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<p>The modern coastline provides few clues as to the ancient harbour configuration since Kalamianos has been partially submerged by > 6 m of relative sea-level rise since the Early Helladic. In 2009, a detailed marine geophysical survey and underwater diver search was conducted in the inshore waters to identify potential anchorage sites and to examine evidence for coastal subsidence. Single-beam bathymetry and magnetic gradiometer data were acquired and integrated within a detailed digital bathymetric model (DBM).</p> <p>The DBM revealed two submerged beachrock platforms (BR-1, BR-2) paralleling the modern shoreline and a submerged isthmus connecting the mainland with small island 200 m offshore. The BR-1 platform (3.5-3.7 m depth) contained abundant Late Helladic (LH; 1300-1190 BC) pottery sherds (30-50%) and wood charcoal fragments.¹⁴C dating of the extracted charcoal yielded an AMS ¹⁴C uncalibrated age of 3250±40 BP, consistent with the LH ceramics. The BR-2 platform (5.8-5.9 m depth) contained less pottery (<20%) and included well-preserved fragments of Early Helladic (EH) jars.</p> <p>The beachrock elevations and ¹⁴C and pottery ages were used to reconstruct a sea level curve and a series of paleogeographic maps of the EH to LH shorelines. The presence of abundant pottery and wood charcoal in the BR-1 beachrock indicates that shipping activity during the LH was focused at the south end of the site in a western harbour basin. This is supported by magnetic gradiometer results, which identified several magnetic anomalies in the western harbour basin. These were investigated by diver search and found to be concentrations of ship ballast stones (mainly andesite) and clay pottery.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

The Mycenaeans used writing for a variety of administrative purposes. The archaeological evidence for writing suggests that it was a highly restricted technology. Mycenaeans used the Linear B script to write clay tablets, inscribe sealings, and paint on vessels. There is evidence to suggest that ephemeral documents of parchment or papyrus also were used for writing. In most of these instances, writing recorded economic transactions involving the material wealth of the state. The only exception is a small number of open-shaped vessels that are likely inscribed with personal names. The Linear B script is often blamed for the restriction of writing by the Mycenaeans. This open-syllabic script does not well represent the sound of spoken Greek, and requires the frequent use of dummy vowels and the omission of consonants at the end of syllables. Studies in literacy theory, however, suggest that script usage, reading, and writing are dictated by social factors and by need, rather than by forces supposedly inherent in the script itself. Writing was restricted because Mycenaean society dictated a restricted use. The sealings and tablets, which are found at several sites throughout mainland Greece and Crete, are small in size and are found almost exclusively in administrative contexts, in buildings that have functions in central administration. Writing is never found in public displays, as it is in the contemporary Near East. There was no intent to familiarize the Mycenaean populace with the technology of writing. Training in literacy likewise appears to have been highly restrictive, with new individuals being taught by scribes on an ad hoc, individualized basis. The loyalty of scribes to the king would have been essential. The sealings and tablets record the material wealth of the kingdom that was under the management of central administration. Furthermore, the contents of the tablets are not countermarked by seal impressions that would confirm their authenticity. Scribes would have been among the king’s closest administrators and members of the elite. The restriction of writing would ensure that all written words were legitimate, as they could only be written by the most trusted individuals in the kingdom. / text

It is now widely acknowledged that the Greek epic tradition, best known from Homer, dates back into the Mycenaean Age, and that certain aspects of epic language point to an origin for this type of verse before the date of the extant Linear B tablets. This thesis argues that not only is this so, but that indeed before the end of the Mycenaean Age epic verse was composed in a distinctive literary language characterized by the presence of alternative forms used for metrical convenience. Such alternatives included dialectal variants and forms which were retained in epic once obsolete in everyday speech. Thus epic language in the 2nd millennium already possessed some of the most distinctive characteristics manifest in its Homeric incarnation, namely the presence of doublets and the retention of archaisms. It is argued here that the most probable source for accretions to epic language was at all times the spoken language familiar to the poets of the tradition. There is reason to believe that certain archaic forms, attested only in epic and its imitators, were obsolete in spoken Greek before 1200 B.C.; by examining formulae containing such forms it is possible to determine the likely subject-matter of 2nd millennium epic. Such a linguistic analysis leads to the conclusion that much of the thematic content of Homeric epic corresponds to that of 2nd millennium epic. Non-Homeric early dactylic verse (e.g. the Hesiodic corpus) provides examples of both non-Homeric dialect forms and of archaisms unknown from Homer. This fact, it is argued, points to the conclusion that the 2nd millennium linguistic heritage of epic is evident also from these poems, and that they are not simply imitations of Homer, but independent representatives of the same poetic tradition whose roots lie in the 2nd millennium epic.

