This dissertation reports the fabrication and characterization of integrated micro sensors consisting of magnetostrictive 500 μm long cantilevers or bridges and conducting interrogation elements. The thin films are fabricated by sputter deposition of NiFe doped with B and Mo and their magnetic properties are optimized by field annealing resulting in a coercivity of 2.4 Oe. An alternating current applied to the interrogation elements magnetizes the magnetostrictive structures, and their longitudinal resonant frequency is detected as an impedance change of the interrogation elements. The significance of using magnetostrictive micro beams is the high resonant frequency of the longitudinal vibration compared to transverse vibration, which can be exploited to develop sensors of high sensitivity.

No description available.

Strain-mediated magnetoelastic composite materials are being considered for communication in lossy environments. Their consideration is attributable to predictions stating order of magnitude improvements over current antenna technology. The magnetic antenna design considered herein consists of three layers: 1) a piezoelectric layer, 2) a linear elastic layer, and 3) a magnetoelastic layer. The antenna operates by mediating strain through the device in a resonant bending mode. The magnetoelastic layer is stressed which results in a changing magnetization ultimately leading to a changing magnetostatic field in free space which acts as a signal for information transfer. In order to prove the efficacy of this approach finite element models have been developed to aid in the design and optimization process. Where these models fall short is in their overall run-time to fully resolve the coupled dynamics. It is for this reason that the work presented in this thesis focuses on the development of a figure of merit capable of predicting optimal bias conditions and geometries needing only the data from a static bias study from FEA. The material level magnetomechanical coupling factor is chosen as the foundation for the figure of merit. The figure of merit is then augmented to include structure level information regarding the demagnetizing field and the non-uniform stress distribution. The main results presented are the effects of including demagnetization and stress distributions, and most importantly the ability of the metric to predict the change in magnetization of the device. It is shown that for aspect ratios greater than roughly 2.5 the metric trends the same as the change in magnetization predicted by finite element simulations. The region of disagreement between the metric and the fully resolved finite element simulation is explained by tying back to underlying assumptions made during the formulation of the magnetometric demagnetization factor used in the analysis. The case is made for the figure of merit to be included in the analysis of strain-mediated antennas for its ability to find optimum designs while reducing the overall simulation run-time by an order of magnitude. / Master of Science / Many communication devices are readily available however there are a few key gaps in communication technology that are yet to be filled. Notably, communication in lossy environments using small scale, low frequency, devices has proven difficult due to the fundamental limits of antennas (a cell phone cannot communicate into a mine shaft for search and rescue operations, nor can they communicate underwater to submarines or divers for instance). A promising new approach of communication using smart magnetic materials is under consideration in this thesis. Specifically, the goal herein is to develop an analysis tool capable of predicting device performance without having to run computationally expensive/time consuming finite element simulations. In this thesis it is shown that the analysis tool is capable of predicting device performance while reducing the necessary simulation run-time by an order of magnitude. Using this tool, researches will be able to design better prototypes; moving one step closer to portable communication in lossy environments.

