A espécie Aedes scapularis é um dos culicídeos de grande importância médica. Está distribuída nas Américas e tem grande competência vetora para diversos arbovírus. No estado de São Paulo, há ocorrência de Ae. scapularis em vários municípios, como em Pariquera-Açu e São Paulo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi testar se há diferenciação genética - morfológica entre essas populações, podendo diagnosticar existência de espécies crípticas em Aedes scapularis. As populações estudadas foram Pariquera-Açu (PAR), Parque Ecológico do Tietê em São Paulo (PET) e Butantã (BUT). Os parâmetros utilizados foram: Morfometria geométrica da asa (forma e tamanho), estudo do gene mitocondrial COI, análise dos espaçadores internos transcritos ITS2 e análise morfológica de ovos. Com os resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que a divergência populacional é atestada por padrões geográficos de forma alar, gene mitocondrial COI e razão comprimento e largura dos ovos, mas extensões de estudos em outras áreas precisam ser feitos para poder atestar espécies crípticas em Aedes scapularis. / The species Aedes scapularis is a culicidae of medical importance. It is distributed in the Americas and has a high vector competence for many arboviruses. In state of São Paulo, have occurrence of Ae. scapularis in many cities, such as Pariquera-Acu and the city of São Paulo. The aim of this study was to determine differentiation genetic- morphology among these populations, being able to diagnose the existence of cryptic species in Aedes scapularis. The populations studied were Pariquera-Acu (PAR), the Tietê Ecological Park in Sao Paulo (PET) and Butantã (BUT). The parameters used were: wing geometric morphometry (shape and size), study of mitochondrial gene COI, analysis of internal transcribed spacers ITS2 and morphological analysis of eggs. With these results, we conclude that divergence population is attested by the geographical patterns of wing shape, and COI mitochondrial gene length and width ratio of eggs, but extensions of studies in other areas need to be made in order to attest cryptic species in Aedes scapularis.

Em sua distribuição autóctone, as abelhas Apis mellifera apresentam diversas diferenciações morfológicas, comportamentais e ecológicas, que as possibilitam habitar os mais variados ambientes, apresentando grande diversidade de subespécies adaptadas a cada região. Com a introdução das abelhas africanas Apis mellifera scutellata no Brasil, em 1956, surgiram populações polí-hibridas denominadas Africanizadas, sendo que essas abelhas se tornaram interessantes para várias atividades econômicas e essenciais para a apicultura no Brasil. Um local que se apresenta como um bom candidato para o entendimento da dinâmica populacional das abelhas Africanizadas é o Nordeste brasileiro, que, recentemente, tem apresentado grandes avanços na área da apicultura. A análise do DNA mitocondrial tem se mostrado muito útil por permitir a obtenção de polimorfismos genéticos diretamente do DNA, resultando em um rápido e preciso estudo da variabilidade existente. Evidências morfométricas também têm sido utilizadas para estimar a composição genética destas abelhas. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a variabilidade de abelhas Africanizadas em diferentes localidades do Nordeste brasileiro. Foram coletadas 10 operárias por colônia em várias localidades dentro dos Estados do Rio Grande do Norte, Piauí, Alagoas, Paraíba e Sergipe. Foram feitas análises de DNA Mitocondrial do gene COI e análises do padrão de venação da asa através de Morfometria Tradicional e Geométrica utilizando as localidades e os climas das regiões amostradas como marcadores. Para as análises de morfometria foram utilizadas cinco abelhas por colônia epara a análise molecular, foi utilizada uma abelha por colônia. Foram obtidos fragmentos de 624 pb e identificados 11 diferentes haplótipos, correspondentes a 9 sítios variáveis. Os resultados das análises morfométricas e moleculares quando classificados por localidade corroboram entre si, indicando ausência de estruturação populacional na área amostrada. Essa falta de estruturação populacional provavelmente está relacionada ao alto fluxo gênico entre as populações, que tem como principal fator as altas taxas de enxameação durante os períodos de seca no Nordeste. Outros fatores que provavelmente também estão envolvidos são a apicultura migratória existente na região e, em menor escala, o comercio de compra e venda de rainhas e enxames. Os resultados da análise morfométrica usando como classificador o clima da região amostrada, mostra certa estruturação entre os três climas amostrados (Tropical, Litorâneo Úmido e Semiárido), sugerindo grupos relativamente adaptados a estas condições ambientais, apesar de haver fluxo gênico entre eles. Outra explicação