Объектом данного исследования является феррожидкость. В работе определено влияние полидисперсности на термодинамические и магнитные свойства феррожидкостей. В первой главе данной работы построена теория, описывающая термодинамические свойства бидисперсной системы дипольных твердых сфер. Разработан программный комплекс, позволяющий численно определить ряд термодинамических характеристик бидисперсной феррожидкости. Проведено сравнение теории и результатов компьютерного моделирования. Во второй главе рассмотрена полидисперсная модель дипольных твердых сфер. Вычислено дополнительное слагаемое в существующем приближении начальной магнитной восприимчивости полидисперсных феррожидкостей. Проведено сравнение теории и результатов компьютерного моделирования, известных в литературе. Определены условия работоспособности нового приближения начальной магнитной восприимчивости. / The object of this study is ferrofluid. In the study the effect of polydispersity on the thermodynamic and magnetic properties of ferrofluids was investigated. In the first chapter of this paper we construct theory describing the thermodynamic properties of the bidisperse system of dipolar hard spheres. Computer program was developed that allows numerically to identify the thermodynamic characteristics of bidisperse ferrofluid. A comparison between theory and computer simulation was performed. In the second chapter the polydisperse model of dipolar hard spheres was considered. Additional new term in the existing approximation of the initial magnetic susceptibility of polydisperse ferrofluid was calculated. A comparison between theory and computer simulations was performed. The conditions for the availability of the new approach were defined.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la conception, la réalisation et l’évaluation expérimentale d’ un microsystème d’analyse dont l’originalité repose sur l’intégration d’une micro antenne planaire de spectroscopie par résonance magnétique nucléaire (SRMN) sur un système micro fluidique à base d’un polymère, le Cyclique Oléfine Copolymère (COC). La détermination des caractéristiques géométriques optimales du microsystème afin d’optimiser le couplage électromagnétique entre la micro antenne de détection et l’échantillon est effectuée à l’aide d’un modèle de calcul numérique, ce qui permet l’optimisation du rapport signal sur bruit (RSB). La réalisation du microsystème avec des procédés de micro fabrication développés au laboratoire ont permis de valides son fonctionnement dans un spectromètre dont le champ magnétique statique atteint 11.74 Tesla (fréquence de Larmor du proton égale à 500MHz). Travailler dans un champ aussi intense permet d’améliorer la sensibilité de détection mais nécessite de porter une attention particulière à l’homogénéité du champ magnétique qui, dans notre cas, peut être dégradée en raison de l’introduction du microsystème dans le spectromètre. En effet, les distorsions du champ magnétique, dues aux différentes susceptibilités magnétiques des matériaux constituant la microsonde, ont un impact direct sur la résolution spectrale. C’est pourquoi, une modélisation 3D par éléments finis est proposée afin de prévoir l’influence du microsystème sur la forme des raies spectrales et donc d’en déduire la résolution spectrale pouvant être espérée. La comparaison des résultats expérimentaux et ceux issus des simulations permet de valider le modèle de calcul numérique. Il apparait cependant nécessaire d’inclure le phénomène d’amortissement radiatif afin de pouvoir rendre compte des résultats expérimentaux relatifs à la résolution spectrale effectivement observée. / The work presented in this thesis involves the design, the development and the experimental evaluation of an analysis micro system. The originality of the work lies in the integration of a planar micro coil of spectroscopy by nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) on a micro fluidic system based on a polymer, cyclo olefin copolymer (COC). The determination of the optimum geometric characteristics of the micro system to improve electromagnetic coupling between the detection micro coil and the sample is performed with the aid of a numerical model that ensures the optimization of the signal to noise ratio (SNR). Using micro fabrication techniques developed in the laboratory, the micro system was developed and its behaviour was validated in spectrometer producing a static magnetic field off 11.74 Tesla (Larmor frequency of the proton equal to 500MHz). Working in such an intense field results in improved sensitivity of detection but requires paying close attention to the homogeneity of magnetic field. In this case the homogeneity can be degraded due to the introduction of the micro system in the spectrometer. Indeed, the distortions of the magnetic field, due to the different magnetic susceptibilities of the materials constituting the microprobe, have a direct impact on the spectral resolution. As such, 3D modelling by finite elements is proposed to predict the influence of the micro system on the shape of the spectral lines and to determine the best expected spectral resolution. The comparison of the experimental results to those obtained from simulation allows the validation of the numerical model. However, it appears necessary to include the effect of the radiation damping in the model to be able to justify the experimental results relative to the spectral resolution that was observed.

