The Mobile INTernet router (MINT for short) is a core element of the Walkstation II Project. Its purpose is to link via a radio resource one or many mobile hosts, the latter are either independant or connected together forming a isolated subnetwork. The MINT has a communication device consisting of an Ethernet Controller and a radio tranceiver, currently working at 2GHz. The RadioNet Driver, a device driver is used control these pieces of hardware. Progress has been slow. Initial work involved exploring the MINT's programming environment (cross-compiler, debugger) and doing some experiments with the MINTs. Next, a dummy RadioNet driver was written to become familiar with programming in the (SunOS) kernel. Then the LANCE driver for the MACH kernel was modified, resulting in the RadioNet driver. This talk will decribe the tools and the current status of the RadioNet driver. / <p>Just as for Markus Oelhafen's thesis, Pascal was an exchange student with EURECOM, so I do not know the credits or even if he was registered at KTH.</p>

This thesis investigates the constancy of light speed with respect to the light age using an active fiber-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) illuminated by sunlight. The original sunlight in one arm, which has the age of 8.3 minutes since it was emitted from the sun, interferes with the young light generated by stimulated emission from an optical amplifier in the other arm, which is coherent to the sunlight. The speed difference between the sunlight and the newly regenerated light is obtained by measuring the phase variations as the interference signal travels along a span of single-mode fiber. System error is eliminated by the self-calibration which is achieved by alternatively switching other two local amplified spontaneous emission light sources and the sunlight as the input to the MZI, and then comparing the measured phase differences of these three sources. The relative accuracy of light speed measurement is . Consider the 8.3 minutes age of the sunlight, for a possible variation of light speed of c with light age in optical fiber, we obtainĢc/c is less than 1.7 / Master of Science

This dissertation work investigates the effects of earthquake rupture complexity and heterogeneities in Earth structure on near-field ground-motions. More specifically, we address two key issues in seismology: (1) near-field ground-shaking variability as function of distance and azimuth for unilateral directive ruptures, and (2) impact of rupture complexity and seismic scattering on Mach wave coherence associated with supershear rupture propagation. We examine earthquake ground-motion variability associated with unilateral ruptures based on ground-motion simulations of the MW 7.3 1992 Landers earthquake, eight simplified source models, and a MW 7.8 rupture simulation (ShakeOut) for the San Andreas fault. Our numerical modeling reveals that the ground-shaking variability in near-fault distances (< 20 km) is larger than that given by empirical ground motion prediction equations. In addition, the variability decreases with increasing distance from the source, exhibiting a power-law decay. The high near-field variability can be explained by strong directivity effects whose influence weaken as we move away from the fault. At the same time, the slope of the power-law decay is found to be dominantly controlled by slip heterogeneity. Furthermore, the ground-shaking variability is high in the rupture propagation direction whereas low in the directions perpendicular to it. However, the variability expressed as a function of azimuth is not only sensitive to slip heterogeneity, but also to rupture velocity. To study Mach wave coherence for supershear ruptures, we consider heterogeneities in rupture parameters (variations in slip, rise time and rupture speed) and 3D scattering media having small-scale random heterogeneities. The Mach wave coherence is reduced at near-fault distances (< 10 km) by the source heterogeneities. At the larger distances from the source, medium scattering plays the dominant role in reducing the Mach wave coherence. Combined effect of the source and medium heterogeneities on the supershear ruptures produce peak ground accelerations consistent with the estimates from empirical ground motion prediction equations. Therefore, we suggest that supershear ruptures may be more common in nature than detected.

