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Chalcogen bonding (ChB) is a particular case of secondary bonding centred on heavy group-16 elements. It is almost exclusively identified through crystallography by measuring interatomic distances intermediate between single-bond averages and the sum of van der Waals radii. However, there is significant recent progress in discerning its signatures using spectroscopic techniques such as multinuclear NMR. This M.Sc. thesis describes progress in two research projects on chalcogen bonding. The first examined the effect of halogenation on the aggregation of 3-methyl-5-phenyl 1-2-tellurazole 2-oxide. The second examined the strengthening of ChB interaction between molecules of benzo-1,2-chalcogenazole 2-oxides by chlorination. The bromination of 3-methyl-5-phenyl 1-2-tellurazole 2-oxide yielded 3,3,3-tri-bromo-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1,2-tellurazole-2-anole. Four unique crystal structures were obtained with the most promising being the dimeric structure. Deprotonation was unsuccessfully attempted although yielded 2 unique crystal structures co-crystallized with proton-sponge. Iodination of 3-methyl-5-phenyl 1-2-tellurazole 2-oxide was also performed, resulting in a mixed tetrameric aggregate containing two molecules of 3-methyl-5-phenyl 1-2-tellurazole 2-oxide and two 1,1-di-iodo-3-methyl-5-phenyl 1-2-tellurazole 2-oxide molecules. DFT investigations into the electronic properties, thermodynamics of aggregation, and basicity were performed. Similar to the chlorinated derivative, the most favourable aggregate to form is the hetero-tetramer with two brominated or iodinated molecules and 2 non-halogenated molecules. The reaction of benzo 1,2-sellenazole 2-oxide with SO2Cl2 and benzo 1,2-tellurazole 2-oxide with HCl followed by SO2Cl2 yielded halogenated derivatives of each molecule in which the chalcogen was oxidized from Ch(II) to Ch(IV). In the selenium derivative, an unexpected chlorination occurred on the heterocycle of the molecule. Crystal structures were obtained for each chlorinated product where dimeric interactions were observed. DFT calculations show how the electronic and orbital mixing contributions to the ChB interactions are enhanced upon halogenation. Gibbs free energy of aggregation is most negative for a mixed structure in which two chlorinated molecules and two unchlorinated molecules are linked. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Jupiter's aurorae put on a permanent, ever-changing light show more than a thousand times brighter than the Earth's own aurorae. At ultraviolet wavelengths these aurorae are dominated by the ME: discontinuous ovals of curtain-like light partially encircling each of the planet's magnetic poles. The properties of these aurorae are a reflection of processes in Jupiter's magnetosphere, as the two are coupled together by currents flowing along magnetic field lines. By understanding auroral features in the ME, the vast Jovian magnetosphere's complex interactions with the planet can thus be better understood. The evolution of this energetic system has implications for Jupiter's present and past, as well as its place within the Solar System. While Jupiter's large-scale aurorae have been extensively studied, the properties, particularly motions, of small-scale auroral features represent a comparatively unexplored route to gain deeper understanding of this system. Here, the motions of these auroral features are characterized and related back to the physical processes in Jupiter's magnetosphere and ionosphere. First, a survey of auroral feature motions in Jupiter's ME is created based on Hubble Space Telescope observations. A dichotomy in auroral motion is found: features near dawn remain fixed in local time significantly more than features elsewhere. This finding gives context for Jupiter's dawn storms-- rare, enigmatic auroral phenomena noted for their fixedness, brightness, and appearance only at local dawn. Next, the ME is measured on smaller scales and compared with in-situ measurements of magnetospheric plasma flow from the Galileo spacecraft to estimate the magnetospheric and ionospheric properties associated with fixed auroral features. Finally, these properties are used to inform a self-consistent model of the currents generating the ME. Ionospheric conductance-- the ease with which currents flow through the ionosphere-- is varied to generate models which best match the auroral observations. Altogether, a coherent description of ME auroral features and their associated physical processes emerges. Increased conductance is found to correspond with both auroral emissions and the acceleration of magnetospheric plasma. The conductance, which is spatially variable but fixed in local time on average, is proposed to explain the motions of small-scale ultraviolet Jovian auroral forms.