Στη παρούσα διατριβή πραγματοποιήθηκε ανάπτυξη αισθητήρων που αποτελούνται από μαγνητοελαστικό έλασμα τύπου Metglas στην επιφάνεια του οποίου έγινε επικάλυψη με ευαίσθητο εκλεκτικό υμένιο. Στη μεγάλη πλειοψηφία των περιπτώσεων ως τέτοιο υμένιο χρησιμοποιήθηκε ζεόλιθος. Διαφορετικοί τύποι ζεόλιθων συνετέθησαν έπειτα από υδροθερμική σύνθεση και προσκολλήθηκαν ισχυρά στην εξωτερική επιφάνεια (και από τις δύο πλευρές) των Metglas. Ένας τέτοιος αισθητήρας συνδυάζει τις ροφικές ικανότητες του εκλεκτικού υμενίου με την ιδιότητα του Metglas να μετατρέπει φορτίσεις μάζας και αλλαγές των ελαστικών ιδιοτήτων του σε μετρούμενες μεταβολές της συχνότητας συντονισμού του. Η συνδυασμένη αυτή ικανότητα του αισθητήρα χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την ανίχνευση Πτητικών Οργανικών Ουσιών (VOC’s). Πιο συγκεκριμένα για τον ίδιο σκοπό χρησιμοποιήθηκαν υμένια ζεόλιθων (FAU, MFI και LTA) και πολυμερούς (Bayhydrol-110). Τα VOC’s των οποίων η ανίχνευση εξετάστηκε με τους παραπάνω αισθητήρες είναι: αιθυλεστέρας, πάρα-ξυλόλιο, όρθο-ξυλόλιο, βενζόλιο, κυκλο-εξάνιο, κανονικό-εξάνιο, προπάνιο και προπυλένιο. Δεύτερος στόχος της διατριβής ήταν ο υπολογισμός μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων των ζεόλιθων. Στη βιβλογραφία έχει αποδειχθεί ότι η ρόφηση αερίων επηρεάζει (εκτός από τη μάζα του) και τις μηχανικές ιδιότητες των ζεόλιθων μέσω της μεταβολής του μεγέθους της μοναδιαίας κυψελίδας των. Επομένως η ρόφηση αναμένεται να επηρεάζει εφαρμογές τους (π.χ ζεολιθικές μεμβράνες), των οποίων η απόδοση εξαρτάται άμεσα από τις μηχανικές τους ιδιότητες. Για το λόγο αυτό αναπτύχθηκε πειραματική μεθοδολογία με την οποία υπολογίζονται το μέτρο ελαστικότητας Ε των ζεολιθικών φιλμ, και οι τάσεις/παραμορφώσεις που αναπτύσσονται στο ζεολιθικό υμένιο κατά τη ρόφηση αερίων. Ο υπολογισμός για την εύρεση του μέτρου ελαστικότητας βασίζεται στη καταγραφή των μεταβολών της συχνότητας συντονισμού fR πολλαπλών αισθητήρων Metglas/ζεόλιθος διαφορετικού πάχους υμενίου ο καθένας. Η συγκεκριμένη μέθοδος γενικεύεται και βρίσκει εφαρμογή για τον υπολογισμό του μέτρου ελαστικότητας E του Young οποιαδήποτε μικροπορώδους ομοιόμορφου και καλά προσκολλημένου στην επιφάνεια του Metglas υμενίου. Ο υπολογισμός των τάσεων που αναπτύσσονται στο φιλμ κατά τη ρόφηση επιτυγχάνεται με χρήση δύο διαφορετικών μεθόδων. Η πρώτη μέθοδος, εφαρμόζεται σε αισθητήρες στους οποίους επικάλυψη με συνεχές υμένιο ζεόλιθου υπήρχε και από τις δύο πλευρές του Metglas. Με συνδυασμένη χρήση κατάλληλης θεωρίας και μαθηματικού μοντέλου της βιβλιογραφίας για τα μαγνητοελαστικά υλικά υπολογίζονται οι τάσεις που αναπτύσσονται στους ζεόλιθους FAU, LTA και σιλικαλίτη-1 κατά τη ρόφηση υγρασίας. Η δεύτερη μέθοδος υπολογισμού τάσεων εφαρμόστηκε σε αισθητήρα Metglas/MFI, στον οποίο επικάλυψη με συνεχές υμένιο ζεόλιθου υπήρχε μόνο από τη μία πλευρά του ελάσματος. Η μέθοδος εφαρμόζεται σε αισθητήρα Metglas/MFI κατά τη ρόφηση VOC’s, και βασίζεται στην ευκαμψία και ελαστικότητα που επιδεικνύει ο συγκεκριμένος αισθητήρας κατά τη διεργασία αυτή. Η διαφοροποίηση των δύο επιφανειών ως προς την ομοιομορφία του φιλμ του αισθητήρα, σε συνδυασμό με τη ρόφηση προκαλούν τη κάμψη του, ορατή ακόμα και με γυμνό μάτι, από το μέγεθος της οποίας υπολογίζονται οι τάσεις που αναπτύσσονται στο φιλμ του ζεόλιθου. Σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις ακολουθεί σύγκριση των πειραματικών αποτελεσμάτων μας με τη βιβλιογραφία. / In the current thesis the development of sensors comprised of magnetoelastic ribbon (Metglas) its surface was coated with selective sensitizing layer was examined. In most cases, zeolites were selected as sensitive layers. Different types of zeolites were synthesized and bounded in both outer surfaces of Metglas using the hydrothermal synthesis technique. Such a sensor combines the adsorptive abilities of sensitizing layer with the inner ability of Metglas to convert mass loadings and changes in the elastic properties in corresponding changes of the measured resonance frequency of the ribbon. That combined ability has been used for the detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s). More particularly, for the same purpose zeolite layers (FAU, MFI and LTA) and polymer (Bayhydrol-110) have been used. The detected VOC’s are: ethyl-acetate, para-xylene, ortho-xylene, benzene, cyclohexane, n-hexane, propane and propylene. The second target of the current thesis was the calculation of mechanical properties of zeolites. In the literature has been proved that gas adsorption upon zeolites affects not only its mass but also its mechanical properties through the unit cell changes. Thus, adsorption is expected to affect applications such as zeolite membranes the performance of which is directly affected by their mechanical properties and possible changes. Hence, a new method is proposed which unable the calculation the Young modulus of zeolite films, and the stresses/deformations induced in the zeolite film upon adsorption. The calculation of Young modulus is based on the recording of resonance frequency changes of multiple sensors with different zeolite thickness each. The methodology is general and can be used for measuring Young modulus of any microporous film as long as it can be deposited as uniform layer on a magnetoelastic ribbon. The calculation of adsorption induced stresses is succeeded with two different methods. The first method is applied in sensors in which zeolite coating existed on both surfaces of Metglas ribbon. Combined use of appropriate theory and mathematical model from the literature for the magnetoelastic materials, stresses induced on FAU, LTA and silicalite-1 zeolites upon humidity adsorption were calculated. The second method was applied in Metglas/MFI sensor in which uniform polycrystalline MFI layer existed only from the one side of the ribbon. The method was applied during the adsorption of VOC’s and is based on the bending and elasticity shown by the sensor during the adsorption process. The differentiation of the two surfaces concerning the cohesion of the film, combined with adsorption phenomena cause remarkable bending, visible even with a naked eye, from the magnitude of which stresses induced on zeolite film are calculated. In all cases there is a comparison of our experimental results with corresponding from the literature.

