Un système de production High-Mix Low-Volume est caractérisé par une grande variété de technologies, des faibles volumes de production, et des produits de courte durée de vie. L’introduction de la technique d’échantillonnage dynamique à ce système de production a permis un gain important sur le rendement de production. Cet échantillonnage est basé, en temps réel, sur les états des équipements et sur l’ensemble des produits en cours de fabrication. Les méthodes classiques d’analyse des rendements, nécessitant un grand nombre de mesure par produit, ne sont plus aussi performantes. Afin d’adapter le diagnostic au nouvel environnement de production, les travaux de cette thèse proposent une approche de diagnostic qui consiste à localiser l’équipement à l’origine de défauts dans une ligne de fabrication du semi-conducteur. Elle est composée de trois modules principaux. Le premier module est constitué d’une méthode d’identification de l’équipement en mode de fonctionnement anormal. Cette méthode est basée sur l’analyse d’éléments communs. Le deuxième est un module de tri de données. Un algorithme d’alignement de séquences a été utilisé afin de comparer les caractéristiques des échantillons et calculer le taux de similarité. Le troisième module est l’échantillonnage réactif pour le diagnostic. Cet échantillonnage est basé sur un modèle d’optimisation linéaire qui permet de trouver l’équilibre entre le nombre d’échantillons et le temps d’analyse. L’approche proposée est validée sur des données expérimentales issues de la ligne de fabrication de la compagnie STMicroelectronics à Rousset-France. / High-Mix Low-Volume manufacturing process is characterized by a wide variety of technologies, low production volumes, and short cycle time of products. The introduction of dynamic sampling technique in this system has enabled a significant improvement of production gain. The dynamic sampling is based on the equipment states and the set of products being manufactured. The yield enhancement methods requiring à large number of measurements by product, are no more efficient. In order to adapt the diagnosis method to the new manufacturing environment, this thesis provides a defect source identification method applied to semiconductor manufacturing process. It is composed of three main modules. The first module aim to identify the faulty process equipment. This module is based on the tool commonality analysis approach. The second module consists in sorting the products. A Sequence Alignment Algorithm has been used in order to compare the sample characteristics and to calculate the similarity degree. The third module is a reactive sampling method for the diagnosis. This method is based on a linear optimization algorithm that allows finding the tradeoff between the number of samples and the analysis time. The proposed approach has been approved on real data from STMicroelectronics manufacturing line in Rousset-France.

Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med examensarbetet är - att genom att kartlägga nuvarande process och identifiera slöserier i den - undersöka om företag inom HMLV-miljöer kan bli mer effektiva genom att använda sig av verktyg och principer inom lean produktion. Utifrån syftet formulerades och besvarades följande två frågeställningar: 1)      Har Lean betydande inverkan även vid produktion av lägre volymer? 2)      Hur kan företag inom HMLV - produktion som tillverkar mot order bli mer effektiva och öka kvaliteten med implementering av Lean? Metod och genomförande: En fallstudie har utförts på ett litet HMLV-företag som tillverkar produkter mot kundorder. Kvalitativ som kvantitativ data har främst inhämtats genom observationer, mätningar, semistrukturerade och ostrukturerade intervjuer samt genom analysering av företagsdokument i form av ordrar och beställningshistorik. För att knyta an fallstudien till teorin har en litteraturstudie genomförts i vilken information har inhämtats från såväl böcker som vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Fallstudien visar efter en kartläggning av processflödet av en artikel att företaget på vilket studien utfördes idag inte jobbar med Lean i någon större utsträckning. Kartläggningen visar att det förekommer flertalet slöserier i form av väntan mellan processer, onödiga rörelser mellan stationer samt att artikeln rör sig ojämnt genom de olika processerna i flödet varför det varit en komplex uppgift att kartlägga densamma. Slutsatser: De slutsatser som kan dras från fallstudien i relation till den teoretiska referensramen är att företag inom HMLV-produktion kan använda sig av vissa leanverktyg för att bli mer effektiva medan andra verktyg är sämre lämpade i den nämnda miljön. Vidare kan några av de 14 principerna anammas för att företaget både ska bli mer effektiva men även för att öka kvaliteten på sina produkter. Nyckelord: Lean, logistic, high-mix-low-volume (HMLV), production improvement.