<p> An optical temperature sensor and Fourier spectrometer, working in the 1550nm telecommunications wavelength range, were fabricated in silicon-on-insulator. Both devices were based on asymmetric Mach-Zehnder Interferometer waveguide geometries. The temperature sensor underwent a two phase design. The various asymmetry factors, due to different path length differences, of the Mach-Zehnder arms resulted in different levels of temperature sensitivity, which in turn was the driving mechanism behind the Fourier spectrometer. Due to the asymmetry of the Mach-Zehnder arms, there exists an inherent optical path length difference which is further changed with temperature variation due to the thermo-optic effect. The phase I temperature sensor showed an accuracy of 1-2°C and a sensitivity of 0.5°C for ΔL of 37.23μm and 23.46μm, respectively. The phase II temperature sensor design, which allowed for self normalization, resulted in a 1°C temperature accuracy and a 0.5°C sensitivity for a ΔL of 27.85μm. Both the phase I and II temperature sensors showed repeatable and stable results for the temperature range of 20-100°C, and agreed well with the theoretical design performance. Upon analysis of the highly asymmetric Mach-Zehnder designs it was found that both the 1.05cm and 3.05cm path length differences resulted in a temperature accuracy of 0.1°C, with a 0.05°C sensitivity over a small temperature range.</p> <p> The Fourier spectrometer exhibited decent agreeability with theoretical design performance and demonstrated proof of concept. A 1.05cm path length difference was insufficient to resolve two wavelengths at 1546.12nm and 1564.68nm, which agreed with the theoretical model. However, the 3.05cm ΔL was sufficient to resolve the two wavelengths in a repeatable manner.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Literature about two illusions that are traditionally linked to lateral inhibitory processes in the retina is surveyed. Despite much research and a long history, the Mach bands illusion has not yet been very well-understood. Quantitative data is lacking, while qualitative data is controversial. The Hennann Grid illusion, equally old, has not yet been fully explored either. A critical and a comparative review of the experiments and the conclusions is carried out, noting common results as well as contradictory ones. New experiments and a different method of measurement are then proposed. Some preliminary experiments and their results are included in the appendix together with a review of recent knowledge about the primate retina and its functioning. / Master of Science