A trama de magmas graníticos alojados na crosta intermediária e superior pode-se originar pela ação de forças de corpo (ascensionais, convectivas) e/ou tectônicas. Diferentes mecanismos podem concorrer para a formação de tramas, embora a interação entre a deformação magmática e a tectônica regional seja um dos mecanismos fundamentais, notadamente nos granitos alojados em faixas orogênicas. No Domínio Apiaí da Faixa Ribeira (SP - PR), os batólitos graníticos alongados têm sido historicamente classificados como sintectônicos, ou seja, colocados durante o desenvolvimento de um arco magmático continental neoproterozóico. Os plútons menores, de forma circular a ovalada, geralmente discordantes e com típica coloração avermelhada, são considerados pós-tectônicos ou alojados após a colisão continental entre os diferentes blocos litosféricos que formaram a Faixa Ribeira. Essa classificação esquemática tem sido baseada em geoquímica e geocronologia dos granitos. Este trabalho identificou e mapeou a trama interna dos plútons sin-tectônicos (Ribeirão Branco) e pós-tectônicos (Capão Bonito e Sguário) utilizando a anisotropia de suscetibilidade magnética (ASM), de forma a inserí-los propriamente nos modelos de classificação tectônica, cujas premissas básicas são de natureza estrutural. Os granitos porfiríticos (Ribeirão Branco e Itaóca) possuem uma elevada suscetibilidade magnética (k 10-2 SI), a qual é menor (k 5 x 10-3 SI) nos granitos vermelhos (Capão Bonito e Sguário). A suscetibilidade dos granitos porfiríticos é proveniente de óxidos ferromagnéticos, notadamente magnetita pobre em Ti, que encontra-se frequentemente associada com titanita, biotita e anfibólio. Nos granitos vermelhos a suscetibilidade é gerada por magnetita, variavelmente oxidada (maghemita) e Ti-hematita (hemo-ilmenita), havendo também significativa contribuição da fração paramagnética (biotita cloritizada) à suscetibilidade total nas rochas, quando k < 10-3 SI. O grau de anisotropia magnética (P) tanto nos granitos porfiríticos como nos vermelhos é variável, porém tipicamente maior nos porfiríticos (P = 1,14, dp. 0,08), se comparado aos vermelhos (P = 1,07, dp. 0,05). A maior anisotropia de suscetibilidade no plúton Ribeirão Branco é atribuída a uma incipiente foliação detectada em vários setores do granito, que contrasta com a microestrutura aparentemente isótropa dos granitos vermelhos. O estudo da trama de silicatos no granito porfirítico Itaóca e no granito Capão Bonito mostrou que os eixos principais de anisotropia de suscetibilidade magnética e da orientação preferencial de forma (OPF) de feldspato e de biotita, são correspondentes, porém, comumente oblíquos. Essa obliquidade entre eixos é atribuída às características físicas próprias (forma, tamanho e anisotropia) dos minerais marcadores da trama. O estudo combinado da ASM e da OPF revelou ainda que P tende a crescer com a intensidade da orientação preferencial de silicatos, o que permitiu identificar os domínios de maior deformação magmática e correlacioná-los com a estrutura regional. A trama magnética do granito Ribeirão Branco organiza-se em coerência com uma tectônica regional transcorrente sinistral. Na margem ocidental deste granito, contudo, a orientação da trama é diferente do restante do maciço, tendo sido aparentemente afetada pela intrusão do granito Sguário. A trama magnética do Ribeirão Branco contrasta com a do plúton Itaóca, este último exibindo um padrão concêntrico que antecedeu ao desenvolvimento da deformação transcorrente regional. Zircões do Itaóca forneceram uma idade U-Pb (SHRIMP) concordante de 623 ± 10 Ma, atribuída à cristalização deste plúton. Dados da literatura indicam que o granito Capão Bonito é aproximadamente 15 Ma mais jovem que os batólitos de granito porfirítico. O Capão Bonito, entretanto, apresenta uma trama muito bem organizada, típica de intrusões sin-tectônicas, destacando-se excelente alinhamento da lineação magnética. No granito Sguário, o arranjo da trama é tipicamente helicoidal e, junto com a estrutura do Capão Bonito, podem ter sido organizadas em resposta a uma deformação transcorrente E-W destral. Este evento tardio estaria associado à reativação da zona de cisalhamento Ribeira, que afetou a borda sul do granito Itaóca e que contém uma componente extensional. A deformação transtensiva E-W, que favoreceu a injeção dos granitos vermelhos no Domínio Apiaí, sucederia a um evento tectonomagmático principal, que teria sido responsável pela colocação e deformação dos batólitos de granito porfirítico. A intrusão dos grandes corpos graníticos ocorreu em torno de 615 Ma e foi relacionada à convergência crustal e estiramento subparalelo à Faixa Ribeira, com a deformação localizada notadamente nas estruturas transcorrentes de direção NE-SW. / The fabric of granitic magmas emplaced in the middle and upper crustal levels can be caused by the stress action during the ascension and convection of plutons and/or tectonic strain. Several mechanisms can contribute for the previous thing, nevertheless the interaction between the distortions and tectonic is the domineering one, principally in granites located in orogenic belts. In the Apiaí domain of the Ribeira belt (SP-PR) the elongated granitic batholiths have been historically classified like syn-tectonic and them was emplaced during the development of a neoproterozoic continental magmatic arch. Small Plutons with subcircular to oval forms generally discordant with regard to the disposition of the regional structures and that in turn possess feldspars of reddish typical colour, had been considered pos-tectonic, and therefore, emplaced after the collision that joined the different litho-tectonic units that constitute the Ribeira orogenic belt. This schematic classification of these granites relicts on geochemistry and geochronology data. In this study was identified and recorded in map the internal fabric of the syn-tectonic Ribeirão Branco granite and of the pos-tectonic Capão Bonito and Sguário granites using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) with the aim of inserting them appropriately in the models of tectonic classification whose basic premises are of structural nature. The porphyritic Ribeirão Branco and Itaóca granites have a high magnetic susceptibility (k = 10-2 SI), which is minor than (k = 5 x 10-3 SI) in the red granites (Capão Bonito, Sguário). In the first ones the poor Ti magnetite is the main source of susceptibility, commonly associated to titanite, biotite and amphibole. In the red granites, the susceptibility is provided by magnetite