Control performance assessment (CPA) is an important tool to realize high performance control systems in manufacturing plants. CPA of both continuous and batch processes have attracted much attention from researchers, but only a few results about semiconductor processes have been proposed previously. This work provides methods for performance assessment and diagnosis of the run-to-run control system used in high-mix semiconductor manufacturing processes. First, the output error source of the processes with a run-to-run EWMA controller is analyzed and a CPA method (namely CPA I) is proposed based on closed-loop parameter estimation. In CPA I, ARMAX regression is directly applied to the process output error, and the performance index is defined based on the variance of the regression results. The influence of plant model mismatch in the process gain and disturbance model parameter to the control performance in the cases with or without set point change is studied. CPA I method is applied to diagnose the plant model mismatch in the case with set point change. Second, an advanced CPA method (namely CPA II) is developed to assess the control performance degradation in the case without set point change. An estimated disturbance is generated by a filter, and ARMAX regression method is applied to the estimated disturbance to assess the control performance. The influence of plant model mismatch, improper controller tuning, metrology delay, and high-mix process parameters is studied and the results showed that CPA II method can quickly identify, diagnose and correct the control performance degradation. The CPA II method is applied to industrial data from a high-mix photolithography process in Texas Instruments and the influence of metrology delay and plant model mismatch is discussed. A control performance optimization (CPO) method based on analysis of estimated disturbance is proposed, and optimal EWMA controller tuning factor is suggested. Finally, the CPA II method is applied to non-threaded run-to-run controller which is developed based on state estimation and Kalman filter. Overall process control performance and state estimation behavior are assessed. The influence of plant model mismatch and improper selection of different controller variables is studied. / text

In the recent years threaded run-to-run (RtR) control algorithms have experienced drawbacks under certain circumstances, one such trait is when applied to high-mix of products such as in Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) foundries. The variations in the process are a function of the product being manufactured as well as the tool being used. The presence of semiconductor layers increases the number of times the lithography process must be repeated. Successive layers having different patterns must be exposed using different reticles/masks in order to maximize tool utilizations. The objectives of this research are to develop a set of methodologies for evaluation and extension of threaded control applied to overlay. This project defines methods to quantify the efficacy of threaded controls, finds the drawbacks of threaded control under production of high mix of semiconductors and suggests extensions and alternatives to improve threaded control. To evaluate the performance of threaded control, extensive simulations were performed in MATLAB. The effects of noise, disturbances, sampling and delays on the control and estimation performance of threaded controller were studied through these simulations. Based on the results obtained, several ideas to extend threaded control by reducing overall number of threads, by improving thread definitions and combination have been introduced. A unique idea of sampling the measurements dynamically based on the estimation accuracy is also presented. Future work includes implementing the extensions to threaded control suggested in this work in real production data and comparing the results without the use of those methods. Future work also includes building new alternatives to threaded control. / text

Production system development is challenging for manufacturing companies, and development of HMLV production cells entails additional challenges. Thus, the aim of this study is to support the development of a HMLV production cell, and the following research questions were asked: RQ1: What are the challenges of developing a HMLV production cell? RQ2: What are the critical factors to consider when developing a HMLV production cell? RQ3: How can the development of a HMLV production cell be supported? A literature review in combination with a case study were performed to fulfill the aim and answer the research questions. The literature review was conducted to gain knowledge from previous studies, whilst the case study was performed to complement the theoretical findings. The selected case is the development of a HMLV production cell in the department of engine machining at Scania, which is planned to perform production activities for various departments of Scania. The primary data was collected through observations and interviews. The identified challenges of developing a HMLV production cell were production planning, utilization of equipment, product quality and material flow. The identified critical factors to consider when developing a HMLV production cell were production flexibility, production competence, production technology, pilot production, manufacturing strategy, order management system and standardization. The identified challenges of developing a HMLV production cell and the critical factors to consider when developing a HMLV production cell can support manufacturing companies by informing what challenges to expect prior to developing a HMLV production cell, and what critical factors can mitigate these challenges. Two ways of supporting the development of a HMLV production cell are recommended to Scania: creating a structured order management system and performing a pilot production for the milling operation of the core box reparation process. During this study, it was discovered that different HMLV production cells have different capabilities, challenges, and therefore also different critical factors. As such, recommendation for further research is to investigate how the development of different types of HMLV production cells can be supported by using a multiple case study research design, and to compare the challenges and critical factors for the development for the different types of HMLV production cells.