para tal fato pode ser a influência do ambiente na formação das características das asas. / In its native distribution, Apis mellifera exhibit various morphological, behavioral and ecological differences that allow them to inhabit various environments and show great diversity of subspecies adapted to each region. With the introduction of African bees Apis mellifera scutellata to Brazil in 1956, emerged hybrid populations called Africanized honey bees, and, overtime, these bees have become important for various economic activities and essential for beekeeping in Brazil. A good candidate for the understanding of population dynamics on Africanized bees is the Brazilian Northeast, which recently has made great advances in the field of beekeeping. The analysis of mitochondrial DNA has proved to be very useful for allowing obtaining genetic polymorphisms directly from DNA, resulting in a fast and accurate method to studies of variability. Morphometric evidence has also been used to estimate the genetic profile of these bees. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the variability of Africanized bees in different localities of Brazilian Northeast. Ten workers per colony were collected at various locations in the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Piauí, Alagoas, Sergipe and Paraiba. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the COI gene and analysis of the venation pattern of the wing were made through Traditional and Geometric Morphometrics using as markers the localities and climates of the sampled regions. For the analyzes of morphometry were used five bees per colony and for molecular analysis one bee colony was used. Fragments of 624 bp were obtained and 11 different haplotypes were identified, corresponding to 9 variable sites. The results of morphometric and molecular analyzes by location corroborate each other, indicating the absence of population structuration in the sampled area. This is probably related to high gene flow among populations, whose main factor is probably the high rate of swarming during periods of drought in the Northeast. Other factors are probably also involved are migratory beekeeping existing in the region and, to a lesser extent, the trade of buying and selling queens and swarms. The results of morphometric analysis using classifier as the climate of the survey area, showing some structure between the three sampled climates (Tropical, Coastal Humid and Semiarid), suggesting relatively groups adapted to these environmental conditions, although there is gene flow between them. The influence of the environment in shaping the characteristics of the wings is also a possible explanation.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir a evolução tectônica meso-cenozóica do Domo de Lages, SC, envolvendo análise das estruturas rúpteis que afetam as rochas da região, análise morfométrica e da rede de drenagem e aspectos geomorfológicos relevantes. O Domo de Lages, localizado na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná, na porção sul do estado de Santa Catarina, é caracterizado pela ocorrência de uma grande variedade de rochas alcalinas de idade neo-cretácea. Estas rochas afloram na forma de sills e diques e são intrusivas no pacote sedimentar da Bacia do Paraná, causando-lhe um soerguimento da ordem de centenas a milhares de metros. As rochas alcalinas foram afetadas por estruturas rúpteis, particularmente falhas transcorrentes e normais, denotando a presença de uma tectônica ativa durante o cenozóico. Para o entendimento do quadro evolutivo do domo, além da análise estrutural, foram elaborados diversos mapas morfométricos (hipsométrico, declividades, orientação de vertentes, superfícies de base, rugosidade, gradiente hidráulico e densidade de lineamentos e drenagens) derivados diretamente do Modelo Digital de Elevação, que por sua vez foi obtido pelo tratamento de dados SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) da Agência Espacial Americana (NASA). O trabalho foi complementado com a análise da rede de drenagem e de lineamentos extraídos de imagens, juntamente com a elaboração de perfis topográficos. Os resultados mostram tratar-se de uma estrutura dômica alongada com eixo maior orientado na direção NW-SE, marcada pelo alinhamento de intrusões alcalinas e basculamento dos acamamentos das rochas sedimentares que apresentam mergulho radial para fora da estrutura. A análise do relevo revelou a existência de uma superfície de aplainamento, hoje preservada na cota de 1200 m, que teria sido afetada por falhas normais de direções NW-SE e NE-SW. O modelo tectônico evolutivo elaborado para a região contempla a seguinte seqüência de eventos: atuação de esforços compressivos NE-SW no final do cretáceo, gerando falhas normais NE-SW, que afetam as rochas básicas da Formação Serra Geral e condicionam