variability rusty (maghemite) and Ti - hematite (hemo-ilmenite), in addition to the significant contribution of biotite altered by hydrothermal processes. The grade of anisotropy rise (P) in the porphyritic granites (P = 1,14 SD. 0,08) and this is bigger than in the red ones (P = 1,07, SD. 0,05). In the Ribeirão Branco pluton, the high value of P is attributed to an incipient foliation detected in several sectors, which contrasts with the microstructure seemingly isotropic of the red granites. The study of the fabrics of silicates in the porphyritic granites Ribeirão Branco and Itaóca revealed that the orientations of the main axes of AMS and of shape preferred orientation (SPO) of feldspar and mafic silicates (biotite + amphibole) are congruent, nevertheless some obliquities occur. Those obliquities are attributed to the influence of the proper characteristics (form, size, anisotropy) of the marker minerals of the respective sub fabrics. In the same way, the above-mentioned study of silicates fabric demonstrated that P tends to grow up with the intensity of the SPO of silicates, which allowed to identify domains with major magmatic distortion into de granitic bodies and to correlate them with the regional structure. In general, the magnetic fabric of the Ribeirão Branco granite is organized coherently with the tectonic regional sinestral strike-slip shear zones; nevertheless, in the western sector the orientation of the magnetic fabric was likely modified by the accommodation of the Sguário granite. In the Itaóca granite, the organization of the magnetic fabric is different if compared with fabrics of the previous pluton. In Itaóca granite was recorded a fabric with a concentric organization in 623 ± 10Ma. (MSWD 0,31), according to the concordant U-Pb (SHRIMP) age in zircons obtained for the crystallization of the granite, that seems to be occurred before the strain related with the activation of the regional strike-slip shear zones. Geochronology data of the literature indicates that the Capão Bonito granite is approximately 15 Ma. younger than the batholiths of porphyritic granite. The Capão Bonito granite has an organized fabric typical of syn-tectonic intrusions that has an excellent alignment of the magnetic lineation. In the granite Sguário, the fabric has a spiral organization, in the same way as recorded in Capão Bonito, like response to a strain associated with to a small strike-slip shear zone with W-E direction. This event would be related to the reactivation of the Ribeira strike-slip shear zone, which affected the south sector of the Itaóca granite, with the participation of an extensional component. The W-E transtensive deformation that favoured the injection of the red granites in the Apiaí Domain likely was subsequent to a main tetonomagmatic event and this should have been the responsible by the emplacement and strain in the porphyritic granites. The intrusion of the big granitic bodies ~ 615 Ma. and could be it related to the convergence between crustal blocks and to the consequent stretching sub parallel of the Ribeira belt, in which the distortion was located remarkably in the strike-slip shear zones with NE-SW direction.

Plútons graníticos (Patrimônio Santo Antônio, São Domingos, Ouro Verde e Santa Rita) alojados na porção nordeste da Suíte Intrusiva Cunhaporanga (c. 620-590 Ma) intrudiram metassedimentos pelíticos e carbonáticos de baixo grau metamórfico do Grupo Itaiacoca. Os plútons são isótropos, de coloração cinza a rósea e composição monzo- a sienogranítica, predominando granitóides porfiríticos grossos e, secundariamente, tipos inequigranulares a equigranulares. A cartografia regional mostrou que a foliação das rochas metassedimentares encaixantes mergulha dominantemente para NE e contém uma lineação (interseção, mineral) de direção NNW-SSE. A trama metamórfica das encaixantes assume progressivamente a direção NE-SW conforme se aproxima da zona de cisalhamento transcorrente de Itapirapuã, onde quartzo-milonitos verticalizados exibem uma cinemática sinistral. A trama dos plútons foi estudada pela técnica da anisotropia de suscetibilidade magnética (ASM). Foram amostradas 40 estações (300 espécimes) no granito porfírítico Patrimônio Santo Antônio, 7 estações (48 espécimes) no granito equigranular fino de São Domingos, 9 estações (67 espécimes) no granito inequigranular de Ouro Verde e 14 estações (92 espécimes) no granito porfiritico foliado de Santa Rita. A suscetibilidade magnética média (k) do granito Patrimônio Santo Antônio é da ordem de 23,29 x \'10 POT.-3\' SI, enquanto nos granitos Santa Rita (k = 11,85 mSI), São Domingos (k = 7,43 mSI) e Ouro Verde (k = 7,46 mSI) são menores. Por outro lado, a anisotropia magnética (P = \'k IND.max\'/\'k IND.min\', onde \'k IND.max\' > \'k IND.int\' > \'k IND.min\') é menor em Patrimônio Santo Antônio (P = 1,09 ± 0,04) do que no São Domingos (P = 1,21 ± 0,09), Ouro Verde (P = 1,19 ± 0,07) e Santa Rita (P = 1,23 ± 0,11). Estudos termomagnéticos e de magnetização remanente isotermal mostraram que as propriedades magnéticas dos granitoides são dominadas pela magnetita (pobre em Ti) e, secundariamente, Ti-hematita. Sulfetos de Fe (pirita, calcopirita) ocorrem como acessórios. Os óxidos de Fe estão frequentemente associados à titanita, biotita e anfibólio e suas microestruturas são tipicamente magmáticas, exceto no granito Santa Rita onde a microestrutura apresenta evidência de recristalização pós-magmática. A foliação magnética dos maciços graníticos mergulha suave a moderadamente e, no plúton Patrimônio Santo Antônio, exibe um padrão tipicamente dômico. A lineação magnética subhorizontal orienta-se na direção NNW-SSE paralelamente ao eixo do dobramento regional das rochas metassedimentares encaixantes. Esta característica indica que os granitos são sin-tectônicos a um evento deformacional cujo controle está aparentemente relacionado ao funcionamento das grandes transcorrências regionais de direção NE-SW. A ocorrência de domos graníticos (Patrimônio Santo Antônio) e elipsóides magnéticos dominantemente prolatos (São Domingos) sugerem que a trama NNW teria sido formada por uma tectônica que combina transcorrência e extensão. Uma idade concordante U-Pb (SHRIMP) em zircão de 589 ± 6 Ma, atribuída à cristalização do plúton Patrimônio Santo Antônio, indica que a deformação que afetou o granito no estado magmático bem como suas encaixantes ocorreu nos estágios finais da formação da Suíte Intrusiva Cunhaporanga. / Granite plutons located on the northeast of Cunhaporanga Intrusive Suite (Patrimônio Santo