Os conceitos e técnicas da produção enxuta têm sido aplicados, de forma cada vez mais abrangente, pelas organizações em todo o mundo. Muitas histórias de sucesso remetem a sua aplicação em empresas que operam em condições similares ao da Toyota: produção repetitiva de itens e demanda relativamente estável. Porém, esses conceitos e técnicas podem ser aplicados em outros ambientes produtivos, sendo importante entendê-los e adaptá-los, quando necessário, às condições particulares de cada empresa. Este trabalho propõe recomendações que auxiliam na aplicação da produção enxuta em empresas fabricantes de produtos sob encomenda. Essas empresas possuem um ambiente produtivo caracterizado por uma alta variedade e baixo volume; características que contribuem para uma descrença em relação aos possíveis benefícios que a produção enxuta pode proporcionar na melhoria do desempenho dessas empresas. O objetivo deste trabalho é evidenciar a aplicabilidade e os benefícios da produção enxuta nessas empresas e, por meio das recomendações, fomentar sua aplicação em empresas com características semelhantes às estudadas. As recomendações elaboradas são baseadas num levantamento bibliográfico e em estudos de casos em empresas, fabricantes de produtos sob encomenda, pertencentes ao aglomerado industrial de Sertãozinho. Essas recomendações foram legitimadas por especialistas no assunto e por funcionários das empresas estudadas. Por fim, conclui-se que muitos dos conceitos e técnicas da produção enxuta são aplicáveis nos ambientes produtivos de alta variedade e baixo volume podendo contribuir de forma significativa para a melhoria do desempenho das empresas, para a melhoria contínua e, consequente, melhoria da competitividade do aglomerado industrial. O que se percebe é que a baixa aplicação nessas empresas é decorrente, principalmente, de aspectos relacionados a características organizacionais que da própria natureza do ambiente produtivo. / The concepts and techniques of lean production have been applied in an ever more comprehensive by organizations around the world. Most applications have been to high volume, and relatively standardized products. However, the lean production can be applied in other production environments, it is important to understand its concepts and techniques and adapt them to particular conditions of each company. This paper proposes recommendations for the implementation of concepts and techniques of lean production in companies of an industrial cluster. These companies have a production environment characterized by a high-variety and low volume items; characteristics that contribute to a disbelief about the potential benefits that this implementation can provide in improving the performance of these companies. The aim of this work is to show the applicability and benefits of lean production in this environment. The recommendations were elaborated by reviewing the literature about lean production and case studies in companies of the industrial cluster of Sertãozinho. The recommendations proposed were legitimized by subject matter experts and employees of the companies studied. The results show the concepts and techniques of lean production can be successfully implemented in a high-variety/low-volume context resulting in benefits to companies, and the low level of implementation in this environment is mainly related to organizational issues.