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2019-2020 / L’hygiène des mains (HDM) est la mesure la plus importante pour prévenir les infections nosocomiales. L’audit des pratiques d’HDM est essentiel à son amélioration. L’Organisation mondiale de la santé suggère que les patients peuvent procéder à l’audit, mais peu d’études ont exploré cette avenue. Une étude exploratoire de type pilote a été réalisée auprès de patients hospitalisés à l’unité de chirurgie bariatrique de l’IUCPQ-UL1 (Canada), afin d’explorer : 1) la faisabilité d’impliquer les patients pour auditer les pratiques d’HDM des soignants « avant le contact avec le patient ou son environnement » (acceptation, compétence, réalisation du comportement), 2) les variables psychosociales associées au comportement d’audit, 3) le vécu des patients-auditeurs. Aux phases A (n=14) et B (n=25) de l’étude, les patients ont été formés pour auditer l’HDM. Leur compétence a été vérifiée, puis ils ont procédé à l’audit pendant 24 heures. À la phase B, les déterminants du comportement (analyses multivariées) et le vécu des patients ont été mesurés à l’aide de questionnaires fidèles et valides développés pour l’étude. Une proportion appréciable des patients ont accepté de participer (57% (17/30)), ont démontré la compétence d’auditer (93% (13/14)) et ont réalisé le comportement (100% (12/12)). Deux patients se sont retirés de l’étude et deux autres ont obtenu leur congé avant la fin de l’étude. La norme morale et la perception du contrôle comportemental ont expliqué 86% de la variabilité de l’intention de réaliser l’audit. Le niveau de scolarité a expliqué 50% de la variabilité de la fréquence du comportement. 94% (30/32) des patients ont rapporté une expérience générale positive. 80% (16/20) ont trouvé l’audit facile à réaliser. Il est possible d’impliquer les patients hospitalisés en chirurgie bariatrique à titre d’auditeurs prospectifs de l’HDM des soignants et ils en retirent une expérience positive. Il est justifié d’investiguer davantage l’avenue du patientauditeur de l’HDM. / Hand hygiene (HH) is the most important measure to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Audit of HH practices is a key step towards its improvement. The World Health Organization suggests that patients can perform HH audits, but few studies have explored this avenue. A pilot-type exploratory study was conducted among patients hospitalized at the IUCPQ-UL2‘s bariatric surgery unit to explore: 1) the feasibility of involving patients to audit healthcare workers’s (HCW) HH practice “before contact with the patient or their environment” (acceptance, competence, performing the behavior), 2) psychosocial variables associated with auditing behavior, and 3) patient-auditors experience. In phases A (n=14) and B (n=25) of the study, patients were trained to audit HCW’s HH. Following verification of their competency, they performed HH audits over a 24-hour period. In phase B, the behavioral determinants (multivariate analysis) and patient-auditors experience were measured with questionnaires developed for this study and for which the criteria of fidelity and validity have been met. An appreciable proportion of patients agreed to participate (57% (17/30)), demonstrated competence to perform HH audits (93% (13/14)) and performed the behavior (100% (12/12)). Two patients withdrew from the study and two others discharged before the end of the study. Moral norm and perceived behavioral control accounted for 86% of the variability of the intention to perform the audit. The level of education accounted for 50% of the variability in behavioral frequency. 94% (30/32) of patients reported a positive overall experience. 80% (16/20) found the audits easy to accomplish In conclusion, it is possible to involve patients hospitalized on a bariatric surgery unit as prospective auditors of HCW’s HH and their overall experience is positive. These results could be taken into account when planning future interventions involving patient-auditors. Further investigations of this avenue are warranted. / Résumé en espagnol

Les systèmes de communication à distance entre les individus ont évolué significativement au cours des dernières années, de concert avec les innovations technologiques caractérisant notre société. Afin de réaliser une communication réaliste et intuitive, le système doit être capable de stimuler les sens qui sont habituellement impliqués dans l’interaction entre deux personnes, tels que l’ouïe, la vision et le toucher. Le téléphone a représenté une innovation importante dans les communications en permettant enfin de pouvoir parler avec son interlocuteur directement, sans devoir employer un signal codé comme le code Morse. Cette communication a été améliorée en introduisant les appels vidéo, lesquels permettent non seulement d’entendre l’interlocuteur mais aussi de le voir. Plusieurs recherches ont cependant démontré que le sens du toucher joue également un rôle très important dans les interactions entre individus. Une technologie relativement récente, connue comme technologie haptique, aborde le problème de la transmission du sens du toucher à distance, dans le but de mettre en oeuvre une communication complète et encore plus réaliste. Cette technologie a également d’autres applications tout aussi importantes. À titre d’exemple, l’haptique est utilisée dans le domaine de la réadaptation et de l’apprentissage guidé de personnes ayant des déficiences motrices. Cette thèse porte sur le développement de la technologie haptique pour la communication à distance entre deux individus. L’objectif final est la réalisation d’un système permettant aux deux utilisateurs de se serrer la main à distance. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, nous devons aborder deux problèmes différents, tels que la conception d’une interface capable de reproduire le mouvement désiré et l’implémentation d’une loi de commande garantissant le comportement correct de cette interface. Toujours dans le cadre de l’interaction à distance par le biais d’un dispositif haptique, une interface pour l’apprentissage de l’écriture manuelle est également présentée. Cette application permet de démontrer, entre autres, l’importance d’un signal haptique dans l’interaction humain-humain et son influence sur les utilisateurs. / Remote communication systems have significantly improved in the course of the recent years, in concert with technological innovations of our society. In order to realize a realistic and intuitive communication, the system must activate the part of the sensory system that is normally stimulated in an interaction between two people, i.e., the auditory system, the visual system and the haptic perception system, which concerns touch. The telephone represented an innovating communication system. It allowed to directly talk to the interlocutor without any need for a coded signal such as the Morse code. Remote communications have been further improved with the introduction of the video calls, which allow people not only to talk to but also to see each other. Several researches proved that the sense of touch plays a crucial role in social interactions. Haptic technology, which is relatively recent, approaches the problems related to the perception and the transmission of touch. One objective is to render remote communications even more complete and realistic. Haptic technology is also used in other important applications such as, for instance, rehabilitation and guided learning process of people with movement impairments. This thesis concerns the development of the haptic technology devoted to the implementation of remote communication systems. The final objective is to realize a teleoperation system which allows two users to remotely shake hands. In order to achieve this objective, two main issues must be faced : the design of a haptic interface capable of reproducing the required movement and the implementation of a control law which guarantees the proper response of such an interface. In the framework of a remote interaction via a haptic device, an interface for the training and assessment of handwriting capabilities is also presented. The latter application demonstrates the importance of haptic signals in a remote human-human interaction and its influence on the users.