This master thesis deals with middle bronze age and late bronze age pottery from site Emporio on Chios island. The aim of the thesis is to review older excavation that was provided by British School at Athens under direction of Sinclair Hood. The focus is set on new sorting of pottery mainly from Areas D and F, description, style analysis and making new Catalogue. Important contribution is new dating of stratigraphic contexts and ceramic material as well as newly published fragments of pottery. In the following chapters author also discusses relations with areas outside Chios based on analogies of ceramic finds.

When looking at Dark Age Greece, one of the most important sites to consider is Athens. The Dark Age was a transitional period between the fall of Mycenaean Greece of the Bronze Age, and Archaic Greece of the Iron Age. This period is called the Dark Age because the palaces that ruled the Mycenaean age collapsed, and with them fell civilization in mainland Greece. Writing, fine art, massive architecture, trade, and luxury goods disappear from mainland Greece. But Athens survived the fall of the Mycenaeans. In order to understand the reason why Athens survived one must look at what the causes of the fall of the Mycenaeans were. Theories range from raiders and invasion, to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, droughts, and plagues. One must also examine Greece itself. The landscape and climate of Greece have a large impact on the settlement of the Greeks. The land of Greece also affects what Greek communities were able to do economically, whether a city would be rich or poor. It is because Athens is located in Attica that it survived. Attica had the poorest soil in the Mycenaean world, and was the poorest of the major cities, therefore, when looking at the collapse of the Mycenaeans being caused by people, there would be no reason for said people to raid or invade Athens and Attica. It is because Athens survives that it is such an important site. Athens survived the fall of the Mycenaeans and in doing so acts as a refugee center and a jumping off point for the remaining Mycenaeans to flee east, to the Aegean islands and Anatolia. Athens also stayed occupied during the Dark Age and because of this it was able to make some advancements. In particular Athens was a leader in mainland Greece in the development of iron. Not only this, but Athens became a cultural center during the Dark Age, inventing both proto-geometric and geometric pottery. These styles were adopted by the rest of the Greek world, and Athens was looked to as the influence for these styles. It is because Athens was the poorest city and Attica the poorest area during the Mycenaean age that it survived. Because it survived it was able to continue to develop and in turn influence the rest of mainland Greece.

This thesis proposes to evaluate the impact of factors such as trade, circumscribed resources, and growing militarism upon the development of social complexity in LBA Argolis, and to what extent these factors may be invoked as triggering mechanisms--or prime movers--in the rise of palatial society in the Argive plain towards the end of the 15th century B.C., during the LH III A-B period. / It is argued that the most plausible model for the rise of palatial society in LBA Argolis is one which acknowledges the interrelations and processes of feedback between these factors, of which trade and militarism may have been original motivating factors. / Finally, it is suggested that the need to organize resource procurement and distribution were instrumental in the emergence of the Mycenaean palatial centers of LBA Argolis.

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Liverpool, 1979. / Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (p. 367-415).

Notre thèse traite de l’histoire des sanctuaires et de l’évolution des cultes et de la mythologie cycladiques dans la transition, qui conduit de la fin du monde mycénien à la Grèce classique. Notre première partie (pp. 13-445) est constituée d’une suite de monographies retraçant les changements, qui affectent les habitats et les places cultuelles des différentes îles de l’archipel entre le XIIe et le VIe siècle av. J.-C.. La deuxième partie (pp. 446-558) contient un essai de synthèse et une interprétation des données présentées auparavant. Plus exactement, une réflexion sur les mécanismes de recomposition de l’héritage religieux de l’âge du bronze, qui participent à la définition des panthéons insulaires archaïques. La troisième partie (pp. 559-628) est un essai d’anthropologie religieuse, dans lequel est examinée la notion de création dans la mythologie des Cyclades, à la recherche d’un imaginaire insulaire. Le premier chapitre commence par l’analyse et l’interprétation de la Cosmogonie de Phérécyde de Syros. Le second chapitre vise à mettre en évidence de quelle façon les thèmes symboliques spécifiques au système de Phérécyde se retrouvent également déclinés dans les autres mythes régionaux et trouvent leur origines dans les cultes agraires locaux les plus anciens. / The topic of our thesis is the history of the sanctuaries, and the evolution of the worships and mythology in the transition, which leads end of the Mycenaean world to classical Greece. Our first part (pp. 13-445) makes up of a continuation of monographs recalling the changes, which affect the settlements and the worship places of the various islands of the archipelago between XIIe to VIe Century B.C. The second part (pp. 446-558) contains a test of synthesis and an interpretation of the data presented before. More exactly, a reflection on the mechanisms of recombining of the religious heritage of the Bronze Age, which take part in the definition of archaic insulars pantheons. The third part (pp. 559-628) is an assai of religious anthropology, in which the concept of creation in the mythology of Cyclades is examined, in the search of an islander imaginary. The first chapter starts with the analysis and the interpretation of the Cosmogony of Pherekydes of Syros. The second chapter aims at highlighting how the topics symbolic systems specific to the system of Pherekydes are also found declined in the other regional myths and find their origin in the local agrarian worships oldest.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished