Revised; Originally published: 2009 / 6 pp. / Proper irrigation management requires that growers assess their irrigation needs by taking measurements of various physical parameters. Some use sophisticated equipment while others use tried and true common sense approaches. Whichever method used, each has merits and limitations. In developing any irrigation management strategy, two questions are common: “When do I irrigate?” and “How much do I apply?” This bulletin deals with the WHEN.

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Pavements are a major part of the infrastructure in the United States. Moisture damage of these pavements is a significant problem. To predict and prevent this kind of moisture damage a great deal of research has been performed on this issue in past. This study validates an analytical approach based on surface energy aimed at assessing moisture damage. Two types of bitumen and three aggregates are evaluated in the study. The two types of bitumen represent very different chemical extremes and the three aggregates (a limestone, siliceous gravel, and granite) represent a considerable range in mineralogy. Moisture damage was monitered as a change in dynamic modulus with load cycles. The analysis demonstrates the need to consider mixture compliance as well as bond energy in order to predict moisture damage. Mixtures with the two types of bitumen and each aggregate with and without hydrated lime were evaluated. The hydrated lime substantially improved the resistance of the mixture to moisture damage.

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This research examines the potential to use passive microwave remote sensing for measuring soil moisture extremes that impact agricultural areas in Canada. A validation was made of three passive microwave remote sensing soil moisture data sets, with weekly averaged values from the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) applied to AMSR-E C/X-Band data providing the most accurate results (root mean squared error of 5 to 10%). A further evaluation of this data set against a spatially distributed in situ soil moisture network in Alberta suggests that this data set may be less accurate in regions where dense vegetation or open water is present, particularly on the northern edges of the Canadian agricultural extent. A method to derive soil moisture anomalies was developed that uses homogenous regions to spatially aggregate soil moisture statistics to compensate for a short satellite data record. It was found that these anomalies can be estimated with errors of less than 5% when these regions are 15 pixels or more over a seven year time period. Surface soil moisture anomalies from LPRM showed weak but significant relationships to precipitation based drought indices, suggesting promise for using these anomalies for wider soil moisture extremes monitoring. Soil moisture anomalies from CLASS and in situ networks showed inconsistencies with LPRM anomalies in how they capture soil moisture conditions that are relevant to agricultural yield.. These data sets overall show that this approach to quantifying extremes has potential, but improvement to soil moisture retrieval from LPRM and CLASS, and an integration of the information they provide are needed to optimize these data sets for agricultural monitoring. / National Science and Engineering Research Council, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian Space Agency