a colocação de diques alcalinos e a estruturação do domo; geração de falhas transcorrentes destrais que afetam todas as rochas da região, incluindo as rochas alcalinas, com binário orientado na direção NNE-SSW; configuração de uma superfície de aplainamento preservada na cota de 1200m, que perdurou, provavelmente, até o mioceno; distensão NE-SW e geração de falhas normais NW-SE que abatem e basculam a superfície aplainada e reorganizam a rede de drenagens; instalação de um provável evento distensivo NW-SE, responsável pela formação de falhas normais NE-SW, marcadas principalmente nos mapas morfométricos. / This study was focused on the meso-cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Domo de Lages region (south Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil), through the analysis of brittle structures affecting sedimentary and igneous rocks, morphometric parameters, drainage network and main geomorphological features. Located in the border of the Paraná sedimentary basin, the Domo de Lages is characterized by a great variety of Late Cretacic alkaline rocks, which crops out as sills and dikes cutting the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and are associated with an uplift of hundreds to thousands of meters. These alkaline rocks are affected by brittle structures, mainly transcurrent and normal faults, indicative of Cenozoic active tectonics. In addition to the structural analysis, several morphometric maps were developed, as an aid to enlighten the evolutionary history of the region. Maps of hypsometry, slope, aspect, isobase surfaces, surface roughness, hydraulic gradient, lineament density and drainage density were derived from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) Digital Elevation Models provided by NASA, and were complemented by topographic profiles, analysis of drainage network and lineament orientation. Results show that the dome has a elongated shape with major axis oriented NW-SE, defined by alignment of intrusive bodies and tilting of sedimentary rocks bedding planes, dipping radially outwards the center of the structure. Topographic analysis revealed the existence of a planation surface, preserved at 1200m a.s.l., wich would have been affected by NW-SE and NE-SW normal faults. A tectonic evolutionary model for the region was elaborated, according the following sequence of events: in the end of Cretaceous, a compressive NE stress generates NE-SW normal faults, which affect the basic rocks of Serra Geral Formation and controls the emplacement of alkaline dikes and the uplift of the domic structure; formation of transcurrent dextral faults affecting all rocks of the area, including the alkalines, with NNE-SSW oriented binary; development of a planation surface preserved at 1200m a.s.l. which remained probably until the Miocene; NE-SW extension, creating NW-SE normal faults that lowered and tilted the levelled surface and affected the drainage network; a last extensive NW-SE event probably happened, responsible for NE-SW normal faults seen mainly in the morphometric maps.

O gênero Anastrepha Schiner compreende os dípteros conhecidos popularmente como moscas-das-frutas. O grupo spatulata é formado por 11 espécies, entretanto, aquelas que atacam as partes aéreas da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) têm recebido atenção por causarem prejuízos aos programas de melhoramento dessa cultura. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar as variações de populações de Anastrepha alveata Stone, 1942, Anastrepha manihoti Lima, 1934, Anastrepha montei Lima, 1934, Anastrepha pickeli Lima, 1934 e Anastrepha spatulata Stone, 1942 além de duas espécies não descritas (Anastrepha n. sp. 2 e Anastrepha n. sp. 3) do grupo spatulata de várias localidades do Brasil e também da Bolívia, México e Paraguai. Para tanto, 10 fêmeas de cada população foram submetidas às técnicas de morfometria (tradicional e geométrica), por meio da análise de seis variáveis marcadas no acúleo e de 14 landmarks marcados na asa direita, respectivamente. Foi também realizado o sequenciamento de um fragmento do gene citocromo oxidase I (COI) para inferir as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies. Os dados morfométricos foram avaliados pelo software Statistica 9.0® e as análises moleculares pelos métodos de máxima parcimônica (MP) e neighbor-joining (NJ) (MEGA 4.1®). O comprimento do ápice do acúleo, a largura do acúleo no final da abertura da cloaca e o comprimento da serra contribuíram de forma significativa para a distinção entre as populações das espécies do grupo. Os testes multivariados mostraram que as variáveis canônicas foram estatisticamente significativas, indicando diferença na conformação alar entre as populações. Os landmarks correspondentes às intersecções da nervura R4+5 com a nervura costal, da