La connaissance de la viscosité est un défi majeur dans les technologies de pointe (biomédical, pétrochimie, imprimerie, cosmétique, agroalimentaire, etc). Cette étude présente un capteur de viscosité qui exploite la vibration transversale forcée d’une poutre mince. L’amortissement induit par le fluide permet d’évaluer sa viscosité et sa masse volumique par la seule connaissance des caractéristiques à la résonance de la poutre (amplitude et fréquence). Cette mesure est réalisée par un circuit électromagnétique. Dans ce travail, la simulation numérique et l’étude expérimentale du viscosimètre sont réalisées en vue de mieux cerner les paramètres influençant le fonctionnement du capteur. Les différentes investigations menées dans ce travail sont d’une grande importance pour l’optimisation du viscosimètre d’une part. D’autre part, c’est une contribution à l’ensemble des études qui traitent de l’aspect du couplage fluide-structure-électromagnétisme. / Knowing the viscosity becomes increasingly a major challenge in leading-edge technologies (biomedical, petrochemical, printing, cosmetic, food industry, etc). This study presents a viscosity sensor based on a thin beam immersed in a newtonian fluid and subjected to transverse vibrations due to an electromechanical excitation system. The damped vibration can be used to evaluate the fluid viscosity and density by measuring the beam’s resonance characteristics (amplitude, frequency). This measurement is done by an electromagnetic feedback circuit. In this work, numerical model and experimental studies of the vibrating viscometer are conducted to better understand the influencing factors of the sensor’s operation. The different investigations carried out in this work are of great importance for the viscometer optimization on one hand. On the other hand, it’s a contribution to all studies dealing with the aspect of fluid-structure-electromagnetism coupling.

No description available.

No description available.