Antônio, Ouro Verde, São Domingos and Santa Rita) are emplaced into low grade metasedimentary rocks (Itaiacoca Group) of the Apiaí Domain (Ribeira Belt). Most of these plutons are isotropic with pinkish to grey colors and their compositions vary from monzogranite to sienogranite. They are usually porphyritic and locally inequigranular and equigranular. Regional mapping revealed that the foliation of the metasedimentary host rocks dips mainly to NE while the lineation (intersection, mineral) strikes in the NNW-SSE direction. The host rocks metamorphic fabric rotates progressively to become parallel to the NE-trending Itapirapuã transcurrent shear zone. Kinematic markers such as elongated quartz grains and mica-fish from quartz-milonites indicate the Itapirapuã shear records a sinistral movement. The fabric of the plutons was studied by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique. Forty sites (300 specimens) were sampled at the Patrimônio Santo Antônio granite, 7 sites (48 specimens) at São Domingos, 9 sites (67 specimens) at Ouro Verde and 14 sites (92 specimens) at Santa Rita granite. The mean of magnetic susceptibility (k) is higher in Patrimônio Santo Antônio granite (k = 23,29 x \'10 POT.-3\' SI) and lower in the granites of Santa Rita (k = 11,85 mSI), São Domingos (k = 7,43 mSI) and Ouro Verde (k = 7,46 mSI). In contrast the magnetic anisotropy (P) is lower in the Patrimônio Santo Antônio granite (P = 1,09 ± 0,04) and higher in the granites São Domingos (P = 1,21 ± 0,09), Ouro Verde (P = 1,19 ± 0,07) and Santa Rita (P = 1,23 ± 0,11). Thermomagnetic and Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) studies show that Ti-poor magnetite is the principal carrier of rock magnetic properties but that includes minor contributions of Ti-hematite. Iron oxides are frequently associated with titanite, biotite and amphibole. Microstructures are typically magmatic, except for Santa Rita granite which shows post-magmatic recrystallized microstructures. The magnetic foliation of granitic plutons dips smooth to moderately and for the Patrimônio Santo Antônio body it exhibits a typical dome pattern. The subhorizontal magnetic lineation strikes NNW-SSE parallel to regional folding axe of the metasedimentary rocks. This feature shows that the granites are syntectonic to a deformation event apparently connected to NE-trending transcurrent shears. The occurrence of a foliation dome in the Patrimônio Santo Antônio pluton and prolate magnetic ellipsoids in São Domingos pluton suggest that the NNW-trending structures includes, besides a strike-slip shear fabric, a component of extension that probably assisted the emplacement of the plutons. A U-Pb (SHRIMP) determination in the Patrimônio Santo Antônio zircons have produced a concordia age of 589 ± 6 Ma attributed to the crystallization of the granite. These results indicate that in the latest stages of the development of the Cunhaporanga Intrusive Suite the Apiaí Domain was submitted to a regional strain field recording transcurrent simple shear and extension.

The Sámi’s past activities have been documented historically from a European perspective, and more recently from an anthropological viewpoint, giving a generalised observation of the Sámi, during the study period of AD200-AD1800, as semi-nomadic hunter gatherers, with several theories suggesting that interaction with Europeans, through trade, led to the adoption of European activities by certain groups of the Sámi (Eiermann, 1923; Paine, 1957; Manker and Vorren, 1962; Bratrein, 1981; Mathiesen et al, 1981; Meriot, 1984). However, there is almost no information on the impact the Sámi had on the landscape, either before or after any adoption of European activities, and none investigating what cultural footprint or indicators would remain from Sámi or European occupation and/or activity within the typically podzolic soils of Northern Sweden. Consequently the thesis aims to contribute to the gap in knowledge through the formation of a podzol model identifying the links between anthropogenic activity and the alteration of podzol soils, and through the creation of soils based models which identify the cultural indicators associated with both Sámi and European activity; formed from the identification of cultural indicators retained within known Sámi and European sites. The methods used to obtain the information needed to achieve this were the pH and magnetic susceptibility from bulk soil samples and micromorphological and chemical analysis of thin section slides through the use of standard microscopy and X-ray fluorescence from a scanning electron microscope. The analysis revealed that the Sámi had an extremely low impact on the landscape, leaving hard to detect cultural indicators related to reindeer herding in the form of reindeer faecal material with corresponding phosphorous peaks in the thin section slides. The European footprint however, was markedly different and very visible even within the acidic soil environment. The European indicators were cultivation based and included phosphorous and aluminium peaks as well as a deepened, highly homogenised plaggen style anthropogenic topsoil rich in ‘added’ materials. An abandoned European site which visibly and chemically shows the formation of a secondary albic horizon within the anthropogenic topsoil also provides an insight into the delicate balance of cultivated soil in northern Sweden, whilst reinforcing the outputs identified in the podzol model. Due to the almost invisible Sámi footprint on the landscape, areas of overlap were impossible to identify however, there was no evidence of the adoption of European cultivation activities at any of the Sámi sites investigated. The only known area of interaction between the two cultures was an official market place which had been a Sámi winter settlement prior to its use as a market site. This site showed none of the reindeer based Sámi indicators or the cultivation based European indicators, but did contain pottery fragments which could be linked to trade or occupation. Overall, the thesis reinforces the low impact expected of the semi-nomadic Sámi and sheds light on the underlying podzolic processes influencing the anthropogenically modified soils of Northern Sweden. The podzol model is reinforced by several findings throughout the thesis and the soils based cultural indicator models for both Sámi and European activity have been successfully tested against independent entomological and palynological data and therefore provide reliable reference material for future studies.