nervura M com a margem da asa, da nervura CuA2 com a margem da asa e da nervura Cu1 com a M foram os que mais contribuíram. A análise filogenética molecular indicou que as populações agruparam-se em clados. Variação interpopulacional foi observada em A. pickeli de acordo com os métodos usados neste estudo. Confirmou-se também a separação de duas espécies próximas a A. pickeli, que foram previamente reconhecidas como espécies novas (não descritas ainda) com base apenas na morfologia. / The genus Anastrepha Schiner encompasses the dipterans known as fruit flies. The spatulata group comprises 11 species, however, those species that infest the aerial parts of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) have received attention as they cause losses to cassava breeding programs. This study aimed at verifying variation in populations of Anastrepha alveata Stone, 1942, Anastrepha manihoti Lima, 1934, Anastrepha montei Lima, 1934, Anastrepha pickeli Lima, 1934 e Anastrepha spatulata Stone, 1942 and two undescribed species (Anastrepha n. sp. 2 and Anastrepha n. sp. 3) of the spatulata group from various localities in Brazil and also from Bolivia, Mexico and Paraguay. Ten females from each population were studied using morphometric methods (traditional and geometric) and analyzing six variables on the aculeus and 14 landmarks on the right wing, respectively. Sequencing of the citochrome oxidase (COI) gene was carried out to infer phylogenetic relationships among species. The morphometric data were evaluated by the software Statistica 9.0® and molecular analysis by the methods of maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbor-joining (NJ) (MEGA 4.1®). Aculeus tip length, aculeus width at the end of the cloaca opening and the serrate part length contributed significantly to distinguish among populations. The multivariate tests showed that the canonical variables were statistically significant indicating a difference in the wing conformation among populations. Landmarks of the intersections between vein R4+5 and costal, vein M and wing margin, vein CuA2 and wing margin, and Cu1 and M contributed the most. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that populations clustered. Interpopulational variation was observed in Anastrepha pickeli Lima, 1934 according to the methods used in this study. Also, it was confirmed the separation of two species close to A. pickeli, which were previously recognized as new species (not described yet) based on exclusively morphology.

No description available.

<p>In this thesis, different types of chemical and physical distribution coefficients are identified, examined and used to describe the fate and transport pathways of substances in aquatic systems. </p><p>Observations from field experiments in streams with non-reactive and reactive tracers constituted the basis for development of an advection-dispersion model. Differences in the concentrations in both the water and sediment data for the tracers were due to the particle affinity of the reactive tracer. This difference in behaviour could be described by including an instantanous and a kinetically controlled sorption, which included distribution coefficients, in the water column (<i>K</i><i>d</i>) and in the streambed sediment (<i>K</i><i>B</i>), respectively.</p><p>The results presented in this thesis also include a model for the lake characteristic concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM). The SPM-model can be used to describe mass flows of particles in lakes. The traditional distribution (or partition) coefficient <i>K</i><i>d</i> has been found to be unsuitable for interpretations of the particle association of solutes and also for distributing solute mass flows. Instead, the particulate or the dissolved fraction, <i>PF</i> and <i>DF</i>, defined as ratios of the particulate or dissolved concentration to the total concentration respectively, is recommended for mass-balance calculations. A new <i>PF</i>-model for phosphorus has meant that this part is no longer the most sensitive part of predicting concentrations of phosphorus in lakes using a more extensive dynamic model. </p><p>New methods have also been developed to describe the shape of lakes. Together with the mixing depth of lakes, the shape of a lake can be transformed into a distribution coefficient that physically determines the portion of a lake that is exposed, both areally and vertically, to continuously mixing.</p>

