In the recent years threaded run-to-run (RtR) control algorithms have experienced drawbacks under certain circumstances, one such trait is when applied to high-mix of products such as in Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) foundries. The variations in the process are a function of the product being manufactured as well as the tool being used. The presence of semiconductor layers increases the number of times the lithography process must be repeated. Successive layers having different patterns must be exposed using different reticles/masks in order to maximize tool utilizations. The objectives of this research are to develop a set of methodologies for evaluation and extension of threaded control applied to overlay. This project defines methods to quantify the efficacy of threaded controls, finds the drawbacks of threaded control under production of high mix of semiconductors and suggests extensions and alternatives to improve threaded control. To evaluate the performance of threaded control, extensive simulations were performed in MATLAB. The effects of noise, disturbances, sampling and delays on the control and estimation performance of threaded controller were studied through these simulations. Based on the results obtained, several ideas to extend threaded control by reducing overall number of threads, by improving thread definitions and combination have been introduced. A unique idea of sampling the measurements dynamically based on the estimation accuracy is also presented. Future work includes implementing the extensions to threaded control suggested in this work in real production data and comparing the results without the use of those methods. Future work also includes building new alternatives to threaded control. / text

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-08T14:21:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação wallanberg- DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL.pdf: 2056931 bytes, checksum: 8e2a57063c74df7e16be09bf7c20a6b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-08T14:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação wallanberg- DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL.pdf: 2056931 bytes, checksum: 8e2a57063c74df7e16be09bf7c20a6b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-06 / CAPES / Diante da constante mutabilidade do mercado, as empresas cada vez mais buscam adequar-se as demandas sociais, ambientais e de mercado, implementando em suas organizações diversos sistemas de gestão que venham a atender as suas necessidades. Dado este cenário, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo a elaboração de um modelo integrado de gestão voltado às micro e pequenas empresas do setor de confecção do arranjo produtivo local do agreste pernambucano (APL). A pesquisa busca relacionar modelos de gestão ambiental, de qualidade e de segurança em um único sistema de gestão integrado (SGI), sistema este sustido pelas normativas ISO 9001, ISO 14001 e OHSAS 18001, amparados também por outras normas ISO de apoio e algumas ferramentas de Gestão da Qualidade. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica e um estudo de caso múltiplo aplicado em três organizações inseridas no referido APL. Esta pesquisa apresentou como resultado diversos pontos entre as normativas que facilitam o processo de integração das mesmas. A partir dos estudos de caso múltiplo, pode-se perceber que o porte empresarial não influenciou na obtenção de melhores resultados e desempenhos. Logo, o estudo aponta que a prática destes três pilares, por meio de um modelo integrado pode ser aplicada de forma eficiente e eficaz em empresas de menor porte, com fins de certificação ou não, possibilitando melhorias no processo produtivo. / Faced with the constant changeability of the market, companies increasingly seek to adjust to social, environmental and economic demands that are dominant, implementing in their organizations various management systems that perhaps will meet their own needs. Given this scenario, this work has the goal to develop a integrated management model aimed at local micro and small enterprise textile companies in rural Pernambuco (APL). This search seeks to relate models of environmental management, quality and security in a single integrated management system (IMS), a system sustained by the normative ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001, also supported by other ISO standard support, and some quality management tools. For the preparation of this research, we used literature based on theory, as well as a multiple case study applied in three textile companies in rural Pernambuco. This research presents as a result many points between the regulations that make it easy to integrate them. From this multiple case study, one can see that the business size does not influenced in getting better results and performances. Therefore, the study points out that the practice of these three pillars, through an integrated model can be applied efficiently and effectively in smaller companies with certification purposes or not, enabling improvements in the productive process.