Os conceitos e técnicas da produção enxuta têm sido aplicados, de forma cada vez mais abrangente, pelas organizações em todo o mundo. Muitas histórias de sucesso remetem a sua aplicação em empresas que operam em condições similares ao da Toyota: produção repetitiva de itens e demanda relativamente estável. Porém, esses conceitos e técnicas podem ser aplicados em outros ambientes produtivos, sendo importante entendê-los e adaptá-los, quando necessário, às condições particulares de cada empresa. Este trabalho propõe recomendações que auxiliam na aplicação da produção enxuta em empresas fabricantes de produtos sob encomenda. Essas empresas possuem um ambiente produtivo caracterizado por uma alta variedade e baixo volume; características que contribuem para uma descrença em relação aos possíveis benefícios que a produção enxuta pode proporcionar na melhoria do desempenho dessas empresas. O objetivo deste trabalho é evidenciar a aplicabilidade e os benefícios da produção enxuta nessas empresas e, por meio das recomendações, fomentar sua aplicação em empresas com características semelhantes às estudadas. As recomendações elaboradas são baseadas num levantamento bibliográfico e em estudos de casos em empresas, fabricantes de produtos sob encomenda, pertencentes ao aglomerado industrial de Sertãozinho. Essas recomendações foram legitimadas por especialistas no assunto e por funcionários das empresas estudadas. Por fim, conclui-se que muitos dos conceitos e técnicas da produção enxuta são aplicáveis nos ambientes produtivos de alta variedade e baixo volume podendo contribuir de forma significativa para a melhoria do desempenho das empresas, para a melhoria contínua e, consequente, melhoria da competitividade do aglomerado industrial. O que se percebe é que a baixa aplicação nessas empresas é decorrente, principalmente, de aspectos relacionados a características organizacionais que da própria natureza do ambiente produtivo. / The concepts and techniques of lean production have been applied in an ever more comprehensive by organizations around the world. Most applications have been to high volume, and relatively standardized products. However, the lean production can be applied in other production environments, it is important to understand its concepts and techniques and adapt them to particular conditions of each company. This paper proposes recommendations for the implementation of concepts and techniques of lean production in companies of an industrial cluster. These companies have a production environment characterized by a high-variety and low volume items; characteristics that contribute to a disbelief about the potential benefits that this implementation can provide in improving the performance of these companies. The aim of this work is to show the applicability and benefits of lean production in this environment. The recommendations were elaborated by reviewing the literature about lean production and case studies in companies of the industrial cluster of Sertãozinho. The recommendations proposed were legitimized by subject matter experts and employees of the companies studied. The results show the concepts and techniques of lean production can be successfully implemented in a high-variety/low-volume context resulting in benefits to companies, and the low level of implementation in this environment is mainly related to organizational issues.

L'industrie des semi-conducteurs est caractérisée par une production de forte variabilité et de faible volume, des flux de production ré-entrants ainsi que d'un processus de fabrication complexe. Au sein de ce contexte industriel complexe, a été considéré un problème de planification à capacité finie. C'est le problème de projection des encours de production et des commandes clients à capacité finie. Il s'agit d’estimerles dates de début, les temps d'attente et les dates de fin de chacun des steps des différents lots ainsi que la charge accumulée sur les équipements. Cette projection doit tenir compte des contraintes de capacité et qualifications des équipements et des dates d'échéance de livraison des lots. La contrainte de qualification définit l'éligibilité d'un équipement à traiter un produit. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette étude consiste à établir un plan de production réalisable à moyen terme. Afin de réaliser cet objectif, des méthodes exactes et approchées sont proposées. Des résultats en termes de complexité, et d'algorithmes de résolution, ont permis une application industrielle, dans la mesure où un logiciel de planification de la production à capacité finie a été développé. / In this study, we consider the problem of production planning in the semiconductor industry characterized by high mix low volume production, reentrant flows and complex manufacturing process.The aim of this work is to establish a feasible production schedule that takes into account the limited capacity of the manufacturing system, equipment qualifications constraints and delivery due dates. In this context, we have formulated the objective and constraints in a mixed linear program (MIP). The objective of the MIP is to minimize delivery delays to guarantee on-time delivery. While executing different tests of the MIP, we have reached a limit of resolution in a reasonable time. Thus, we use an approximate method to solve the problem. The results show the effectiveness of the heuristic established as solution quality and time resolution.The obtained results led to an industrial application and a software that provides feasible schedules in reduced execution time in a specific fab.