Neste trabalho foram produzidos Interferômetros Mach-Zehnder (IMZ) a partir de guias de onda do tipo pedestal com filmes finos de Bi&#8322;O&#8323;-WO&#8323;-TeO&#8322; (BWT) como camada de núcleo para aplicações em sensores ópticos integrados. A influência dos parâmetros e dos materiais utilizados nas etapas de processo foi verificada. Os valores de índice de refração efetivo e coeficiente de absorção em função do comprimento de onda foram obtidos para os filmes finos BWT. Os guias de onda pedestais foram caracterizados por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, medidas de perda por propagação e perfis de campo próximo em 633 nm e 1050 nm. Os valores mínimos obtidos nas perdas por propagação foram de ~1,5 dB/cm em 633 nm e 3,0 dB/cm em 1050 nm. As medidas de perfis de campo próximo mostraram que guias de onda com larguras superiores a 7 m apresentaram comportamento multimodo. Foram obtidos IMZs que apresentaram guiamento de luz por toda a estrutura, com comportamento multimodo. Sensores ópticos de pressão e temperatura foram produzidos. A fabricação de diafragmas através do processo de corrosão úmida do silício é apresentada no sensor de pressão. Sensores ópticos de temperatura foram produzidos com filamentos metálicos. As cavidades ópticas não foram obtidas nesse sensor. A potência de luz na saída dos sensores de temperatura foi medida em função da diferença de potencial aplicada no filamento metálico. Os resultados apresentados mostram que guias de onda do tipo pedestal produzidos com núcleo de BWT são promissores para aplicações em sensores ópticos integrados. / In this work Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZI) were produced from the pedestal-type waveguides with Bi&#8322;O&#8323;-WO&#8323;-TeO&#8322; (BWT) thin films as the core layer for applications in integrated optical sensors. The influence of the parameters and materials used in the process steps was verified. The values of the effective refractive index and absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength were obtained for the BWT thin films. The pedestal waveguides were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, by propagation loss measurements and near-field profiles at 633 nm and 1050 nm. The minimum values obtained by propagation losses were ~ 1.5 dB/cm at 633 nm and 3.0 dB/cm at 1050 nm. The measures of near-field profiles showed that waveguides with widths larger than 7 m presented multimode behavior. The MZIs obtained presented guiding light through the structure, with multimode behavior. Optical pressure sensors and temperature sensors were produced. The production of diaphragms using the wet etching process of silicon is presented on the pressure sensor. Optical temperature sensors were made with metallic filaments. Optical cavities were not obtained in this sensor. The light power in the output of the temperature sensors was measured as the voltage applied to the metal filament. The results show that the waveguides produced with pedestal-type and BWT thin films as core layer are promising for applications in integrated optical sensors.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de sensores químicos ópticos baseados no Interferômetro Mach-Zehnder (MZI) para aplicações em análises químicas e ambientais. Tais dispositivos foram implementados a partir da fabricação de guias de ondas sobre um substrato de silício monocristalino. Os guias de onda foram obtidos através da deposição de filmes finos de nitreto de silício (Si3N4) e óxido de silício (SiO2) obtidos por técnicas de deposição química a vapor (CVD) e pela oxidação térmica do substrato de silício. A definição destes guias de ondas para a implementação de sensores é feita por processos convencionais de litografia e corrosão. Os sensores químicos deste trabalho baseiam-se na interação do campo evanescente do modo que propaga-se no guia de onda exposto a algum composto químico na fase líquida ou gasosa. Tais sensores foram projetados, simulados e implementados para as seguintes aplicações: Medida da concentração de glicose em soluções; Medida de umidade por efeito de espalhamento; Detecção de vapores de compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOC\'s). As etapas de processo para a fabricação dos sensores químicos ópticos foram definidas a partir das simulações em óptica integrada e, após os processos de fabricação, os filmes obtidos foram caracterizados. Os filmes de Si3N4 SiO2 utilizados na fabricação do sensor óptico possuem uniformidade em espessura e homogeneidade quanto aos valores de índice de refração, baixa rugosidade superficial e baixos níveis de incorporação de água e ligações OH. No entanto, os valores de rugosidade e desuniformidade aumentaram significativamente após as etapas de corrosão úmida para a definição das estruturas dos sensores ópticos. Os guias de ondas implementados apresentaram um guiamento monomodo (TE0) e os valores de atenuação experimentais ficaram entre 2 e 20 dB/cm e dependem dos valores de rugosidade superficial e lateral dos guias de ondas e da desuniformidade dos filmes empregados. Com as medidas de concentração de glicose, verificou-se o funcionamento e a sensibilidade dos sensores químicos ópticos implementados, levantando-se curvas de variação da intensidade de saída do MZI em função do índice de refração de soluções de glicose padronizadas (dn/dc). Realizou-se medidas de umidade através da implementação de um sensor óptico simplificado que tem como princípio o efeito de espalhamento óptico. Como o espalhamento óptico depende da rugosidade e do contraste de índices de refração na interface exposta ao ambiente, foi possível detectar a quantidade de água presente no dispositivo. Posteriormente, analisou-se a aplicação de HMDS (Hexametildissilazana) como filme de adsorção de compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOC\'s). Os VOC\'s foram aplicados sobre os sensores químicos ópticos em forma de vapor e os resultados obtidos para n-Hexano e 2-Propanol mostraram uma boa reprodutibilidade e alta sensibilidade. / The aim of this work is the development of optical chemical sensors based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) for chemical and environmental analysis applications. Such devices were implemented with waveguides fabricated on a silicon substrate. The waveguides were obtained using silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon oxide (SiO2) films obtained by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) and thermal oxidation of the silicon substrate. The waveguides and the optical sensors were fabricated using conventional lithograph and etching processes. The developed chemical sensors are based on the evanescent field interaction in a waveguide exposed to a liquid or gaseous phase of a chemical compound. Such optical sensor were designed, simulated and implemented for the following applications: Glucose concentration; Humidity measurement by scattering effect; Volatile organic compounds (VOC\'s) vapors detection. The process steps for the optical chemical sensor fabrication were defined during the integrated optical simulations and the films were characterized after the fabrication process steps. The Si3N4 and SiO2 films used in the optical sensor fabrication are uniform and homogenous (thickness and refractive index), with low surface roughness and low levels of water incorporation and OH bonds. However, the roughness values increased significantly after the etching process for the optical sensor structures definition. The implemented waveguides were singlemoded (TE0), with experimental attenuation values between 2 and 20 dB/cm, depending on the surface and sidewall roughness of the waveguide and of the films uniformity. The operation principle and the sensitivity of the optical chemical sensor were verified by glucose concentration measurements, by measuring the MZI output variation intensity as a function of the refractive index of the glucose standard solutions (dn/dc). As the light scattering depends of the roughness and the of refractive index difference between the exposed interface and the atmosphere, it\'s possible to measure the humidity or the amount of water in the interaction window. Afterwards, the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOC\'s) was done using a HMDS (Hexamethyldissilazane) layer to adsorb the VOC\'s. The VOC\'s vapor was applied on the optical chemical sensors and the results obtained for n-Hexane and 2-Propanol showed a good reproducibility and high sensitivity.