Este estudo trata das proteínas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento e à formação da parede celular vegetal de cana-de-açúcar, com o objetivo de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para a produção de etanol celulósico a partir do bagaço de cana. Com isso, as proteínas de parede celular de entrenós e folhas de plantas com 4 meses de idade em dois estádios de desenvolvimento, juvenil e maduro, foram identificadas. Para extração foi utilizado o método não destrutivo por infiltração a vácuo utilizando dois sais, 0,2 M de CaCl2 e 2 M de LiCl seguido de centrifugação. As amostras complexas foram digeridas, fracionadas, sequenciadas por LC-MSE . Os peptídeos foram processados utilizando o ProteinLynx 2.5 e comparados com a base de dados de ESTs traduzidos de cana e sorgo. A anotação das proteínas foi realizada com base no programa PFAM e dividas em classes funcionais. Apenas as proteínas que apareceram em pelo menos duas das três repetições biológicas foram utilizadas na análise principal. Para prever a localização subcelular das proteínas selecionadas utilizaram-se os softwares: SignalP, TargetP, Predotar e TMHMM. Apenas aquelas proteínas que foram preditas para serem secretadas por dois ou mais programas foram consideradas como proteínas de parede celular (PPC). Ao todo, 543 proteínas foram consideradas como PPC: 205 em entrenós jovens, 143 em entrenós maduros, 124 em folhas jovens e 71 em folhas maduras. Dentre essas proteínas, 365 foram consideradas diferentes, e caracterizadas em dez classes funcionais. A análise estatística compreendeu a análise de PCA e PLS-DA, havendo diferença estatística entre os tratamentos analisados. Neste trabalho, foram encontradas 66 glicosil-hidrolases e 39 peroxidases, sendo 14 e 11 exclusivas de tecidos juvenis, respectivamente. Essas proteínas são conhecidas por terem funções relacionadas à quebra e ao remodelamento dos polissacarídeos da parede celular vegetal, e, portanto, foram indicadas neste estudo como alvo de pesquisas futuras que utilizem as próprias enzimas da planta para otimização da produção do etanol celulósico.Individualmente, este estudo foi o que mais identificou PPCs dentre a literatura existente, além de ter sido pioneiro na utilização da análise quantitativa para PPC. / This study provides information about the proteins of the cell wall of sugarcane at diferente stages of development and formation. The aim of this study is to assist in the development of new technologies for the production of cellulosic ethanol from sugarcane bagasse. Cell wall proteins from 4-month-old internodes and leaves of sugarcane in two developmental stages, juvenile and mature, have been identified. Protein extraction was performed with a non-destructive method by using vacuum infiltration with two salts, 0.2 M CaCl2 and 2 M LiCl, followed by centrifugation. Complex samples were digested, fractionated and sequenced by LC-MSE. Peptides were processed by ProteinLynx 2.5 and compared to the translated sugarcane and sorghum ESTs database. The annotation of the proteins was performed using PFAM and the functional classification was according the one used in other related studies. Only the proteins that appeared in at least two of the three biological replicates were used in the main analysis. In order to predict the subcellular localization of these proteins, SignalP, TargetP, TMHMM and Predotar softwares were used. Only those proteins that were predicted to be secreted by two or more programs were considered as cell wall proteins (PPS). Altogether, 543 proteins were classified as PPC: 205 inimmature internodes, 143 in mature internodes, 124 in young leaves and 71 in matured leaves. Among these proteins, 365 were considered different, and divided into ten functional classes. Statistical analysis was made with PCA and PLSDA, confirming that there were statistical differences among the treatments. In this work, 66 glycoside hydrolases and 39 peroxidases c identified, being 14 and 11 unique to young tissues, respectively. These proteins have their function related to plant cell wall polysaccharides breakdown and remodeling, and, therewith, the glycoside hydrolases and peroxidases found in this study were indicated to be the target of future research using the plant\'s own enzymes to optimize the cellulosic ethanol production. Individually, this study was the one that most identified PPC among the existing literature, and is a pioneer in the use of quantitative analysis for PPCs.

The statistical inference about the reliability parameter R involving independent gamma stress and exponential strength is considered. Assuming the shape parameter of gamma is a known arbitrary real number and the scale parameters of gamma and exponential are unknown, the UMVUE and MLE of R are obtained. A pivot is proposed. Some inference about R derived from this pivot is presented. It will be shown that the pivot can be used for testing hypothesis and constructing condence interval. A procedure of constructing the condence interval for R is derived. The performances of the UMVUE and MLE are compared numerically based on extensive Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation studies indicate that the performance of the two estimators is about the same. The MLE is preferred because of the simplicity of its computation.