This thesis report is the final element of the Master of Science degree in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology, conducted between January and September 2017 at Saab AB Surveillance in Järfälla, Sweden. The purpose of this thesis project was to analyze the current situation inside production of aftermarket products with an aim to create an extensive mapping of the current situation. Resulting in suggestions for improvements to stabilize the production and creating integration between the aftermarket and new production.   Products produced at Saab Järfälla are used in military defense applications where the larger systems in electronic warfare (EW) and countermeasure systems have very long life cycles, i.e. up to 40 years, and are being used in harsh environments. The products have to be maintained through various service agreements to include support with repairs, maintenance, supplies and transports between Saab and the client. One of these service agreements has a demanded net average lead time of N+12 days between Saab’s facilities and the client whereas N days inside the Järfälla production site. Mapping the situation and handling all the product information in a production with high-mix, low-volume characteristics have not been easy. The aftermarket processes inside Järfälla include diagnosing, reparation, assembling and testing to ensure the performance of the products. The aftermarket shares resources with the production of newly manufactured products which is one of the reasons creating a vast difference in the lead times standard deviation. Other reasons such as information handling, priority inference, flexibility issues and bad visual management has been the effect of causing delays in the production.   The thesis project has been conducted through a development process using various methods for mapping the current situation and to come up with new ideas to improve the situation. Starting with a search in available literature and research about HMLV production, aftermarket situations and lean principles, onto using well-known methods for analyzing such as value stream mapping, Ishikawa diagrams and data collection to form a requirement specification for the upcoming solutions.   As a result, in the analysis of the current state, the fact that the processes itself works almost flawlessly shows that causes for delays and lack of stability lies between the operations. Thereby through ideation, evaluation and further development towards the conducted requirement specification, a solution to start with is to make sure the visual management works. A solution creating a complete overview of the production between all operations integrating new products with aftermarket using a new kind of visual production control boards. These visual production control boards will help prioritizing using FIFO queues and daily meetings, seeing capacity demands and troubles easy by stacking station- or areawise and also create an altogether working flow together with the current layout of the production site.   Further recommendations include further development of these visual production control boards together with implementing a CONWIP planning and control principle using wagons, standardize communications and continuously become more transparent inside the company. The proposed solutions might not guarantee N days inside the Järfälla production site but it will help operators, planners and management to easier locate problems and allocate capacity to increase the flexibility of the production. / Detta examensarbete är det sista delen på civilingenjörsprogrammet Teknisk Design vid Luleå tekniska universitet, ett arbete som genomfördes mellan januari och september 2017 hos Saab AB Surveillance i Järfälla, Sverige. Syftet med examensarbete var att utföra en nulägesanalys över eftermarknadsproduktionen för att senare kunna ge förslag på förbättringar och kunna hjälpa till att skapa integration mellan eftermarknadsproduktion och produktionen av nya produkter.   Produkter som produceras av Saab i Järfälla används i militära försvarssammanhang där de större systemen inom elektronisk krigsföring (EW) och motåtgärder har mycket långa livscykler, t.ex. upp till 40 år och används i mycket krävande miljöer. Därmed har produkterna olika omfattande serviceavtal för inkludera support med reparationer, underhåll, leverans och transporter mellan Saab och kund. Ett av dessa serviceavtal kräver en genomsnittlig netto ledtid på N+12 dagar mellan kund och Saab för reparation varav N dagar maximalt hos produktionen i Saab Järfälla. Kartläggningen av situationen och hanteringen av all produktinformation i en produktion med hög variation och låg volym har inte varit lätt. Eftermarknadsprocesserna inom Järfälla inkluderar diagnostisering, reparation, montering och testning för att säkerställa produktens prestanda. Eftermarknaden delar även resurser med produktion av nyframställda produkter vilket är en av anledningarna till att skapa en stor skillnad i ledtidens standardavvikelse. Andra orsaker som informationshantering, prioritetsinferens, flexibilitetsproblem och dålig visuell hantering har medfört förseningar i produktionen.   Projektet har genomförts genom en utvecklingsprocess med olika metoder för att kartlägga den nuvarande situationen och att komma med nya idéer för att förbättra situationen. Det startade med en sökning i tillgänglig litteratur och forskning om HMLV-produktion, eftermarknadssituationer och lean principer, på att använda välkända metoder för att analysera som value stream mapping, Ishikawa diagram och datainsamling för att skapa en kravspecifikation för kommande lösningar.   Som ett resultat visar det faktum att processerna själva fungerar nästan felfritt och att orsakerna till förseningar och bristen på stabilitet ligger istället mellan operationerna. Därigenom genom idégenerering, utvärdering och vidareutveckling mot den genomförda kravspecifikationen, är en lösning till att börja med att se till att den visuella hanteringen fungerar. En framställd lösning som skapar en fullständig översikt över produktionen mellan alla verksamheter som integrerar nya produkter med eftermarknaden med hjälp av en ny typ av visuella produktionsstyrningstavlor. Dessa visuella produktionsstyrningstavlorna kommer att bidra till att hjälpa prioritera genom att använda sig av FIFO-köer och dagliga möten, eftersom kapacitetsbehov och problem är enkla genom att istället stapla station- eller områdesvis och skapa ett helt arbetsflöde tillsammans med produktionsplatsens nuvarande layout.   Ytterligare rekommendationer inkluderar vidareutveckling av dessa visuella produktionsstyrningstavlorna tillsammans med implementering av en CONWIP planerings- och kontrollprincip med hjälp av vagnar, standardisering av kommunikationer och att kontinuerligt bli mer transparenta inom företaget. Lösningarna kan inte helt garantera N dagar på Järfällas produktionsplats, men det kommer att hjälpa operatörer, planerare och ledare att lättare hitta problem och fördela kapacitet för att öka produktionens flexibilitet.