Landscapes evolve in a complex interplay between climate and tectonics. Thus, the geomorphic characteristics of a landscape can only be understood if both, climatic and tectonic signals of past and ongoing processes can be identified. In order to evaluate the impact of both forcing factors it is crucial to quantify the evolution of geomorphic markers in natural environments. The Cenozoic Andes are an ideal setting to evaluate tectonic and climatic aspects of landscape evolution at different time and length scales in different natural compartments. The Andean Cordillera constitutes the type subduction orogen and is associated with the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the South American continent since at least 200 million years. In Chile and the adjacent regions this convergent margin is characterized by active tectonics, volcanism, and mountain building. Importantly, along the coast of Chile megathrust earthquakes occur frequently and influence landscape evolution. In fact, the largest earthquake ever recorded occurred in south-central Chile in 1960 and comprised a rupture zone of ~ 1000 km length. However, on longer time scales beyond historic documentation of seismicity it is not well known, how such seismotectonic segments have behaved and how they influence the geomorphic evolution of the coastal realms. With several semi-independent morphotectonic segments, recurrent megathrust earthquakes, and a plethora of geomorphic features indicating sustained tectonism, the margin of Chile is thus a key area to study relationships between surface processes and tectonics. In this study, I combined geomorphology, geochronology, sedimentology, and morphometry to quantify the Pliocene-Pleistocene landscape evolution of the tectonically active south-central Chile forearc. Thereby, I provide (1) new results about the influence of seismotectonic forearc segmentation on the geomorphic evolution and (2) new insights in the interaction between climate and tectonics with respect to the morphology of the Chilean forearc region. In particular, I show that the forearc is characterized by three long-term segments that are not correlated with short-lived earthquake-rupture zones that may. These segments are the Nahuelbuta, Toltén, and Bueno segments, each recording a distinct geomorphic and tectonic evolution. The Nahuelbuta and Bueno segments are undergoing active tectonic uplift. The long-term behavior of these two segments is manifested in form of two doubly plunging, growing antiforms that constitute an integral part of the Coastal Cordillera and record the uplift of marine and river terraces. In addition, these uplifting areas have caused major changes in flow directions or rivers. In contrast, the Toltén segment, situated between the two other segments, appears to be quasi-stable. In order to further quantify uplift and incision in the actively deforming Nahuelbuta segment, I dated an erosion surface and fluvial terraces in the Coastal Cordillera with cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al and optically stimulated luminescence, respectively. According to my results, late Pleistocene uplift rates corresponding to 0.88 mm a-1 are faster than surface-uplift rates averaging over the last 5 Ma, which are in the range of 0.21 mm a-1. This discrepancy suggests that surface uplift is highly variable in time and space and might preferably concentrate along reverse faults as indicated by a late Pleistocene flow reversal. In addition, the results of exposure dating with cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al indicate that the morphotectonic segmentation of this region of the forearc has been established in Pliocene time, coeval with the initiation of uplift of the Coastal Cordillera about 5 Ma ago, inferred to be related to a shift in subduction mode from erosion to accretion. Finally, I dated volcanic clasts obtained from alluvial surfaces in the Central Depression, a low-relief sector separating the Coastal from the Main Cordillera, with stable cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne, in order to reveal the controls of sediment accumulation in the forearc. My results document that these gently sloping surfaces have been deposited 150 to 300 ka ago. This deposition may be related to changes in the erosional regime during glacial episodes. Taken together, the data indicates that the overall geomorphic expression of the forearc is of post-Miocene age and may be intimately related to a climatic overprint of the tectonic system. This climatic forcing is also reflected in the topography and local relief of the Central and Southern Andes that vary considerably along the margin, determined by the dominant surface process that in turn is eventually controlled by climate. However, relief also partly reflects surface processes that have taken place under past climatic conditions. This emphasizes that due care has to be exercised when interpreting landscapes as mirrors of modern climates. / Landschaften entwickeln sich im komplexen Zusammenspiel von Klima und Tektonik. Demzufolge können sie nur verstanden werden, wenn sowohl klimatische als auch tektonische Signale vergangener und rezenter Prozesse identifiziert