Within the last decades low-dimensional frustrated quantum spin systems have attracted great interest in the field of modern research. In these systems a competition of various magnetic interactions takes place, leading to an energetically degenerated magnetic ground state, and thus to the occurrence of exotic, unconventional physical properties at low temperatures. This thesis focuses on the quasi one-dimensional frustrated spin chain system linarite, PbCuSO4(OH)2. In this compound the basic building blocks are CuO4 plaquettes which are connected to each other along one crystallographic direction, analogue to a chain. The frustration in linarite is established due to the competition between the magnetic interactions. The nearest-neighbor magnetic spins are coupled ferromagnetically along the chain via a coupling constant J1, while the next-nearest neighbors are coupled antiferromagnetically via a coupling constant J2. For this configuration it is not possible to satisfy all magnetic couplings simultaneously, hence the system is magnetically frustrated. In this work, comprehensive thermodynamic and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies demonstrate that linarite is one of the richest and most fascinating compounds in the class of low-dimensional frustrated magnets. By means of susceptibility, magnetization, specific heat, magnetocaloric effect, magnetostriction, and thermal-expansion measurements a rich magnetic phase diagram could be mapped out below a temperature of 2.8 K. The phase diagram contains five different magnetic regions/phases for an external magnetic field pointing along the chain direction. Based on the thermodynamic studies it was possible to calculate the exchange integrals within the frustrated J1-J2 model and extensions of it by using various theoretical approaches. The magnetic microscopic nature of the different long-range magnetic phases present in linarite were investigated by NMR measurements and by collaborative neutron scattering experiments. The ground state (phase I) is identified as an incommensurate elliptical helical structure. Via a theoretical modelling the 1H-NMR spectrum of the ground state could be explained, revealing a rearrangement of the zero-field structure in an external magnetic field of 2.0 T used for the NMR studies. By further increasing the external field the system undergoes a complex spin flop transition in two steps (phase I - phase III - phase IV). In phase III a phase separation takes place where one part of the spins form a circular spiral structure while the remaining fraction form a simple antiferromagnetic structure. In phase IV the remaining circular spiral structure vanishes, so that all spins collectively form the antiferromagnetic collinear phase. The most peculiar physical properties studied in this thesis take place in region V at high fields, showing only tiny features in the thermodynamic properties. The magnetic spins in region V form a sine-wave modulated spin-density structure as identified via NMR and neutron investigations. It is discussed whether region V is related to a multipolar phase or if the spin-density wave structure could possibly coexist with such a phase.

Dans ce travail nous avons découvert un nouvel oxyphosphate PbFe3O(PO4)3 dont nous avons déterminé la structure par diffraction des rayons X sur monocristal entre 293 K et 973 K (monoclinique, groupe d’espace P21/m, a = 7,55826 Å, b = 6,3759 Å, c = 10,4245 Å et β = 99,956°, Z = 2, à température ambiante). La mesure de la susceptibilité magnétique statique et les mesures de chaleur spécifiques effectuées sur monocristaux révèlent l’existence d’une séquence inhabituelle de transitions de phase de type ferromagnétiques à Tc1 = 31,8 K, T2 = 23,4 K et Tc3 = 10 K. La mesure de la susceptibilité alternative suggère l’existence d’une dynamique type vitreuse entre ~20 K et Tc3. Nous avons réussi une première extraction des valeurs des exposants critiques (β, γ et δ) par les mesures de la susceptibilité magnétique alternative à la fois sur les poudres et les monocristaux de PbFe3O(PO4)3 et nous avons trouvé des valeurs compatibles avec celles prédites par la théorie du champ moyen.Nous avons aussi étudié et caractérisé les poudres de la série des composés AFe3O(PO4)3 (A=Ca, Sr, Pb) par la diffraction des rayons X, la microsonde Castaing (EPMA) couplée avec spectroscopie à dispersion de longueur d’onde (WDS), la spectroscopie optique et Raman, les mesures calorimétriques (DSC et chaleur spécifique) et les mesures magnétiques. Les mesures d’aimantation, de susceptibilité magnétique et de chaleur spécifique effectuées sur les poudres de la série des composés AFe3O(PO4)3 (A=Ca, Sr, Pb) ont confirmé la succession des trois transitions du second ordre de type ferromagnétique s’étendant sur l’intervalle de température 32 – 8 K. Les mesures de la réflexion diffuse révèlent l’existence de deux bandes d’absorption à 1047 et 837 nm dans les poudres de PbFe3O(PO4)3 et de SrFe3O(PO4)3, avec des sections efficaces ~10-20 cm2 typiques des transitions intraconfigurationnelles interdites de spin et dipolaire électrique forcée.L’exploration du système PbO-Fe2O3-P2O5 a conduit à la découverte d’une nouvelle phase de type Langbeinite et de composition chimique Pb3Fe4(PO4)6, dont la structure cristalline est déterminée par diffraction des rayons X à température ambiante sur monocristaux (P 21 3, Z=4, a=9,7831(2) Å). Cette phase ne subit aucune transition de phase sur la gamme de température 350 – 6 K et ne présente aucun type d’ordre à longue portée jusqu’à 2 K. / A new oxyphosphate compound PbFe3O(PO4)3 has been discovered. Its crystal structure was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) between 293 and 973 K (monoclinic symmetry P 21/m, a = 7.5826 Å, b = 6.3759 Å, c = 10.4245 Å and  = 99.956 °, Z = 2, at room temperature). DC magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements performed on single crystals unveiled an unusual sequence of second order ferromagnetic-like phase transitions at Tc1 = 31.8 K, T2 = 23.4 K and Tc3 ~ 10 K. AC magnetic susceptibility suggests a glassy-like dynamics between ~ 20 K and Tc3. A first extraction of the critical exponents (β,γ,δ) was performed by ac magnetic susceptibility in both PbFe3O(PO4)3 powders and single crystals and the values were found to be consistent with mean-field theory.AFe3O(PO4)3 (A= Ca, Sr and Pb) powder compounds were studied by means of X-Ray diffraction (XRD), from 300 to 6 K in the case of A=Pb, electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) coupled with wavelength dispersion spectroscopy (WDS), Raman and diffuse reflectance spectroscopies, specific heat and magnetic properties measurements. Magnetization, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements carried out on AFe3O(PO4)3 (A= Ca, Sr and Pb) powders firmly establish a series of three ferromagnetic (FM)-like second order phase transitions spanned over the 32 – 8 K temperature range. Diffuse reflectance measurements reveal two broad absorption bands at 1047 and 837 nm, in both PbFe3O(PO4)3 and SrFe3O(PO4)3 powders, with peak cross sections ~10-20 cm2 typical of spin-forbidden and forced electric dipole transitions.Further exploration of the PbO-Fe2O3-P2O5 system led to the discovery of a new langbeinite phase, Pb3Fe4(PO4)6, the crystal structure of which was solved by room temperature single crystal XRD (P 21 3, Z=4, a=9,7831(2) Å). This phase does not undergo any structural phase transition down to 6 K nor any kind of long range ordering down to 2 K.