The automotive industry is responsible for substantial emissions and is therefore transitioning to the new market of electromobility. With changing market conditions and uncertain demand, frequent product launches and customization are increasingly common. Responsiveness has also gained importance, which is why one way to manage the constant change is to use High-Mix-Low-Volume (HMLV) assembly lines. These produce multiple products but at lower volumes, and are characterized by their reconfigurability, i.e., capability to adapt their capacity as well as functionality. The HMLV assembly lines often have high product and process complexity. As a result, standardization and automation of the processes become difficult to realize. Instead, they are dependent on multi-skilled operators and flexible equipment to ensure high quality. Still, the industry continues progressing towards automation and connectivity. Industry 4.0 may facilitate this objective, as well as enhanced reconfigurability and quality in assembly, but despite the increasing interest in the field on Industry 4.0 and related concepts, there is limited research on its potential application for HMLV assembly lines. This report therefore studies the potential of Industry 4.0 to be implemented as a way to combine the strive for increased digitalization with the demand for customization and responsiveness. More specifically, the aim was to provide insights on how Industry 4.0 can improve process reconfigurability and quality in HMLV assembly lines, and to investigate the enablers and barriers to its implementation. To do this, a semi-structured literature review and a multi-case study were conducted. In total, six cases of varying characteristics were investigated through a series of unstructured and semi-structured interviews, site visits and direct observations. Industry 4.0 is built on Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), which revolves around the integration of physical and digital assets in the manufacturing process. It was found that Industry 4.0 components could improve the reconfigurability and quality at HMLV assembly lines. The literature review presented a framework consisting of six features of reconfigurability: modularity, customization, scalability, convertibility, integrability and diagnosability. Most of these could directly or indirectly be enhanced by Industry 4.0 applications. For example, standardized interfaces in hardware and software were deemed essential for integrability. Mobile modular workstations such as AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles) were examples of a key asset for scalability and convertibility. Availability, accessibility, and accuracy in data from operations, and effective analytics of the data, could improve modularity and customization. It could also improve diagnosability through predictive maintenance. Connectivity was a prerequisite for systematic data management which could also positively impact the quality. Data enabled a better understanding of processes and was the first step towards improvement. Having real-time data and visualizing it could lead to optimized planning and to addressing issues such as deviations close to the source. Another technology which could improve quality was for example augmented reality for operator training. Several enablers and barriers for Industry 4.0 implementation were identified. The most important enablers were the current paradigm shift towards digitalization, the alignment with agile working ways, collaboration between IT (agile) and production (waterfall/lean), and the synergy between reconfigurable systems and Industry 4.0 implementation. The most prevalent barriers were the lack of IT resources in production, legacy systems and equipment with established ways of working, and the integration of a segregated portfolio of systems. Finally, a recommendation is that all parts of the production system should be reconfigurable: equipment, systems and operators, and the way of working should be compatible with the philosophy. / Fordonsindustrin