Projektet har gjorts på uppdrag av Ölandsfärjan AB för att tillverka elscheman för huvudinstrumenttavlan ombord på deras fartyg M/S Solsund. Anledningen till detta var att det inte fanns någon dokumentation om huvudinstrumenttavlan och detta försvårade arbetet med felsökning och underhåll. Därför önskades elscheman som kunde användas för att se skåpets funktioner och uppbyggnad.Uppdraget var att skapa ett layoutschema som beskriver indikeringslampor och knappars fysiska positioner för huvudinstrumenttavlans framsida. Det skulle även skapa ett kretsschema över förbrukardelen och ett kretsschema för kraftförsörjningsdelen som beskriver funktioner och utgående matningar. Kraftförsörjningen består av två generatorer och möjlighet till landanslutning. Det gjordes även separata kretsschema över generatorernas övervakningsskåp som innehöll effektbrytarnas utlösningsskydd. För samtliga scheman gjordes en gemensam apparatlista. För att skapa elscheman så påbörjades uppdraget med detektering av huvudinstrumenttavlan. Arbetsmetoden för detekteringen utfördes genom att visuellt följa eller resistansmäta kablarna. Avslutningsvis ritades den slutliga produkten i datorprogrammet Easy EL. / This project was commissioned by Ölandsfärjan AB to manufacture wiring diagrams for the main switchboard on board their ship M/S Solsund. The reason for this was that there was no documentation found on the main switchboard and this complicated the process of troubleshooting and maintenance. Therefore, Ölandsfärjan AB required wiring diagrams, which could be used to see cabinet functions and the contexture of the wiring.  The task was to create a layout diagram that would be able to provide a description for the physical positions of indicator lights and buttons on the front of the main switchboard. The task was also to create a circuit diagram of the consuming section and a circuit diagram of power supply section of the main switchboard, the purpose for this was to reveal the functions and output feeds. The power supply consists of two generators and also the opportunity for shore connection. Separate circuit diagrams of the generators' control boxes were also constructed for the circuit breaker tripping protection devices. For all diagrams a common device list was made. The project began to create wiring diagrams of the main switchboard. The work methods for the detection were performed by visually monitoring the cables or measuring the cables' resistance. Finally, the diagrams were made in the computer program Easy EL. / Main Switchboard Drawing

Although in the German Empire the cities were major strongholds of political liberalism, this fact has until very recently attracted little attention from scholars preoccupied with the history of 'high politics' leading up to the two World Wars. This thesis is one of the first analyses of German liberalism at city level, and proceeds from the assumption that in a country with such a regionally and locally diverse political culture as Germany, this type of 'history from below' is a necessary precondition for any satisfactory understanding of the nature of German liberalism in general. Following the introduction, chapter two demonstrates that in Frankfurt, local government became politicised as early as the 1870s. Indeed, chapter three shows how the early experience of Frankfurt liberals in municipal politics was crucial as they defended themselves against emerging political groups during the following decades, particularly the Mittelstand and the SPD. The fourth chapter analyses the development of liberal attitudes towards municipal finance as a background to chapter five which uses the example of Frankfurt to demonstrate how crucial the issue of municipal finance was to the viability of local liberalism not just in theory, but also in practice. Chapter six considers the importance of education to local liberalism as it touched on a number of themes which were central to urban liberals' understanding of themselves, in particular the issues of local self-government and religion. The final chapter looks at the crucial area of social policy, to see to what extent local liberals were merely reactive, and to what extent they were innovative as they faced the new problems of urbanisation and industrialisation. The sophistication of liberal politics in local government, the only level of government where liberals were in the position of carrying out their policies, underlines the gravity of the problem which the lack of parliamentary government posed for liberals at the state and national level. Furthermore, the thesis points to a central dilemma, because, to be successful in Frankfurt and other regions, liberals had to respond to the particular culture at the local level, a requirement that was in direct contrast to the necessity of finding a coherent political consensus at the level of national and state politics. Even though at the local level the liberal capacity of responding to the social and political challenges of their rapidly changing environment has been proved beyond doubt, their policies, their rhetoric and their organisational lead could have only a very limited effect on German liberalism in general. The urban liberals' ideal of creating a more liberal society from 'the bottom up', through the cities, was undermined by the fact that the political future of German liberalism at the state and national level came to rest increasingly on its electoral appeal in the countryside, just at a time when urban liberal self-consciousness reached its peak.