Plútons graníticos (Patrimônio Santo Antônio, São Domingos, Ouro Verde e Santa Rita) alojados na porção nordeste da Suíte Intrusiva Cunhaporanga (c. 620-590 Ma) intrudiram metassedimentos pelíticos e carbonáticos de baixo grau metamórfico do Grupo Itaiacoca. Os plútons são isótropos, de coloração cinza a rósea e composição monzo- a sienogranítica, predominando granitóides porfiríticos grossos e, secundariamente, tipos inequigranulares a equigranulares. A cartografia regional mostrou que a foliação das rochas metassedimentares encaixantes mergulha dominantemente para NE e contém uma lineação (interseção, mineral) de direção NNW-SSE. A trama metamórfica das encaixantes assume progressivamente a direção NE-SW conforme se aproxima da zona de cisalhamento transcorrente de Itapirapuã, onde quartzo-milonitos verticalizados exibem uma cinemática sinistral. A trama dos plútons foi estudada pela técnica da anisotropia de suscetibilidade magnética (ASM). Foram amostradas 40 estações (300 espécimes) no granito porfírítico Patrimônio Santo Antônio, 7 estações (48 espécimes) no granito equigranular fino de São Domingos, 9 estações (67 espécimes) no granito inequigranular de Ouro Verde e 14 estações (92 espécimes) no granito porfiritico foliado de Santa Rita. A suscetibilidade magnética média (k) do granito Patrimônio Santo Antônio é da ordem de 23,29 x \'10 POT.-3\' SI, enquanto nos granitos Santa Rita (k = 11,85 mSI), São Domingos (k = 7,43 mSI) e Ouro Verde (k = 7,46 mSI) são menores. Por outro lado, a anisotropia magnética (P = \'k IND.max\'/\'k IND.min\', onde \'k IND.max\' > \'k IND.int\' > \'k IND.min\') é menor em Patrimônio Santo Antônio (P = 1,09 ± 0,04) do que no São Domingos (P = 1,21 ± 0,09), Ouro Verde (P = 1,19 ± 0,07) e Santa Rita (P = 1,23 ± 0,11). Estudos termomagnéticos e de magnetização remanente isotermal mostraram que as propriedades magnéticas dos granitoides são dominadas pela magnetita (pobre em Ti) e, secundariamente, Ti-hematita. Sulfetos de Fe (pirita, calcopirita) ocorrem como acessórios. Os óxidos de Fe estão frequentemente associados à titanita, biotita e anfibólio e suas microestruturas são tipicamente magmáticas, exceto no granito Santa Rita onde a microestrutura apresenta evidência de recristalização pós-magmática. A foliação magnética dos maciços graníticos mergulha suave a moderadamente e, no plúton Patrimônio Santo Antônio, exibe um padrão tipicamente dômico. A lineação magnética subhorizontal orienta-se na direção NNW-SSE paralelamente ao eixo do dobramento regional das rochas metassedimentares encaixantes. Esta característica indica que os granitos são sin-tectônicos a um evento deformacional cujo controle está aparentemente relacionado ao funcionamento das grandes transcorrências regionais de direção NE-SW. A ocorrência de domos graníticos (Patrimônio Santo Antônio) e elipsóides magnéticos dominantemente prolatos (São Domingos) sugerem que a trama NNW teria sido formada por uma tectônica que combina transcorrência e extensão. Uma idade concordante U-Pb (SHRIMP) em zircão de 589 ± 6 Ma, atribuída à cristalização do plúton Patrimônio Santo Antônio, indica que a deformação que afetou o granito no estado magmático bem como suas encaixantes ocorreu nos estágios finais da formação da Suíte Intrusiva Cunhaporanga. / Granite plutons located on the northeast of Cunhaporanga Intrusive Suite (Patrimônio Santo Antônio, Ouro Verde, São Domingos and Santa Rita) are emplaced into low grade metasedimentary rocks (Itaiacoca Group) of the Apiaí Domain (Ribeira Belt). Most of these plutons are isotropic with pinkish to grey colors and their compositions vary from monzogranite to sienogranite. They are usually porphyritic and locally inequigranular and equigranular. Regional mapping revealed that the foliation of the metasedimentary host rocks dips mainly to NE while the lineation (intersection, mineral) strikes in the NNW-SSE direction. The host rocks metamorphic fabric rotates progressively to become parallel to the NE-trending Itapirapuã transcurrent shear zone. Kinematic markers such as elongated quartz grains and mica-fish from quartz-milonites indicate the Itapirapuã shear records a sinistral movement. The fabric of the plutons was studied by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique. Forty sites (300 specimens) were sampled at the Patrimônio Santo Antônio granite, 7 sites (48 specimens) at São Domingos, 9 sites (67 specimens) at Ouro Verde and 14 sites (92 specimens) at Santa Rita granite. The mean of magnetic susceptibility (k) is higher in Patrimônio Santo Antônio granite (k = 23,29 x \'10 POT.-3\' SI) and lower in the granites of Santa Rita (k = 11,85 mSI), São Domingos (k = 7,43 mSI) and Ouro Verde (k = 7,46 mSI). In contrast the magnetic anisotropy (P) is lower in the Patrimônio Santo Antônio granite (P = 1,09 ± 0,04) and higher in the granites São Domingos (P = 1,21 ± 0,09), Ouro Verde (P = 1,19 ± 0,07) and Santa Rita (P = 1,23 ± 0,11). Thermomagnetic and Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) studies show that Ti-poor magnetite is the principal carrier of rock magnetic properties but that includes minor contributions of Ti-hematite. Iron oxides are frequently associated with titanite, biotite and amphibole. Microstructures are typically magmatic, except for Santa Rita granite which shows post-magmatic recrystallized microstructures. The magnetic foliation of granitic plutons dips smooth to moderately and for the Patrimônio Santo Antônio body it exhibits a typical dome pattern. The subhorizontal magnetic lineation strikes NNW-SSE parallel to regional folding axe of the metasedimentary rocks. This feature shows that the granites are syntectonic to a deformation event apparently connected to NE-trending transcurrent shears. The occurrence of a foliation dome in the Patrimônio Santo Antônio pluton and prolate magnetic ellipsoids in São Domingos pluton suggest that the NNW-trending structures includes, besides a strike-slip shear fabric, a component of extension that probably assisted the emplacement of the plutons. A U-Pb (SHRIMP) determination in the Patrimônio Santo Antônio zircons have produced a concordia age of 589 ± 6 Ma attributed to the crystallization of the granite. These results indicate that in the latest stages of the development of the Cunhaporanga Intrusive Suite the Apiaí Domain was submitted to a regional strain field recording transcurrent simple shear and extension.