står för omfattande utsläpp och genomgår därför en övergång till den nya marknaden e-mobilitet. Med förändrande marknadsvillkor och osäker efterfrågan är frekventa produktlanseringar och specialanpassade produkter vanligt förekommande. Responsivitet har också blivit allt viktigare, varför en vanlig lösning för att möta konstant förändring är genom användandet av monteringslinor med hög mix och låg volym (HMLV). Dessa linor producerar flera olika produkter av lägre volym och karaktäriseras av sin rekonfigurerbarhet, det vill säga deras förmåga att anpassa sin kapacitet såväl som funktionalitet. Denna typ av monteringslinor har ofta hög produkt- och processkomplexitet vilket resulterar i att standardisering och automation av processerna blir svårt att realisera. Istället är de beroende av skickliga operatörer samt flexibel utrustning för att säkerställa hög kvalitet. Trenden är dock att industrin går mot högre nivåer av automation och uppkoppling. Industri 4.0 skulle kunna möjliggöra dessa mål, samt bidra till ökad rekonfigurerbarhet och kvalitet i montering, men trots det ökande intresset inom området Industri 4.0 och relaterade koncept är forskningen gällande dess potentiella tillämpning i HMLV monteringslinor begränsad. Denna rapport studerar därför potentialen för Industri 4.0 att tillämpas som ett sätt att kombinera strävan mot digitalisering med efterfrågan av specialanpassade produkter och responsivitet. Mer specifikt ämnar rapporten ge inblick i hur Industri 4.0 kan förbättra rekonfigurerbarheten och kvaliteten i monteringslinor med hög mix och låg volym, och att utreda både möjliggörande och hindrande faktorer för dess implementering. Metoden som använts för att göra detta har varit en semistrukturerad litteraturstudie samt en flerfallsstudie. Totalt studerades sex fall genom en serie ostrukturerade och semistrukturerade intervjuer, studiebesök och observationer. Industri 4.0 bygger på principen om cyberfysiska system, vilket handlar om integration av fysiska och digitala komponenter i tillverkningsprocessen. Det visade sig att komponenter av Industri 4.0 på flera sätt kan förbättra rekonfigurerbarhet och kvalitet för HMLV monteringslinor. Litteraturstudien presenterade ett ramverk bestående av sex egenskaper för att uppnå rekonfigurerbarhet. Dessa var: modularitet, specialanpassning, skalbarhet, konverterbarhet, integrerbarhet och diagnostiserbarhet. Majoriteten av dessa kunde direkt eller indirekt främjas med hjälp av Industri 4.0-applikationer. Exempelvis bedömdes standardiserade gränssnitt i hård- och mjukvara vara väsentligt för integrerbarhet. Mobila, modulära arbetsstationer såsom AGVer (Automatic Guided Vehicles) var exempel på en nyckeltillgång för skalbarhet och konverterbarhet. Tillgång till giltig data och effektiv analys av datan kunde förbättra modularitet och specialanpassning. Det kunde också förbättra diagnostiserbarheten genom proaktivt underhållsarbete av maskiner. Uppkoppling sågs som en förutsättning för systematisk datahantering vilket också kunde ha en positiv inverkan på kvaliteten. Data möjliggjorde ökad förståelse för processer och var därmed ett första steg mot förbättringar. Med hjälp av realtidsdata och visualisering av denna kunde planering optimeras och avvikelser adresseras nära källan. Ytterligare teknik som kunde förbättra kvalitet var exempelvis augmented reality (AR) för effektiv träning av operatörer. Ett flertal möjliggörande och hindrande faktorer för tillämpning av Industri 4.0 identifierades. De viktigaste möjliggörarna var den rådande digitaliseringen, samarbete mellan IT (agilt) och produktion (waterfall/lean), synergier mellan rekonfigurerbara system och Industri 4.0-implementering samt mellan Industri 4.0 och agila arbetssätt. De viktigaste barriärerna var brist på IT-resurser i produktion, utdaterade system och utrustning, samt integreringen mellan en uppsjö av skilda system. Slutligen presenterades rekommendationer, varav ett centralt råd var att alla delar av ett produktionssystem, det vill säga utrustning, system och operatörer, bör göras rekonfigurerbara.