A team from Brigham Young University and I performed full-scale lateral load tests on individual and grouped 12.75x0.375 inch pipe piles spaced at varying distances behind an MSE wall. The individually loaded pile which acted as a control was spaced at 4.0 pile diameters from the wall face, and the three grouped piles which were loaded in unison were spaced at 3.0, 2.8, and 1.8 pile diameters from the wall face and transversely spaced at 4.7 pile diameters center-to-center. The purpose of these tests was to determine the extent of group effects on lateral pile resistance, induced loads in soil reinforcements, and MSE wall panel deflections compared to those previously observed in individually laterally loaded piles behind MSE walls. The computer model LPILE was used in my analysis of the measured test data. The p-multipliers back-calculated with LPILE for the grouped piles were 0.25, 0.60, and 0.25 for the grouped piles spaced at 3.0, 2.8, and 1.8 pile diameters from the wall, respectively. These values are lower than that predicted for piles at the same pile-to-wall spacings using the most recent equation for computing p-multipliers. I propose the use of an additional p-multiplier for grouped piles near an MSE wall, a group-effect p-multiplier, to account for discrepancies between individual and grouped pile behaviors. The group effect p-multipliers were 0.35, 0.91, and 0.74 for the grouped piles spaced at 3.0, 2.8, and 1.8 pile diameters from the wall, respectively. The average group-effect p-multiplier was 0.66. Additionally, I used LPILE to analyze test data from Pierson et al. (2009), who had previously performed full-scale lateral load tests of individual and grouped shafts. In said analysis, the group of three 3-foot diameter concrete shafts spaced at 2.0 shaft diameters from the wall face and transversely spaced at 5.0 shaft diameters center-to-center had an average group effect p-multiplier of 0.78. As in previous studies, the induced forces in soil reinforcements in this study were greatest either near the locations of the test piles or at the MSE wall face. The most recent equation for calculating the maximum induced force in a soil reinforcement strip was reasonably effective in predicting the measured maximum loads when superimposed between the test piles, with 65% and 85% of the data points falling within the one and two standard deviation boundaries, respectively, of the original data used to develop the equation. Deflection of the MSE wall panels was greater during the grouped pile test than was previously observed for individually loaded piles under similar pile head deflections--with a maximum wall deflection of 0.31 inch compared to the previous average of 0.10 inch for pile head deflections of about 1.25 inches.

Installing load bearing piles within the reinforcement zone of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) retaining walls is common practice in the construction industry. Bridge abutments are often constructed in this manner to adapt to increasing right-of-way constraints, and must be capable of supporting horizontal loads imposed by, traffic, earthquakes, and thermal expansion and contraction. Previous researchers have concluded that lateral pile resistance is reduced when pile are placed next to MSE walls but no design codes have been established to address this issue. Full –scale testing of statically applied lateral loads to four 24”x0.5” pipe piles, and cyclically applied lateral load to four 12.75”x0.375” pipe piles placed 1.5-5.3 pile diameters behind a 20-foot MSE wall was performed. The MSE wall was constructed using 5’x10’ concrete panels and was supported with ribbed strip and welded wire streel reinforcements. The computer software LPILE was used to back-calculate P-multipliers for the 24” piles. P-multipliers are used to indicate the amount of reduction in lateral resistance the piles experience due to their placement near the MSE wall. Previous researchers have proposed that any pile spaced 3.9 pile diameters (D) or more away from the MSE wall will have a P-multiplier of 1; meaning the pile experiences no reduction in lateral resistance due to its proximity to the wall. P-multipliers for piles spaced closer than 3.9D away from the wall decrease linearly as distance from the wall decreases. P-multipliers for the 24” piles spaced 5.1D, 4.1D, 3.0D, and 2.0D were 1, 0.84, 0.55, and 0.44 respectively. Lateral resistance of the 12.75” cyclically loaded piles decreased as the number of loading cycles increased. Lateral resistance of the piles when loads were applied in the direction of the wall was less than the lateral resistance of the piles when loads were applied away from the wall at larger pile head loads. The maximum tensile force experienced by the soil reinforcements generally occurred near the wall side of the pile face when the lateral loads were applied in the direction of the wall. Behind the pile, the tensile force decreased as the distance from the wall increased. Equation 5-4, modified from Rollins (2018) was found to be adequate for predicting the maximum tensile force experienced by the ribbed strip reinforcements during the static loading of the 24” pipe piles, particularly for lower loads. About 65% of the measured forces measured in this study fell within the one standard deviation boundary of the proposed equation.