A trama de magmas graníticos alojados na crosta intermediária e superior pode-se originar pela ação de forças de corpo (ascensionais, convectivas) e/ou tectônicas. Diferentes mecanismos podem concorrer para a formação de tramas, embora a interação entre a deformação magmática e a tectônica regional seja um dos mecanismos fundamentais, notadamente nos granitos alojados em faixas orogênicas. No Domínio Apiaí da Faixa Ribeira (SP - PR), os batólitos graníticos alongados têm sido historicamente classificados como sintectônicos, ou seja, colocados durante o desenvolvimento de um arco magmático continental neoproterozóico. Os plútons menores, de forma circular a ovalada, geralmente discordantes e com típica coloração avermelhada, são considerados pós-tectônicos ou alojados após a colisão continental entre os diferentes blocos litosféricos que formaram a Faixa Ribeira. Essa classificação esquemática tem sido baseada em geoquímica e geocronologia dos granitos. Este trabalho identificou e mapeou a trama interna dos plútons sin-tectônicos (Ribeirão Branco) e pós-tectônicos (Capão Bonito e Sguário) utilizando a anisotropia de suscetibilidade magnética (ASM), de forma a inserí-los propriamente nos modelos de classificação tectônica, cujas premissas básicas são de natureza estrutural. Os granitos porfiríticos (Ribeirão Branco e Itaóca) possuem uma elevada suscetibilidade magnética (k 10-2 SI), a qual é menor (k 5 x 10-3 SI) nos granitos vermelhos (Capão Bonito e Sguário). A suscetibilidade dos granitos porfiríticos é proveniente de óxidos ferromagnéticos, notadamente magnetita pobre em Ti, que encontra-se frequentemente associada com titanita, biotita e anfibólio. Nos granitos vermelhos a suscetibilidade é gerada por magnetita, variavelmente oxidada (maghemita) e Ti-hematita (hemo-ilmenita), havendo também significativa contribuição da fração paramagnética (biotita cloritizada) à suscetibilidade total nas rochas, quando k < 10-3 SI. O grau de anisotropia magnética (P) tanto nos granitos porfiríticos como nos vermelhos é variável, porém tipicamente maior nos porfiríticos (P = 1,14, dp. 0,08), se comparado aos vermelhos (P = 1,07, dp. 0,05). A maior anisotropia de suscetibilidade no plúton Ribeirão Branco é atribuída a uma incipiente foliação detectada em vários setores do granito, que contrasta com a microestrutura aparentemente isótropa dos granitos vermelhos. O estudo da trama de silicatos no granito porfirítico Itaóca e no granito Capão Bonito mostrou que os eixos principais de anisotropia de suscetibilidade magnética e da orientação preferencial de forma (OPF) de feldspato e de biotita, são correspondentes, porém, comumente oblíquos. Essa obliquidade entre eixos é atribuída às características físicas próprias (forma, tamanho e anisotropia) dos minerais marcadores da trama. O estudo combinado da ASM e da OPF revelou ainda que P tende a crescer com a intensidade da orientação preferencial de silicatos, o que permitiu identificar os domínios de maior deformação magmática e correlacioná-los com a estrutura regional. A trama magnética do granito Ribeirão Branco organiza-se em coerência com uma tectônica regional transcorrente sinistral. Na margem ocidental deste granito, contudo, a orientação da trama é diferente do restante do maciço, tendo sido aparentemente afetada pela intrusão do granito Sguário. A trama magnética do Ribeirão Branco contrasta com a do plúton Itaóca, este último exibindo um padrão concêntrico que antecedeu ao desenvolvimento da deformação transcorrente regional. Zircões do Itaóca forneceram uma idade U-Pb (SHRIMP) concordante de 623 ± 10 Ma, atribuída à cristalização deste plúton. Dados da literatura indicam que o granito Capão Bonito é aproximadamente 15 Ma mais jovem que os batólitos de granito porfirítico. O Capão Bonito, entretanto, apresenta uma trama muito bem organizada, típica de intrusões sin-tectônicas, destacando-se excelente alinhamento da lineação magnética. No granito Sguário, o arranjo da trama é tipicamente helicoidal e, junto com a estrutura do Capão Bonito, podem ter sido organizadas em resposta a uma deformação transcorrente E-W destral. Este evento tardio estaria associado à reativação da zona de cisalhamento Ribeira, que afetou a borda sul do granito Itaóca e que contém uma componente extensional. A deformação transtensiva E-W, que favoreceu a injeção dos granitos vermelhos no Domínio Apiaí, sucederia a um evento tectonomagmático principal, que teria sido responsável pela colocação e deformação dos batólitos de granito porfirítico. A intrusão dos grandes corpos graníticos ocorreu em torno de 615 Ma e foi relacionada à convergência crustal e estiramento subparalelo à Faixa Ribeira, com a deformação localizada notadamente nas estruturas transcorrentes de direção NE-SW. / The fabric of granitic magmas emplaced in the middle and upper crustal levels can be caused by the stress action during the ascension and convection of plutons and/or tectonic strain. Several mechanisms can contribute for the previous thing, nevertheless the interaction between the distortions and tectonic is the domineering one, principally in granites located in orogenic belts. In the Apiaí domain of the Ribeira belt (SP-PR) the elongated granitic batholiths have been historically classified like syn-tectonic and them was emplaced during the development of a neoproterozoic continental magmatic arch. Small Plutons with subcircular to oval forms generally discordant with regard to the disposition of the regional structures and that in turn possess feldspars of reddish typical colour, had been considered