico médio (DHM) de 184,8 ± 0,5 a 325,9 ± 2,2 nm, índice de polidispersão (IP) de 0,21 ± 0,01 a 0,57 ± 0,01 e DHM de 191,3 ± 2,1 a 326,8 ± 4,6 nm e IP de 0,21 ± 0,01 a 0,50 ± 0,01, respectivamente para o poloxamer 188 e 407. O uso de ambos os tensoativos resultaram em distribuição monomodal de tamanho das partículas. As formulações foram obtidas por meio de planejamento fatorial completo e experimentos por superfície de resposta tendo como variáreis independentes as concentrações de NFOH, dos tensoativos e o tempo de moagem. A resposta, DHM, foi determinada utilizando espalhamento de luz dinâmica (DLS). Adicionalmente, as avaliações empregando calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e difração de raio X (DRX) revelaram que não houve interação entre o fármaco e os excipientes, assim como, não foi observada alteração na estrutura cristalina do NFOH. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura demonstrou a morfologia característica do estado cristalino. Além disso, a preparação liofilizada apresentou instabilidade após armazenamento por três meses a temperatura de 25 e 4 °C. / According to the World Health Organization, there are currently 17 neglected tropical diseases prevalent in 149 countries, affecting approximately one billion people globally. Leishmaniasis, a health problem prevalent in developing countries, is endemic in approximately 98 countries and territories, with 350 million people at risk and 12 million cases of infection worldwide. The transmission of the disease occurs by the bite of infected female sandflies. This disease has three main forms: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). While cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most usual form of the disease, visceral leishmaniasis is the most serious and can be fatal if left untreated. In 2016, Brazil reported 3.626 and 12.690 cases of LC and LV, respectively. The drug candidate for hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) showed activity against the parasite of chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Although NFOH is promising for the treatment of leishmaniasis, it has low solubility in water. Nanotechnology has been used as a platform for the development of innovative pharmaceutical forms with greater effectiveness and safety. Particle size reduction on the nanoscale enables the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs to be increased. Nanotechnology has been used as a platform for the development of innovative pharmaceutical forms, improving effectiveness and safety. Particle size reduction on the nanoscale enables the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs to be increased. Nanocrystals have advantages such as increased saturation solubility and dissolution rate due to the increase in the surface area of the particle. In addition, this present greater adhesiveness to the biological membranes, cell membrane and surface of the gastrointestinal tract. In the present work, wet scale milling was used to obtain NFOH nanocrystals. Different surfactants were evaluated using the selected method, poloxamer 188 and poloxamer 407 surfactants favored the reduction of particle size. This characteristic was observed in the physical-chemical characterization of NFOH nanosuspensions. The use of NFOH nanocrystals with a mean hydrodynamic diameter (DHM) of 184.8 ± 0.5 to 325.9 ± 2.2 nm, polydispersity index (IP) of 0.21 ± 0, 01 to 0.57 ± 0.01 for poloxamer 188 and DHM of 191.3 ± 2.1 at 326.8 ± 4.6 nm and IP of 0.21 ± 0.01 at 0.50 ± 0.01 for poloxamer 407, both with monomodal size distribution. The formulations were obtained by means of complete factorial planning and surface response experiments having as independent variables the concentrations of NFOH, surfactants and milling time. The response, DHM, was determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS). In addition, evaluations using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (DRX) revealed that there was no change in the crystal structure of NFOH and interaction between the drug and the excipients. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the characteristic morphology of the crystalline state. In addition, the lyophilized preparation was instable after storage for three months at 25 and 4 ° C.

Neste trabalho, investigou-se a elaboração mecânica do composto intermetálico TiFe por moagem de bolas com alta energia. Uma forte aderência do material moído, particularmente nas paredes do recipiente de moagem, foi o principal problema verificado com tempos de moagem superiores a 1 hora (moinho agitador). Tentativas para resolver este problema foram realizadas inicialmente com o emprego de agentes controladores de processo (ACPs), como etanol, ácido esteárico, polietileno de baixa densidade, benzeno e ciclohexano, em diferentes quantidades (1 a 20% em massa) e tempos (1 a 40 h), mantendo-se constantes outros parâmetros de moagem como a razão bola:pó em massa (10:1) e o tamanho das bolas (=7mm). Os rendimentos mais elevados (em termos da massa de pó não aderido) foram obtidos quando se utilizaram grandes quantidades de benzeno e ciclohexano (101 e 103% em massa, respectivamente), porém com a formação de TiC ao invés de TiFe em razão da decomposição do ACP e reação do carbono com as partículas de titânio. As moagens foram realizadas posteriormente sem o emprego de qualquer ACP e também utilizando um moinho planetário. Várias estratégias foram investigadas para se tentar mitigar a aderência incluindo-se: (a) moagem de uma pequena quantidade da mistura de pós de Ti e de Fe, revestindo as paredes do recipiente e as bolas de moagem, antes da moagem da carga principal, (b) moagem pausada com aberturas intermediarias do recipiente em atmosfera ambiente, (c) moagem pausada para rotação e inversão da posição do recipiente de moagem (apenas no moinho agitador), (d) moagem isolada dos pós de Ti e de Fe, antes da moagem da mistura, e (e) moagem do pó de Fe com o Ti hidretado. Os melhores resultados, em termos de diminuição da aderência combinada com a formação majoritária do composto TiFe durante a moagem, foram obtidos quando se adotou o procedimento de inversão/rotação, juntamente com o processo de revestimento preliminar do recipiente e das bolas de moagem (26% em massa). Rendimentos maiores foram obtidos com a utilização do TiH2 no moinho planetário, porém sem a formação majoritária do TiFe durante a moagem. / In this work an investigation on the mechanical alloying of the intermetallic compound TiFe by high-energy ball milling was conducted. Strong adherence of milled material, particularly at the vial walls, was seen to be the main problem at milling times higher than 1 hour (shaker mill), hindering the compound synthesis. Attempts to prevent this problem were accomplished first by adding different process control agents (PCAs), like ethanol, stearic acid, low density polyethylene, benzene and cyclohexane at variable quantities (1 to 20 wt. %) and times (1 to 40 h), keeping constant other milling parameters like ball to powder mass ratio (10:1) and balls size (=7mm). Highest yields (related to the non adhered powder) were attained with larger amounts of benzene and cyclohexane (101 and 103 wt. %, respectively), but with TiC formation during milling instead of TiFe due to the PCA decomposition and the reaction of the carbon with and titanium particles. Milling was conducted further without adding any PCA and also using a planetary ball mill. Several strategies were tried to avoid or minimize the adherence including: (a) milling of a small quantity of the Ti and Fe powder mixture, dirtying the vial walls and the balls surfaces before milling the main charge, (b) stepwise milling with intermediate openings of the vial in air, (c) stepwise milling with the rotation and the inversion of the vial position between the steps (only in the shaker mill), (d) milling Ti and Fe powders (apart from each other) before milling the mixture of them, and (e) milling Fe powder with Ti hydride powder. Best results concerning both yield and major TiFe formation during milling were verified with the rotation/inversion procedure combined with preliminar dirtying of the vial and balls (26 wt.% in the shaker mill). Higher yields could be attained by using TiH2 powder in the planetary mill, but with no major TiFe formation during milling.