La manipulation de parois de domaine magnétique – qui séparent des régions d’aimantation uniforme dans les matériaux – est associée à des enjeux à la fois fondamentaux et technologiques. De nombreux travaux portent sur l’utilisation de champs magnétiques et de courants électriques pour leur déplacement. Cependant, des préoccupations particulières – notamment la dissipation d’énergie - motivent la recherche d’alternatives. Parmi les solutions potentielles, le couplage magnétoélectrique par l’intermédiaire de contraintes mécaniques dans des hétérostructures magnétoélastique/piézoélectrique paraît prometteur. Dans cette thèse, il est montré que l’association d’un champ magnétique de biais et de contraintes mécaniques uniformes peut engendrer le déplacement unidirectionnel d’une paroi de domaine transverse dans des nanostructures à anisotropie uniaxiale. Les considérations statiques et dynamiques de ce phénomène sont étudiées par le biais de procédures numériques ad hoc simulant le couplage mécanique entre substrat de PMN-PT de coupe 011 générant des contraintes, et nanostructures multicouches magnétoélastiques TbCo2/FeCo. Le design du profil de section des nanostructures permet de moduler la réponse du système, par exemple pour contrôler la position de parois confinées. La dynamique du système se distingue des régimes habituels de par la forme de la paroi de domaine. L’atteinte de régimes permanents dans des nanorubans montre que des vitesses comparables aux autres techniques sont obtenues, pour une dissipation d’énergie beaucoup plus faible. Des travaux expérimentaux ont permis de mettre au point un process de fabrication sur PMN-PT et d’explorer l’effet magnétoélectrique / The manipulation of magnetic domain walls – that separate regions of uniform magnetization – is associated with both fundamental and technological research interests. A large part of the literature on domain wall motion deals with the use of magnetic fields and electric currents. However, several concerns – most notably energy dissipation – motivates the search for alternatives. Among potential candidates, the mechanical stress-mediated magnetoelectric coupling in magnetoelastic/piezoelectric heterostructures seems promising. In this thesis, it is shown that the combination of a bias magnetic field and uniform mechanical stress can induce unidirectional domain wall motion in nanostructures with uniaxial anisotropy. Static and dynamic aspects of this phenomenon are studied by means of ad hoc numerical procedures simulating the mechanical coupling of 011-cut PMN-PT generating the stress, and TbCo2/FeCo multilayers magnetoelastic nanostructures. The design of the cross section profile in nanostructures allows to tailor the response of the system, enabling for instance the control of domain wall position in confined geometries. The associated dynamics stands apart from known regimes because of the shape of the domain wall. The existence of steady-state regimes in nanostripes of constant width shows that velocities comparable to those of other techniques can be obtained, for a fraction of the energy required. Experimental investigations resulted in the development of a successful fabrication process on PMN-PT and the exploration of the magnetoelectric effect

<p>The transmission is probably the drivetrain component with the greatest impact on driveability of an automatic transmission equipped vehicle. Since the driver only has an indirect influence on the gear shift timing, except for situations like kick-down accelerations, it is desirable to improve shift quality as perceived by the driver. However, improving shift quality is a problem normally diametrically opposed to minimizing transmission clutch energy dissipation. The latter has a great impact on transmission lifetime, and has to be defined and taken into consideration along with the notion of shift quality. The main focus of this thesis is the modeling of a drivetrain of an automatic transmission vehicle, and the implementation in MatLab/Simulink, including the first to second gear upshift. The resulting plant based on the derived equations is validated using data from a test vehicle equipped with a torque sensor located at the transmission output shaft. The shaft torque is more or less proportional to the driveline jerk, and hence of great interest for control purposes. Control strategies are discussed and a PID controller structure is developed to control the first to second gear upshift, as opposed to the traditional open-loop upshift control. Furthermore, the proposed controller structure uses the transmission output torque and the differential speed of the engaging clutch as inputs, to control the clutch pressure and the engine output torque, respectively. The structure is unsophisticated and transparent compared to other approaches, but shows great theoretical results in terms of improved shift quality and decreased clutch wear.</p>

The transmission is probably the drivetrain component with the greatest impact on driveability of an automatic transmission equipped vehicle. Since the driver only has an indirect influence on the gear shift timing, except for situations like kick-down accelerations, it is desirable to improve shift quality as perceived by the driver. However, improving shift quality is a problem normally diametrically opposed to minimizing transmission clutch energy dissipation. The latter has a great impact on transmission lifetime, and has to be defined and taken into consideration along with the notion of shift quality. The main focus of this thesis is the modeling of a drivetrain of an automatic transmission vehicle, and the implementation in MatLab/Simulink, including the first to second gear upshift. The resulting plant based on the derived equations is validated using data from a test vehicle equipped with a torque sensor located at the transmission output shaft. The shaft torque is more or less proportional to the driveline jerk, and hence of great interest for control purposes. Control strategies are discussed and a PID controller structure is developed to control the first to second gear upshift, as opposed to the traditional open-loop upshift control. Furthermore, the proposed controller structure uses the transmission output torque and the differential speed of the engaging clutch as inputs, to control the clutch pressure and the engine output torque, respectively. The structure is unsophisticated and transparent compared to other approaches, but shows great theoretical results in terms of improved shift quality and decreased clutch wear.