Neste trabalho apresentamos uma investigação sobre o ensino de física quântica na formação inicial de professores. Essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida junto a uma disciplina da sétima etapa do curso de Licenciatura em Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, durante o segundo semestre de 2007, através de uma atividade de ensino centrada na exploração de um software que simula o interferômetro de Mach-Zehnder. Inspirados nos trabalhos de Müller e Wiesner (2002) e Pessoa Jr. (2005), utilizamos o conceito de dualidade onda-partícula como o eixo central das discussões em sala de aula. O objetivo desse estudo consiste em analisar as tensões nos enunciados de estudantes, à luz do referencial sociocultural, e avaliar em que medida os enunciados dos estudantes se articulam à internalização de conceitos de física quântica no uso de instrumentos semióticos. Os resultados mostraram que as ações mediadas pelo uso do interferômetro virtual de Mach-Zehnder, como ferramenta cultural, auxiliaram os processos de compreensão, por parte dos alunos, viabilizando a negociação de significados em sala de aula que são aceitos e compartilhados pela comunidade científica. / In this paper, we present a research of quantum physics teaching in the context of a teachers preparation course. This investigation has been developed in a seventh level discipline of a Bachelor Degree Course in Physics Education, in the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, during the second semester of 2006, through a didatical activity based on the use of a computer program that simulate the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Ispired by Müller and Wiesner (2002) and Pessoa Jr. (2005), we used the concept of wave-particle duality as the central espect of discussions in the classroom. The aim of the present study was to analyze the student’s utterences, in the light of sociocultural theories, and to investigate how the speech of the studants articulates it self to the internalization of quantum physics concepts, in the use of semiotics instruments. The results showed that the actions mediated by the use of virtual Mach-Zehnder interferometer, as a cultural tool, supported the comprehendig process in studants, feasing the negotiation of meanings that are accepted and shared in scientific community.

Dans de nombreuses applications aérospatiales, on peut trouver des films liquides cisaillés, c'est-à-dire une fine couche liquide qui ruisselle sur une paroi entrainée par le gaz. Par exemple, une couche de liquide peut se développer sur la voilure des avions, givrer et dégrader les performances. Des vagues peuvent se développer à l'interface liquide-gaz, et l'analyse correcte de ces instabilités devient très importante pour modéliser ce phénomène physique. En effet, la présence d'instabilités modifie les échanges liquide-gaz, notamment les transferts de masse et chaleur. Le but de cette thèse est de développer une technique permettant de coupler la phase gazeuse afin de reproduire les interactions à l'interface. La couche de liquide étant beaucoup plus mince que celle du gaz, une approche intégrale sur l'épaisseur est utilisée pour la modélisation. Enfin, deux cas d'un écoulement diphasique se développant dans une conduite confinée et dans une conduite plus large sont étudiés. les résultats sont ensuite comparés à des autres méthodes de référence, plus coûteuses en temps de calcul. / In many aerospace applications one can find liquid films sheared by a gas flow. In example, these liquid sheets can develop on aircraft wings, freeze and then destroy the aerodynamics performances. Waves can develop at the liquid-gas interface, and the correct analysis of such instabilities becomes very important to model this physical phenomenon. Indeed, instabilities mdify liquid-gas exchanges, such as mass and heat transfers. The aim of the present work consists in developing a technique to couple the liquid phase to the gas phase in order to reproduce the interactions at the interface. Since the liquid layer is much thinner then the gas, anintegral approach is used for modeling. Finally, two cases of a two-phase flow developing in a strictly confined channel and in a large channel are studied. Results are then compared to other reference methods which are more expensive in terms of computational cost.

Neste trabalho apresentamos uma investigação sobre o ensino de física quântica na formação inicial de professores. Essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida junto a uma disciplina da sétima etapa do curso de Licenciatura em Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, durante o segundo semestre de 2007, através de uma atividade de ensino centrada na exploração de um software que simula o interferômetro de Mach-Zehnder. Inspirados nos trabalhos de Müller e Wiesner (2002) e Pessoa Jr. (2005), utilizamos o conceito de dualidade onda-partícula como o eixo central das discussões em sala de aula. O objetivo desse estudo consiste em analisar as tensões nos enunciados de estudantes, à luz do referencial sociocultural, e avaliar em que medida os enunciados dos estudantes se articulam à internalização de conceitos de física quântica no uso de instrumentos semióticos. Os resultados mostraram que as ações mediadas pelo uso do interferômetro virtual de Mach-Zehnder, como ferramenta cultural, auxiliaram os processos de compreensão, por parte dos alunos, viabilizando a negociação de significados em sala de aula que são aceitos e compartilhados pela comunidade científica. / In this paper, we present a research of quantum physics teaching in the context of a teachers preparation course. This investigation has been developed in a seventh level discipline of a Bachelor Degree Course in Physics Education, in the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, during the second semester of 2006, through a didatical activity based on the use of a computer program that simulate the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Ispired by Müller and Wiesner (2002) and Pessoa Jr. (2005), we used the concept of wave-particle duality as the central espect of discussions in the classroom. The aim of the present study was to analyze the student’s utterences, in the light of sociocultural theories, and to investigate how the speech of the studants articulates it self to the internalization of quantum physics concepts, in the use of semiotics instruments. The results showed that the actions mediated by the use of virtual Mach-Zehnder interferometer, as a cultural tool, supported the comprehendig process in studants, feasing the negotiation of meanings that are accepted and shared in scientific community.