The aim of this thesis work is to design and manufacture a Dissimilar Channel Angular Pressing (DCAP) system for severe plastic deformation of aluminum alloy sheets in order to obtain ultra-fine grained structure. First, a DCAP system was designed by Finite Element Analysis and constructed after various optimization trials. Next, 6061-T0 aluminum alloy plates were severely deformed by various DCAP passes through the system. The samples were characterized by metallography, X-ray diffraction, tension and hardness tests. It has been observed that the yield strength was improved about 100 % after 2 DCAP passes, and 45 nm sub-grain size was obtained.

Στην παρούσα εργασία δημιουργήθηκε μια βιβλιοθήκη παραμετροποιημένων μοντέλων Ασύγχρονων Τριφασικών Μηχανών κλωβού σε δύο διαστάσεις, σύμφωνα με τα πρότυπα που απαιτεί η ΝΕΜΑ, δηλαδή το διαχωρισμό των τεσσάρων κλάσεων σχεδίασης του δρομέα. Στη συνέχεια, με τη χρήση αυτών των μοντέλων, έγινε Ηλεκτρομαγνητική Aνάλυση με τη μέθοδο των Πεπερασμένων Στοιχείων και μελετήθηκε η επίδραση που έχει το Σχήμα των αυλακώσεων του δρομέα στα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη και τη λειτουργική συμπεριφορά της Ασύγχρονης Μηχανής. Επίσης μελετήθηκαν οι επιδράσεις που επιφέρει το κλείσιμο του στομίου των αυλακώσεων του στάτη και του δρομέα στο πεδίο και στις χαρακτηριστικές της Ασύγχρονης Μηχανής. Ο σχεδιασμός των μηχανών πραγματοποιήθηκε με χρήση του προγράμματος OPERA Electromagnetic Design. Έγινε αξιοποίηση των γεωμετρικών και ηλεκτρικών χαρακτηριστικών ενός συγκεκριμένου τετραπολικού κινητήρα κλωβού, ισχύος 5kW, με 48 αυλακώσεις στο δρομέα και 36 στο στάτη. Τα παραμετροποιημένα μοντέλα πεπερασμένων στοιχείων δημιουργήθηκαν ακολουθώντας τη μέθοδο σχεδιασμού με εντολές κώδικα αντί της μεθόδου, που συνήθως χρησιμοποιείται, με χρήση των έτοιμων σχεδιαστικών εργαλείων στην επιφάνεια εργασίας του προγράμματος. Αυτό γιατί τα μοντέλα μας , επιθυμούσαμε να είναι εύπλαστα από γεωμετρικής άποψης, πράγμα που δεν μας έδινε ο δεύτερος τρόπος σχεδιασμού, αν και πιο ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενος. Αποτέλεσμα ήταν η δημιουργία μιας βιβλιοθήκης παραμετροποιημένων μοντέλων μηχανών, η οποία υπακούει στις σχεδιαστικές προδιαγραφές που επιβάλει η ΝΕΜΑ. Τα μοντέλα αυτά έπρεπε να είναι παραμετροποιημένα λόγω του ότι σκοπός μας είναι να συγκρίνουμε τη λειτουργία Ασύγχρονων Μηχανων με διαφορετικό σχήμα των αυλακώσεων του δρομέα. Έτσι, είναι φανερό ότι με την επιλογή αυτή δημιουργούμε ένα μειονέκτημα και ταυτόχρονα τρία πλεονεκτήματα. Το μειονέκτημα είναι ότι η σχεδίαση με τη χρήση των εντολών του προγράμματος δεν είχε εκπονηθεί από κάποιον στο παρελθόν στο εργαστήριο, πράγμα το οποίο κόστισε σε χρόνο περισσότερο από ό,τι θα κόστιζε η συμβατική μέθοδος και υπήρξε εξαιρετικά επίπονη έρευνα. Τα πλεονεκτήματά μας από την άλλη ήταν: α) Το γεγονός ότι δεν χρειάστηκε να σχεδιασθεί από την αρχή κάθε μοντέλο που θέλαμε να μελετήσουμε, β) Ο εύκολος και γρήγορος σχεδιασμός ενός κινητήρα κλωβού από οποιονδήποτε χρήστη, ακόμα και κάποιου που δεν έχει μελετήσει το πρόγραμμα σχεδίασης που χρησιμοποιούμε και γ) Η δημιουργία ενός πολύ χρήσιμου εργαλείου για περαιτέρω χρησιμοποίηση και έρευνα στον τομέα του σχεδιασμού ηλεκτρικών μηχανών. Στη συνέχεια, επεκτείναμε την έρευνα σε μοντέλα, θεωρώντας γραμμική και μη γραμμική χαρακτηριστική του σιδηρομαγνητικού υλικού της μηχανής, για την περίπτωση των κλειστών αυλακώσεων είτε του δρομέα, είτε του στάτη με σφήνες, είτε και των δύο περιπτώσεων ταυτόχρονα. Για το κλείσιμο των αυλακώσεων χρησιμοποιήσαμε υλικά διαφορετικής μαγνητικής διαπερατότητας και μελετήσαμε τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη για τα μοντέλα που προέκυψαν. Η διπλωματική αυτή πραγματοποιήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας. / -

The major part of this thesis has been devoted to path and motion generation synthesis of spatial mechanisms. For the first time kinematic synthesis methods have been developed based on the algebra of exponential rotation matrices. Besides modeling spatial pairs such as spheric, cylindric and Hook&#039 / s joints by combinations of revolute and prismatic joints and applying Denavit-Hartenberg&#039 / s convention, general loop closure equations have been presented for path and motion generation synthesis of any spatial mechanism with lower kinematic pairs. In comparison to the existing synthesis methods the main advantage of the methods presented in this thesis is that, general loop closure equations have been presented for any kind of spatial mechanism with lower kinematic pairs. Besides these methods enable the designer to benefit the advantages