werden. Um den Einfluss beider Faktoren zu bewerten, ist es deshalb wichtig, die Evolution geomorphologischer Marker in der Natur zu quantifizieren. Die känozoischen Anden sind eine ideale Region, um tektonische und klimatische Aspekte der Landschaftsentwicklung auf verschiedenen Zeit- und Längenskalen zu erforschen. Sie sind das Modell-Subduktionsorogen, assoziiert mit der Subduktion der ozeanischen Nazca-Platte unter den südamerikanischen Kontinent seit ca. 200 Mio Jahren. In Chile ist dieser konvergente Plattenrand geprägt von aktiver Tektonik, Vulkanismus und Gebirgsbildung. Bedeutenderweise ereignen sich entlang der Küste häufig Megaerdbeben, die die Landschaftsentwicklung stark beeinflussen. Tatsächlich ereignete sich das größte jemals aufgezeichnete Erdbeben mit einer Bruchzone von ca. 1000 km Länge 1960 im südlichen Zentralchile. Nichtsdestotrotz ist auf längeren Zeitskalen über historische Dokumentationen hinaus nicht bekannt, wie sich solche seismotektonischen Segmente verhalten und wie sie die geomorphologische Entwicklung der Küstengebiete beeinflussen. Mit semi-unabhängigen morphotektonischen Segmenten, wiederkehrenden Megaerdbeben und einer Fülle geomorphologischer Marker, die aktive Tektonik anzeigen, ist somit der Plattenrand von Chile ein Schlüsselgebiet für das Studium von Zusammenhängen zwischen Oberflächenprozessen und Tektonik. In dieser Arbeit kombiniere ich Geomorphologie, Geochronologie, Sedimentologie und Morphometrie, um die plio-pleistozäne Landschaftsentwicklung des tektonisch aktiven süd-zentralchilenischen Forearcs zu quantifizieren. Mit dieser Analyse liefere ich (1) neue Ergebnisse über den Einfluss seismotektonischer Forearc-Segmentierung auf die geomorphologischen Entwicklung und (2) neue Erkenntnisse über die Interaktion zwischen Klima und Tektonik bezüglich der Gestaltung des chilenischen Forearcs. Ich zeige, dass der Forearc in drei langlebige morphotektonische Segmente gegliedert ist, die nicht mit kurzlebigen Erdbebenbruchzonen korrelieren. Die Segmente heißen Nahuelbuta, Toltén und Bueno Segment, wovon jedes eine andere geomorphologische und tektonische Entwicklung durchläuft. Die Nahuelbuta und Bueno Segmente unterliegen aktiver tektonischer Hebung. Das langfristige Verhalten dieser beiden Segmente manifestiert sich in zwei beidseitig abtauchenden, wachsenden Antiklinalen, die integraler Bestandteil des Küstengebirges sind und die Hebung von marinen und fluvialen Terrassen aufzeichnen. Die Hebung verursachte weitreichende Veränderungen in den Fließrichtungen des Gewässernetzes. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das Toltén Segment, das sich zwischen den beiden anderen Segmenten befindet, quasi-stabil. Um die Hebung und Einschneidung in dem tektonisch aktiven Nahuelbuta Segment zu quantifizieren, habe ich eine Erosionsfläche und fluviale Terrassen in dem Küstengebirge mit kosmogenem 10Be und 26Al bzw. optisch stimulierter Lumineszenz datiert. Meinen Ergebnissen zufolge sind die spätpleistozänen Hebungsraten, die ca. 0,88 mm a-1 betragen, höher als die Oberflächenhebungsraten, die über die letzten 5 Mio Jahre mitteln und ca. 0,21 mm a-1 betragen. Diese Diskrepanz deutet an, dass die Hebung der Oberfläche räumlich und zeitlich sehr stark variiert und sich präferiert an Aufschiebungen konzentriert. Zusätzlich zeigen die Ergebnisse der Expositionsdatierung mit kosmogenem 10Be und 26Al, dass die morphotektonische Segmentierung im Pliozän etabliert wurde, zeitgleich mit dem Beginn der Hebung des Küstengebirges vor ca. 5 Mio Jahren infolge eines Wechsels des Subduktionsmodus von Erosion zu Akkretion. Schließlich habe ich vulkanische Klasten, die aus alluvialen Flächen im Längstal stammen, mit den stabilen kosmogenen Nukliden 3He und 21Ne datiert, um Aufschluss über die Faktoren zu erhalten, die die Sedimentablagerung im Forearc bestimmen. Meine Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass diese flach einfallenden Oberflächen, die vor 150.000 bis 300.000 Jahren abgelagert wurden, in Zusammenhang mit Änderungen des Erosionsregimes in glazialen Episoden entstanden sind. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Daten, dass der heutige geomorphologische Ausdruck des Forearcs post-Miozän und eng mit einer klimatischen Überprägung des tektonischen Systems verknüpft ist. Der klimatische Einfluss spiegelt sich ebenfalls in der Topographie und dem lokalen Relief der Zentral- und Südanden wider. Beide Parameter variieren stark entlang des Plattenrandes, bestimmt durch den jeweils dominierenden Oberflächenprozess, der wiederum letztendlich vom vorherrschenden Klima abhängt. Allerdings reflektiert das Relief teilweise Oberflächenprozesse, die unter vergangenen Klimaten aktiv waren. Das betont die äußerst große Vorsicht, die nötig ist, wenn Landschaften als Spiegel des aktuellen Klimas interpretiert werden.

