Present demagnetization methods for large power system transformers are time consuming and can be dangerous to persons performing demagnetization. The work of this thesis was to develop improved demagnetization methods and to construct an automated instrument that would implement the methods developed. One previously developed method was analyzed for effectiveness. Then, two new methods for demagnetization were developed and also analyzed for effectiveness. An automated test instrument prototype was redesigned to be able to accommodate these methods and to improve the safety of the user. The previously developed method attempts demagnetization based on current flow behavior characteristics. The first new method is a magnetic flux estimation based on saturation time. The second new method is also based on measuring saturation time, modified to account for the variable voltage loss due to wire resistance. The second of the two new methods developed proved to be the most effective for demagnetization and was able to demagnetize a transformer within an error margin of 2%. The instrument designed to perform the demagnetization with this new routine is now in early production stages for an expanded field trial with transformer maintenance teams.

L'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) est une modalité d'imagerie médicale reposant sur l'utilisation de champs électromagnétiques pour acquérir des images tomodensitométriques du corps humain. Bien qu'appartenant à la catégorie des rayonnements non-ionisants (RNI), des effets transitoires peuvent être ressentis par les personnels travaillant à proximité d'une IRM. Ces travailleurs sont dits exposés aux champs électromagnétiques, même si les différents comités d’experts s’accordent pour dire qu’aucun effet d’accumulation de dose ou d’effet à long terme n’a été trouvé. Ces effets à court terme, allant d’un goût métallique au niveau de la bouche à la stimulation nerveuse et à l'échauffement, sont connus et identifiés. Ils peuvent néanmoins provoquer une gêne, voire un danger, pour le travailleur. Ces préoccupations concernent spécifiquement le champ magnétique permanent (de 1,5 T à 7 T) utilisé par l'IRM. Un groupement d'experts mandatés par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a ainsi déterminé l'évaluation de l'exposition des travailleurs au champ magnétique statique comme une priorité importante. Les travaux de cette thèse ont permis de répondre à cette demande en définissant et en implémentant un dispositif de mesure autonome et léger permettant la mesure de cette exposition ainsi que la caractérisation des mouvements du travailleur. La justesse de la mesure d'induction magnétique réalisée par le dispositif est garantie par une méthode de correction numérique prenant en compte les défauts de linéarité et d'orthogonalité du capteur. Basée sur les données du capteur, une méthode d'ajustement de la mesure d'induction magnétique a ensuite été définie. Cette méthode permet, à partir d'une mesure réalisée au niveau du torse du travailleur, d'extrapoler la valeur d'induction magnétique au niveau de la tête de celui-ci. Enfin, une validation pratique du dispositif de mesure a été effectuée à travers un suivi de l'exposition des travailleurs IRM de trois centres d'imagerie médicale : imagerie clinique, imagerie interventionnelle et IRM ultra hauts champs (7~T). Des méthodes d'extraction de métriques permettant l'analyse précise et la comparaison de l'exposition des travailleurs au champ magnétique statique ont été proposées. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont ouvert des perspectives intéressantes, permettant de réaliser le suivi à long terme de l'exposition des travailleurs au champ magnétique statique de façon quasi autonome. De plus, une industrialisation des outils et méthodes définis a pu être réalisée et est actuellement en cours de validation / The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging modality using electromagnetic fields (EMF) in order to perform human body tomodensitometric images. Even if these fields are Non-Ionizing Radiations (NIR), some transitory effects can be felt by the staff working in the vicinity of the MRI. Such workers are qualified as “exposed” to EMF, even if all expert comities agree to say that no accumulative or long term effects have been identified yet. Short term effects are known and identified, from metallic taste in the mouth, nerve and muscle stimulation, to biologic tissue heating, which can be troublesome or dangerous. The main exposure concern comes from the MRI permanent static magnetic field (ranging from 1.5 T to 7 T). An expert comity, mandated by the World Health Organization (WHO), has therefore defined the evaluation of the exposure of the MRI workers to the static magnetic field as a priority. This was the focus of this PhD thesis. A light and autonomous static magnetic field monitor (called "exposimeter") has been developed. It allows the recording of the three-dimensional magnetic fields as well as workers’ movements. Its magnetic induction measurement accuracy has been ensured by a specific calibration, which takes into account non-linearity and non-orthogonality of the magnetic sensors. Based on exposimeter data, a magnetic induction extrapolation method has then been developed. This method allows the estimation of the EMF exposure at the head with sensors placed on the torso. Finally, a practical validation of the device has been performed in multiple MRI clinical and research centers, included clinical MRIs (1.5 T and 3 T), an interventional MRI (1.5 T) and an ultra-high field MRI (7 T). Metrics have been defined in order to precisely analyze and compare workers exposure. All the works presented in this PhD thesis open new perspectives such as long term static magnetic field exposure follow-up. Moreover, industrial transfer of the device has been performed and is currently being validated