A large component of the State of Utah's transportation network involves the use of MSE walls, which have proven useful in infrastructure for their reduced costs and footprint compared to other alternatives. As effective as MSE walls have been in responding to demands in transportation, they also have inherent challenges. For the majority of MSE walls the structure is limited in observation as structural components are buried as part of the soils mass. This inability to observe at can lead to the development of complex failure mechanisms, which can be difficult to assess and anticipate. As society becomes increasingly reliant on the transportation networks for goods, services, and security, properly understanding the potential failure mechanisms of MSE walls also increases in importance. This thesis discusses the development of an inspection procedure, data collection, geotechnical asset management database, and an evaluation of gathered information to be used in a reliability analysis of MSE walls for the State of Utah. The findings suggest areas of improvement in the design, specifications, maintenance, and further investigation of MSE walls.

Many research studies made on hundreds of MSE walls have shown that in order to get lower values of lateral earth pressure coefficients from an active condition on the backfill soil, thus lower exerted loads and stresses on the reinforcement, the wall needs to yield. This is typical of extensible polymer-based wall systems, such as geosynthetics. Steel systems, on the other hand, are very rigid and do not allow enough deformation on the wall to generate the active condition. For this research, steel reinforcement for MSE walls that behaves similar to geosynthetics was developed. This was done by using crimps on steel bars that would allow the wall to deform as the crimps straighten. A pullout box was designed and constructed, where tensile and pullout tests were performed on the crimped reinforcement. Different crimp geometries on different bar diameters were tested under a range of confining pressures. From this, force-displacement curves were developed for these crimp geometries that could be used to predict deflections on walls with crimped reinforcement. In addition, the pullout resistance of the crimps in the straighten process was evaluated. This way, the crimps would not only be used to allow the wall to yield, but also as a pullout resistance mechanism. The pullout resistances per crimp for different tensions on the crimp and under a range of overburden pressures were evaluated. By combining the pullout resistance of the crimps and the force-displacement curves, a new internal stability design method was introduced where crimped reinforcement is used to resist both pullout and rupture failure. Also presented here are the pullout resistances of round bars with improved deformations of different diameters. These were found to have the same pullout resistance of square deformed bars with the same cross-sectional area. Round bars are preferred over square bars because they are more corrosion resistant and have longer design life.

Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls have provided an effective solution to constructing retaining walls. The engineering and construction industry is continually striving to provide more cost-effective and design-efficient means to building MSE walls. Hilfiker Retaining Walls has developed a new semi-extensible metal mat reinforcement technology which does not fit into the current extensible or inextensible categories as defined by regulating authorities. The objective of this project was to construct and observe the behavior collect quantitative data for a 20-foot tall MSE wall using the prototype semi-extensible reinforcement technology. The results were compared to expected American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Load Reduction Factored Design values and was also compared to another case study, Prediction of Reinforcement Loads in Reinforced Soil Walls as conducted by Tony M. Allen, P.E., and Richard J. Bathurst, Ph. D., P. Eng. Comparing the behavior of the 20-foot prototype MSE wall to these design regulations and case studies allowed for proper classification and will facilitate future industry design efforts.

Current design codes of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls allow the use lower lateral earth pressure coefficient (K value) for designing geosynthetics walls than those used to design steel walls. The reason of this is because geosynthetics walls are less rigid permitting the wall to deform enough to work under active pressures instead of at rest pressures as in steel walls. A new concept of crimped steel bars was recently introduced. This new type of bar was tested for tension and pullout behavior. Results on tests made on crimped bars show that putting those crimps in the steel bar will give us a better pullout behavior and a more flexible tensile behavior. This new type of steel bar will behave more like geosynthetics, allowing the wall to deform sufficiently to reach the necessary deflection to reach the active condition. The use of steel by current design codes is pushing MSE walls to be designed with more steel than needed. Measurements of the force in different walls showed that the steel is not being used even close to the maximum stress allowed by the code which is 50%. The proposed design methodology using crimped bars will help us save around 52% of steel volume compared to the actual design procedures. This means a huge improvement in the usage of steel versus actual designs. This improvement is obtained because of the efficient behavior of rounded bars under corrosion and because of the flexibility in the bars obtained with the crimps that will allow us to reach the active condition.