of the algebra of exponential rotation matrices. In order to verify the applicability of the synthesis methods presented in this thesis, the general loop closure equations of RSHR, RCCR and RSSR-SC mechanisms have been determined and then using these equations six numerical examples have been solved. Some tables have been presented based on the determined loop closure equations which reveal useful information about the number of precision points or positions that can be considered for the kinematic synthesis of the above mentioned mechanisms and the number of free parameters. In numerical examples, the mechanisms have been synthesized based on the general loop closure equations and the synthesis algorithms presented in the thesis. Although in some cases semi-analytical solutions have been obtained, in most of the cases, the loop closure equations were solved by computer programs written by Mathcad. The input angle-output angle diagrams drawn at the end of each numerical example illustrate the motion continuity of the mechanisms and that branching has been avoided. Detailed information has been given about the computer programs and the difficulties which may arise while synthesizing spatial mechanisms. In addition to the above mentioned points, a mobility analysis has been done for the RCCR mechanism and some inequalities have been obtained in terms of the link lengths. The swing angle diagram of the RCCR linkage has been drawn too.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3930523 bytes, checksum: 719c1fbe61cc90331cd997aac1626f55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Eucalyptus has a significant importance for agribusiness forestry Brazil, in relation to GDP (gross domestic product) it participates with about 4%. Among the sectors that require more wood stand out furniture industry and paper and pulp industries experiencing changes in its production base due to legal requirements and marketing. For these reasons, the forest companies have been increasing their interest in gaining certifications that endorse on your requirements related to cultural practices and / or safety and health as FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) 18000 and OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Thus, they increase their investments in ergonomics guaranteeing market share, adding value to their products, reducing costs and absenteeism and industrial diseases consequent increase in productivity. In view ergonomic, preservation health worker, allied to technological mechanization, can produce significant increases in production. Thus, the objective is to this work is to develop a hydraulic motocoveador for planting forest species, which meets safety standards in Brazil work and meets the ergonomic conditions, to preserve the health, improved comfort, safety, welfare and increased efficiency of workers. The development of the prototype motocoveador hydraulics was conducted in two stages: the first an appraisal of the main parameters for defining requirements that it must meet, and the second was with the assessment ergonomic operation with the final version of the prototype, conducted in four different slopes of soil. For the evaluation of the prototype was used an area belonging to the Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, located in the city of Viçosa, MG, determining soil moisture between 18.7 and 20.9%. The prototype has 15 kg (with the auger drilling) and its dimensions were determined by means of percentiles (95%) of anthropometric measurements of a sample of operators responsible by pitting for eucalyptus plantation. The evaluation of physical load of work was performed by cardiac monitoring for determination of cardiac load, and the operation of the machine considered mild by this methodology. Biomechanical analysis was performed by simulating the posture and its operation weight of the machine through the software 3DSSPP University of Michigan, having shown that in only one posture the maximum compression in L4/L5 intervertebral disc was exceeded. Noise levels were evaluated using a digital decibel meter positioned near the channel hearing of the operator, indicating average values of noise around 76 dB (A) below the ceiling for a day of eight hours daily work. The collection of vibration levels were performed using a digital accelerometer and compared with the European norm (maximum of 5 m s-2 for 8 hours of work). However, the measured values were between 6.6 and 7.8 m s-2, ie, above the expected. The operational capability effective (Ce) was determined by the timing of completion of each