Este trabalho apresenta as características básicas de uma máquina elétrica com fluxo axial, ímãs permanentes, rotor duplo e estator com enrolamentos toroidais montado entre os rotores. A máquina foi construída no Laboratório de Máquinas Elétricas, Acionamentos e Energia da Escola de Engenharia da UFRGS. O trabalho contém modelos analíticos para as induções magnéticas dos ímãs permanentes e dos enrolamentos de armadura. A partir dos modelos foram desenvolvidas expressões para o cálculo de forças eletromotrizes e de conjugados, sendo utilizado um software de matemática simbólica para realização dos cálculos. É apresentada uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos através do modelo analítico e os resultados obtidos por simulação numérica. Alguns resultados são comparados também com valores experimentais. As expressões para o cálculo de conjugado desenvolvido pela máquina serão detalhadas em uma etapa posterior. Foi obtida uma razoável coerência entre os dados comparados. / This work presents the basic features of an axial flux, permanent magnet, double rotor and toroidal windings mounted between the rotors. The machine was built in the Laboratory of Electrical Machines, Drives and energy of the School of Engineering of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The work contains analytical models of permanent magnets and armature windings magnetic inductions. Based in models, expressions of electromotive forces and torques were derived. The calculations were performed with a symbolical mathematical software. It is presented a comparison between results obtained with analytical model and results of the numerical simulation. Some comparisons include experimental results. The expressions of machine torque will be detailed in a next phase. The compared results present an acceptable conformity.

Este trabalho apresenta as características básicas de uma máquina elétrica com fluxo axial, ímãs permanentes, rotor duplo e estator com enrolamentos toroidais montado entre os rotores. A máquina foi construída no Laboratório de Máquinas Elétricas, Acionamentos e Energia da Escola de Engenharia da UFRGS. O trabalho contém modelos analíticos para as induções magnéticas dos ímãs permanentes e dos enrolamentos de armadura. A partir dos modelos foram desenvolvidas expressões para o cálculo de forças eletromotrizes e de conjugados, sendo utilizado um software de matemática simbólica para realização dos cálculos. É apresentada uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos através do modelo analítico e os resultados obtidos por simulação numérica. Alguns resultados são comparados também com valores experimentais. As expressões para o cálculo de conjugado desenvolvido pela máquina serão detalhadas em uma etapa posterior. Foi obtida uma razoável coerência entre os dados comparados. / This work presents the basic features of an axial flux, permanent magnet, double rotor and toroidal windings mounted between the rotors. The machine was built in the Laboratory of Electrical Machines, Drives and energy of the School of Engineering of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The work contains analytical models of permanent magnets and armature windings magnetic inductions. Based in models, expressions of electromotive forces and torques were derived. The calculations were performed with a symbolical mathematical software. It is presented a comparison between results obtained with analytical model and results of the numerical simulation. Some comparisons include experimental results. The expressions of machine torque will be detailed in a next phase. The compared results present an acceptable conformity.

Este trabalho apresenta as características básicas de uma máquina elétrica com fluxo axial, ímãs permanentes, rotor duplo e estator com enrolamentos toroidais montado entre os rotores. A máquina foi construída no Laboratório de Máquinas Elétricas, Acionamentos e Energia da Escola de Engenharia da UFRGS. O trabalho contém modelos analíticos para as induções magnéticas dos ímãs permanentes e dos enrolamentos de armadura. A partir dos modelos foram desenvolvidas expressões para o cálculo de forças eletromotrizes e de conjugados, sendo utilizado um software de matemática simbólica para realização dos cálculos. É apresentada uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos através do modelo analítico e os resultados obtidos por simulação numérica. Alguns resultados são comparados também com valores experimentais. As expressões para o cálculo de conjugado desenvolvido pela máquina serão detalhadas em uma etapa posterior. Foi obtida uma razoável coerência entre os dados comparados. / This work presents the basic features of an axial flux, permanent magnet, double rotor and toroidal windings mounted between the rotors. The machine was built in the Laboratory of Electrical Machines, Drives and energy of the School of Engineering of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The work contains analytical models of permanent magnets and armature windings magnetic inductions. Based in models, expressions of electromotive forces and torques were derived. The calculations were performed with a symbolical mathematical software. It is presented a comparison between results obtained with analytical model and results of the numerical simulation. Some comparisons include experimental results. The expressions of machine torque will be detailed in a next phase. The compared results present an acceptable conformity.