Analysis of digital elevation models (DEMs) by means of geomorphometry provides means of recognising fractures and characterising the morphotectonics of an area in a quantitative way. The objective of the thesis is to develop numerical methods and a consistent GIS methodology for tectonic geomorphology and apply it to test sites. Based on the study of landforms related to faults, geomorphological characteristics are translated into mathematical and numerical algorithms. The methodology is based on general geomorphometry. In this study, the basic geometric attributes (elevation, slope, aspect and curvatures) are complemented with the automatic extraction of ridge and valley lines and surface specific points. Evan’s univariate and bivariate methodology of general geomorphometry is extended with texture (spatial) analysis methods such as trend, autocorrelation, spectral, wavelet and network analysis. Digital terrain modelling is carried out by means of (1) general geomorphometry, (2) digital drainage network analysis, (3) digital image processing, (4) lineament extraction and analysis, (5) spatial and statistical analysis and (6) DEM specific digital methods such as shaded relief models, digital cross-sections and 3D surface modelling. Geological data of various sources and scales are integrated in a GIS database. Interpretation of multi-source information confirmed the findings of digital morphotectonic investigation. A simple shear model with principal displacement zone in the NE-SW direction can explain most of the morphotectonic features associated with structures identified by geological and digital morphotectonic investigations in the Kali Basin. Comparison of the results of the DTA with the known geology from NW Greece indicated that the major faults correspond to clear lineaments. Thus, DTA of an area in the proposed way forms a useful tool to identify major and minor structures covering large areas. In this thesis, numerical methods for drainage network extraction and aspect analysis have been developed and applied to tectonic geomorphology.

Evolutionary models addressing interaction between genetics and morphology propose that during development, morphological traits of organisms are under canalization selection resulting in constancy in morphology through evolutionary time. The hypothesis of genetic homeostasis predict that because of developmental buffering effects of heterosis, high level heterozygosity results in low level of morphological variance from the norms of canalized shape of the population. The aim of the present study is to test whether the variation in shape of organisms is negatively correlated with genetic variation in Pseudophoxinus populations. Sample collection was performed from eight localities for four different Pseudophoxinus species (P. crassus, P. battalgili, P. egridiri, P. sp) in Central and South Anatolia in summer period of 2006. Shape variation of the specimens was determined using geometric morphometric methods. Genetic variation was based on six microsatellite and ten allozyme loci. All the microsatellite loci were found to be polymorphic. However, the percentage of monomorphic locus for allozymes varied from 90% to 60% per population. Statistically significant negative correlation was observed between shape and genetic variation derived from microsatellite data. However, this was not the case for allozyme heterozygosity / there wasn&rsquo / t any significant relationship between shape variation and allozymes heterozygosity. Low number of polymorphic loci observed in allozymes may prevent to reveal possible relationship between shape and genetic variations. As a result, the present study confirmed the hypothesis of genetic homeostasis for microsatellite data.

In this thesis, different types of chemical and physical distribution coefficients are identified, examined and used to describe the fate and transport pathways of substances in aquatic systems. Observations from field experiments in streams with non-reactive and reactive tracers constituted the basis for development of an advection-dispersion model. Differences in the concentrations in both the water and sediment data for the tracers were due to the particle affinity of the reactive tracer. This difference in behaviour could be described by including an instantanous and a kinetically controlled sorption, which included distribution coefficients, in the water column (Kd) and in the streambed sediment (KB), respectively. The results presented in this thesis also include a model for the lake characteristic concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM). The SPM-model can be used to describe mass flows of particles in lakes. The traditional distribution (or partition) coefficient Kd has been found to be unsuitable for interpretations of the particle association of solutes and also for distributing solute mass flows. Instead, the particulate or the dissolved fraction, PF and DF, defined as ratios of the particulate or dissolved concentration to the total concentration respectively, is recommended for mass-balance calculations. A new PF-model for phosphorus has meant that this part is no longer the most sensitive part of predicting concentrations of phosphorus in lakes using a more extensive dynamic model. New methods have also been developed to describe the shape of lakes. Together with the mixing depth of lakes, the shape of a lake can be transformed into a distribution coefficient that physically determines the portion of a lake that is exposed, both areally and vertically, to continuously mixing.