hole in each of the slopes, the Times treated by methodology proposed by Barnes (1977) for determining the mean and thus calculate the Ce, being found from 0.0919 to 0.1093 ha h-1, depending the slope of the ground. Based on these results, the machine developed was efficient for all inclinations analyzed may be a viable alternative to the forestry companies. / O eucalipto tem significativa importância para o agronegócio florestal brasileiro, em relação ao PIB (produto interno bruto) ele participa com cerca de 4%. Entre os setores que mais demandam madeira destacam-se a indústria de móveis e a de papel e celulose, setores que vivenciam alterações em sua base produtiva devido às exigências legais e mercadológicas. Por essas razões, as empresas florestais vêm aumentando o interesse em conquistar certificações que as aprovem em seus requisitos relacionados aos tratos culturais e/ou segurança e saúde como FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) e OSHA 18.000 (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Dessa forma, aumentam seus investimentos em ergonomia garantindo sua participação no mercado, agregando valor aos seus produtos, reduzindo custos com absenteísmo e doenças laborais e com conseqüente aumento de produtividade. Na visão ergonômica, a preservação da saúde do trabalhador, aliada à evolução tecnológica da mecanização, pode produzir aumentos de produção significativos. Assim, objetiva-se com o presente trabalho desenvolver um motocoveador hidráulico para o plantio de espécies florestais, que atenda às normas brasileiras de segurança de trabalho e cumpra os pressupostos ergonômicos, visando a preservação da saúde, a melhoria do conforto, da segurança, do bemestar e ao aumento da eficiência dos trabalhadores. O desenvolvimento do protótipo do motocoveador hidráulico foi realizado em duas etapas; a primeira consistiu no levantamento dos principais parâmetros para a definição dos requisitos que o mesmo deve atender e, a segunda, se deu com a avaliação ergonômica da operação com a versão final do protótipo, conduzido em quatro diferentes inclinações de solo. Para a avaliação do protótipo foi utilizada uma área pertencente à Universidade Federal de Viçosa UFV, localizada na cidade de Viçosa, MG, sendo determinada a umidade do solo entre 18,7 e 20,9%. O protótipo possui 15 kg (com o trado de perfuração) e suas dimensões foram determinadas por meio de percentis (95%) das medidas antropométricas de uma amostra populacional de operadores responsáveis pelo coveamento para plantio de eucalipto. A avaliação da carga física de trabalho foi realizada pelo monitoramento cardíaco para a determinação da carga cardiovascular, sendo a operação da máquina considerada leve por esta metodologia. A avaliação biomecânica foi realizada por meio de simulação da postura de operação e o respectivo peso da máquina por meio do software 3DSSPP da Universidade de Michigan, tendo mostrado que em apenas uma postura o valor máximo de compressão no disco intervertebral L4/L5 foi ultrapassado. Os níveis de ruído foram avaliados por meio de um decibelímetro digital posicionado perto do canal auditivo do operador, indicando valores médios de ruído em torno de 76 dB(A), abaixo do limite máximo para uma jornada de 8 horas diárias de trabalho. A coleta dos níveis de vibração foram realizadas por meio de um acelerômetro digital e comparados com a norma européia (máximo de 5 m s-2 por 8 horas de trabalho). Entretanto, os valores medidos ficaram entre 6,6 e 7,8 m s-2, ou seja, acima do aceitável. A capacidade operacional efetiva (Ce) foi determinada por meio da cronometragem de realização de cada cova em cada uma das inclinações, os tempos tratados por meio da metodologia proposta por Barnes (1977) para determinação do tempo médio e assim calcular a Ce, sendo encontrado 0,0919 a 0,1093 ha h-1, dependendo da inclinação do solo. Pela análise dos resultados, a máquina desenvolvida se mostrou eficiente para todas as inclinações analisadas, podendo ser uma alternativa viável para as empresas florestais.