pos-tectonic, and therefore, emplaced after the collision that joined the different litho-tectonic units that constitute the Ribeira orogenic belt. This schematic classification of these granites relicts on geochemistry and geochronology data. In this study was identified and recorded in map the internal fabric of the syn-tectonic Ribeirão Branco granite and of the pos-tectonic Capão Bonito and Sguário granites using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) with the aim of inserting them appropriately in the models of tectonic classification whose basic premises are of structural nature. The porphyritic Ribeirão Branco and Itaóca granites have a high magnetic susceptibility (k = 10-2 SI), which is minor than (k = 5 x 10-3 SI) in the red granites (Capão Bonito, Sguário). In the first ones the poor Ti magnetite is the main source of susceptibility, commonly associated to titanite, biotite and amphibole. In the red granites, the susceptibility is provided by magnetite variability rusty (maghemite) and Ti - hematite (hemo-ilmenite), in addition to the significant contribution of biotite altered by hydrothermal processes. The grade of anisotropy rise (P) in the porphyritic granites (P = 1,14 SD. 0,08) and this is bigger than in the red ones (P = 1,07, SD. 0,05). In the Ribeirão Branco pluton, the high value of P is attributed to an incipient foliation detected in several sectors, which contrasts with the microstructure seemingly isotropic of the red granites. The study of the fabrics of silicates in the porphyritic granites Ribeirão Branco and Itaóca revealed that the orientations of the main axes of AMS and of shape preferred orientation (SPO) of feldspar and mafic silicates (biotite + amphibole) are congruent, nevertheless some obliquities occur. Those obliquities are attributed to the influence of the proper characteristics (form, size, anisotropy) of the marker minerals of the respective sub fabrics. In the same way, the above-mentioned study of silicates fabric demonstrated that P tends to grow up with the intensity of the SPO of silicates, which allowed to identify domains with major magmatic distortion into de granitic bodies and to correlate them with the regional structure. In general, the magnetic fabric of the Ribeirão Branco granite is organized coherently with the tectonic regional sinestral strike-slip shear zones; nevertheless, in the western sector the orientation of the magnetic fabric was likely modified by the accommodation of the Sguário granite. In the Itaóca granite, the organization of the magnetic fabric is different if compared with fabrics of the previous pluton. In Itaóca granite was recorded a fabric with a concentric organization in 623 ± 10Ma. (MSWD 0,31), according to the concordant U-Pb (SHRIMP) age in zircons obtained for the crystallization of the granite, that seems to be occurred before the strain related with the activation of the regional strike-slip shear zones. Geochronology data of the literature indicates that the Capão Bonito granite is approximately 15 Ma. younger than the batholiths of porphyritic granite. The Capão Bonito granite has an organized fabric typical of syn-tectonic intrusions that has an excellent alignment of the magnetic lineation. In the granite Sguário, the fabric has a spiral organization, in the same way as recorded in Capão Bonito, like response to a strain associated with to a small strike-slip shear zone with W-E direction. This event would be related to the reactivation of the Ribeira strike-slip shear zone, which affected the south sector of the Itaóca granite, with the participation of an extensional component. The W-E transtensive deformation that favoured the injection of the red granites in the Apiaí Domain likely was subsequent to a main tetonomagmatic event and this should have been the responsible by the emplacement and strain in the porphyritic granites. The intrusion of the big granitic bodies ~ 615 Ma. and could be it related to the convergence between crustal blocks and to the consequent stretching sub parallel of the Ribeira belt, in which the distortion was located remarkably in the strike-slip shear zones with NE-SW direction.

The peri-Atlantic Arctic, one of the most sensitive components of the Earth climate system, experienced pronounced climatic fluctuations during the Holocene. Several external forcings were considered responsible for these variations, including decline of insolation on the Northern Hemisphere, changes in distribution of land ice mass, explosive volcanism, or changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation. In order to explore the driving mechanisms of the peri-Atlantic Arctic environmental variability, three sites located in different parts of the region were selected for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions with focus on extracting the climatic information. With this intention, sedimentary cores from i) Lake Garmaksla, Central Svalbard, ii) Jarfjorden, northeastern Norway, and iii) Kobbefjord area, southwestern Greenland, were retrieved and subjected to multi-proxy investigation. The absolute chronostratigraphic framework was established by comprehensive radiocarbon (14 C) and short-lived radioisotopes (210 Pb, 137 Cs) dating. Further analyses include measurements of magnetic susceptibility, grain size distribution, element composition by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and elements bound to organic matter, i.e. organic carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and biogenic silica. The relationships between the...