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_andre_oldoni.pdf: 3434088 bytes, checksum: 882bc33711496464287fc6624654d637 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / The onion (Allium cepa L.) is considered of great social and economic importance in Brazil, and 70% of its production comes from family farmers. The production of onions is a tradition passed from generation to generation among the farmers, using simple tools and machines for the implementation of the crop. The physical exertion demanded, especially in transplant and harvest stages, which are carried out entirely by hand, is quite large. Usually the manufacturers of agricultural machinery have no interest in this sector. The aim of this study was to develop a mechanized system for the purpose of harvesting and benefit onions adapted to needs of family farmers. The methodology used is based on a phase model which is divided into: informational design, conceptual design, preliminary design and detailed design, and performed this work is the first two. In the first phase, informational design, we identified the needs of clients according to the functions that develop within each phase of the life cycle of the product to establish the design specifications. In the conceptual design phase there was the scope of the problem, establishing the functional structures feasible to meet the design specifications. There were searches for solution principles, selecting the most promising combinations of these principles with aim to choose the most appropriate to satisfy the needs met. The scope of the problem was found, remove and bag clean and undamaged bulbs with precision suitable for different depths and widths. Thus met the functional structure that best suits complying with the requirements of the project. We obtained four conceptions of machines one of than was selected and optimized, evolving it to the final design. This was the one that was more appropriate and feasible to build a prototype to carry out the harvesting and processing of onions. / A cebola (Allium cepa L.) é considerada de grande importância social e econômica no Brasil, sendo que 70% de sua produção é proveniente da agricultura familiar. O cultivo da cebola tem passado como tradição de geração para geração entre os agricultores familiares, que utilizam uma série de ferramentas e máquinas bastante simples para a implantação da lavoura. O esforço físico demandado, principalmente nas fases de transplante e colheita, que são realizadas de forma inteiramente manual, é grande. Normalmente as empresas fabricantes de máquinas agrícolas não apresentam interesse por este setor, assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema mecanizado com a finalidade de colher e beneficiar cebolas direcionadas às necessidades dos agricultores familiares. A base da metodologia utilizada encontra-se fundamentada em um modelo de fases o qual divide-se em: projeto informacional, projeto conceitual, projeto preliminar e projeto detalhado, sendo que neste trabalho executou-se as duas primeiras. Na primeira fase, projeto informacional, foram identificadas as necessidades dos clientes de acordo com as funções que desenvolvem dentro de cada fase do ciclo de vida do produto para estabelecimento das especificações de projeto. Na fase de projeto conceitual verificou-se o escopo do problema, estabelecendo-se as estruturas funcionais viáveis para o atendimento das especificações de projeto. Realizaram-se pesquisas por princípios de solução, selecionando as combinações mais promissoras a fim de escolher a mais adequada para o atendimento das necessidades encontradas. O escopo do problema encontrado foi: retirar e ensacar bulbos limpos e ilesos com precisão, adequada a diferentes profundidades e larguras. Desta forma encontrou-se a estrutura funcional que mais se adequou ao atendimento dos requisitos de projeto. Obteve-se quatro concepções de máquinas uma das quais foi selecionada e otimizada, evoluindo-a para a concepção final.

This master thesis is focused on design of CNC hobby milling machine.In the first part of master thesis there are brief information about construction of CNC milling machines with varios types of milling machines available on market. After that, is made a selection of suitable machine componets for selected parameters. Futhermore, the masters thesis include a solutions of the component on all axes CNC milling machines.

The diploma thesis consists of two main parts. First part contains analysis of general knowledge of bar feeding machines in the straightening industry. Second part of the thesis follows with three designs of feeding roller devices. One of the designs is chosen and deeply described with drawings included.

Master thesis describes a single-purpose machine design, that is used for testing a basic features of proportional solenoid. The design is created in cooperation with company NUVIA a.s. and contains mechanical solution that is processed in respect with ergonomic requirements, safety and overall costs. Machine concept is affected by customer requirements, whose name, as well as real parameters of the product will not be published, because of non-disclosure agreement.

This thesis presents the design and development of a versatile test rig specifically tailored for measuring frictional properties of diverse materials across a wide range of velocities and pressures. The ability to accurately quantify frictional behaviour under varying conditions is essential for understanding material performance in numerous applications, such as automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing industries. The primary objective of this research is to design a test rig capable of simulating real-world operating conditions, facilitating the evaluation of frictional forces experienced by different materials. The experimental setup incorporates a carefully designed sliding mechanism, pressure control system, and instrumentation to measure frictional forces with high precision. The test rig's sliding mechanism is built to accommodate various material samples, allowing for controlled movement along different planes with adjustable velocities. By subjecting these samples to controlled loads, the influence of pressure on frictional behaviour can be systematically investigated. Moreover, the test rig features to replicate conditions encountered in practical scenarios. To ensure accurate measurements, the frictional forces are captured using high-resolution load cells and strain gauges integrated into the test rig. This thesis contributes to the field of material science and engineering by providing a comprehensive framework for evaluating frictional behaviour under controlled conditions. The developed test rig serves as a reliable and versatile platform for studying material performance, guiding the design and development of more efficient and reliable systems in numerous industrial applications. / Denna avhandling presenterar designen och utvecklingen av en mångsidig testrigg speciellt anpassad för att mäta friktionsegenskaperna hos olika material vid olika hastigheter och tryck. Förmågan att exakt kvantifiera friktionsbeteendet under varierande förhållanden är avgörande för att förstå prestandan hos material inom många applikationsområden, såsom fordons-, flyg- och tillverkningsindustrin. Det primära målet med denna forskning är att designa en testrigg som kan simulera verkliga driftsförhållanden och underlätta utvärderingen av friktionskrafter som upplevs av olika material. Den experimentella uppställningen inkluderar en noggrant utformad glidmekanism, ett tryckkontrollsystem och mätutrustning för att mäta friktionskrafter med hög precision. Testriggens glidmekanism är utformad för att kunna hantera olika materialprover och möjliggör kontrollerad rörelse längs olika plan med justerbara hastigheter. Genom att utsätta dessa prover för kontrollerade belastningar kan tryckets inverkan på friktionsbeteendet systematiskt undersökas. Testriggen har dessutom funktioner för att återskapa förhållanden som uppstår i praktiska scenarier. För att säkerställa korrekta mätningar fångas friktionskrafterna med hjälp av högupplösta lastceller och töjningsgivare som är integrerade i testriggen. Denna avhandling bidrar till materialvetenskap och ingenjörskonst genom att tillhandahålla ett omfattande ramverk för att utvärdera friktionsbeteende under kontrollerade förhållanden. Den utvecklade testriggen fungerar som en pålitlig och mångsidig plattform för studier av materialprestanda och vägleder design och utveckling av effektivare och pålitligare system i många industriella applikationer.

Linear-motion compliant mechanisms have generally been developed for small displacement applications. The objective of the thesis is to provide a basis for improved large-displacement linear-motion compliant mechanisms (LLCMs). One of the challenges in developing large-displacement compliant mechanisms is the apparent performance tradeoff between displacement and off-axis stiffness. In order to facilitate the evaluation, comparison, and optimization of the performance of LLCMs, this work formulates and presents a set of metrics that evaluates displacement and off-axis stiffness. The metrics are non-dimensionalized and consist of the relevant characteristics that describe mechanism displacement, off-axis stiffness, actuation force, and size. Displacement is normalized by the footprint of the device. Transverse stiffness is normalized by a new performance characteristic called virtual axial stiffness. Torsional stiffness is normalized by a performance characteristic called the characteristic torque. Because large-displacement compliant mechanisms are often characterized by non-constant axial and off-axis stiffnesses, these normalized stiffness metrics are formulated to account for the variation of both axial and off-axis stiffness over the range of displacement. In pursuit of mechanisms with higher performance, this work also investigates the development of a new compliant mechanism element. It presents a pseudo-rigid-body model (PRBM) for rolling-contact compliant beams (RCC beams), a compliant element used in the RCC suspension. The loading conditions and boundary conditions for RCC beams can be simplified to an equivalent cantilever beam that has the same force-deflection characteristics as the RCC beam. Building on the PRBM for cantilever beams, this paper defines a model for the force-deflection relationship for RCC beams. Included in the definition of the RCC PRBM are the pseudo-rigid-body model parameters that determine the shape of the beam, the length of the corresponding pseudo-rigid-body links and the stiffness of the equivalent torsional spring. The behavior of the RCC beam is parameterized in terms of a single parameter defined as clearance, or the distance between the contact surfaces. The RCC beams exhibit a unique force-displacement curve where the force is inversely proportional to the clearance squared. The RCC suspension is modeled using the newly defined PRBM. The suspension exhibits unique performance, generating no resistance to axial motion while providing significant off-axis stiffness. The mechanism has a large range of travel and operates with frictionless motion due to the rolling-contact beams. In addition to functioning as a stand-alone linear-motion mechanism, the RCC suspension can be configured with other linear mechanisms in superposition to improve the off-axis stiffness of other mechanisms without affecting their axial resistance.