Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Novas interfaces homem-computador têm sido pesquisadas a fim de se tornarem mais naturais e flexíveis. O rastreamento labial, foco deste trabalho, é parte deste contexto, podendo ser utilizado na detecção de emoções, bem como no auxílio ao reconhecimento de voz. Pode assim tornar-se um módulo inicial para a leitura labial, na criação de interfaces voltadas a deficientes auditivos. Os algoritmos disponíveis na literatura foram analisados e comparados, mostrando os prós e contras de cada método. Finalmente foi escolhido desenvolver uma técnica baseada em Active Appearance Model (AAM). O AAM gera um modelo a partir de um conjunto de imagens de treinamento, que pode ser utilizado no rastreamento labial de novas imagens. A técnica proposta baseia-se no uso de algoritmos genéticos para o ajuste do modelo, diferente, portanto, da técnica proposta originalmente pelo AAM. A convergência da técnica proposta foi extensivamente analisada, com a variação de parâmetros, buscando a análise de erro residual da função custo e sua relação com o tempo de convergência e erro de posição. / New human-computer interfaces have been researched to make them more natural and flexible. The lip tracking, emphasis of this work, is part of this setting it can be used for detecting emotions and to aid the speech recognition. It may well become an initial module for lip-reading, in the creation of interfaces directed to hearing impaired people. Algorithms available on literature are analyzed and compared, explaining the upsides and downsides of each method. Finally was chose to develop a technique based on Active Appearance Model (AAM). The AAM generates a model from a set of training images, which can be used in tracking of new lip images. The proposed technique is based on the use of genetic algorithms for fitting the model, different therefore of the technique originally proposed by AAM. The convergence of the proposed technique has been extensively analyzed with the variation of parameters, searching the error analysis of the cost function residual error and its relation to the execution time and position error.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um Simulador do Reator de Pesquisa IEAR1. O Simulador foi desenvolvido com Visual C++ em duas etapas: 1) construção dos modelos matemáticos e 2) criação e configuração de interfaces gráficas em um aplicativo Windows XP. Utilizou-se uma modelagem simplificada dos principais fenômenos físicos: o nuclear através de cinética pontual, e o modelo de térmica e hidráulica através das leis de conservação de massa e energia no canal médio do reator. As equações diferenciais dinâmicas dos processos nucleares, térmicos e hidráulicos foram solucionadas pela técnica de diferenças finitas através do método de Runge-Kutta de 4ª ordem. Foram modelados os sistemas: controle de reatividade, resfriamento do reator e proteção do reator. As variáveis de processo são armazenadas em arquivos ASCII. O Simulador permite o usuário navegar por interfaces gráficas dos sistemas e monitorar tendências dos transientes de operação sendo uma ferramenta interativa para ensino e treinamento de operadores do IEA-R1. Este também pode ser usado por alunos e professores no ensino de teoria de reatores, térmica e hidráulica. O Simulador permite simulações de operações de partida, manobra de potência e parada. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how support systems enable human control within normal flight operations. The thesis focuses on the use of memory supports during flight, such as a handheld computing device, memory strategies and checklists. The support systems are studied from the theoretical perspective of Human Factors. In particular, decision making theories have contributed to the thesis. From previous research it is found that feedback to the operator in case of a human error is essential to keep him or her in a safe sequence of decisions and actions. To facilitate the pilots’ tasks in cockpit, computing devices are out on the market. Several of the technical aids are computers installed in cockpit whereas others are smaller, portable devices with hardware not specifically designed for use in cockpit. Jump-seat observations have been performed at an airline company to explore the pilots’ work process in cockpit where a handheld computing device, with hardware not specifically designed for cockpit, is in use. Subsequent semi-structured interviews were conducted to receive the pilots’ experiences of findings from the observations and to receive descriptions of decisions and support systems. The thesis includes a description of flight operations from a pilot perspective. The main focus is on operations in the preflight phase where the new computing device is used. Identified characteristics in flight operations are factors such as cooperation, communication, interruptions. Furthermore, identified factors in the decision making were such as routine, environmental constraints, discrete alternatives and dependency between decisions. Feedback points during the sequence of tasks performed with the handheld computing device were distinguished. These points are moments when feedback is possible. For example, when the pilots cross-check tasks they receive feedback from each other. It was found that the pilots did not use every opportunity to receive feedback on their performance. The reason of the non-used feedback point was that it was not required by the Standard Operating Procedures or by any functions or design of the device. Within flight operations in general, it was found that the most important techniques to detect a human error such as a memory lapse were by pilots’ earlier experiences, the use of checklists and by receiving feedback from the other pilot. / QC 20101109

Thesis (Doctora).

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Rolle grafischer Prototypen bei der Gestaltung von Mensch-Maschine-Systemen untersucht. Diese grafischen Modellierungen von Gestaltungsentwürfen sollten den Aufbau mentaler Repräsentationen fördern und somit die Lösung von Gestaltungsproblemen unterstützen. Diese Annahme wird in zwei Experimenten überprüft. Die Erkenntnisse werden in die Methode zur prospektiven Gestaltung von Mensch-Maschine-Systemen integriert und in einer Fallstudie auf ihre Praktikabilität untersucht. Damit leistet die Arbeit einen Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Rolle von Visualisierungen in der Gestaltung von Mensch-Maschine-Systemen. Gestaltung von Mensch-Maschine-Systemen wird als partizipativer Problemlöseprozess betrachtet, der der integrierten Gestaltung sozialer und technischer Komponenten von Mensch-Maschine-Systemen dient. Zur Unterstützung der Gestaltung wird der Einsatz von Prototypen, Modellierungen der Gestaltungsproblemen und -entwürfen, diskutiert. In aktuellen Methoden zur Gestaltung von Mensch-Maschine-Systemen kommen unterschiedliche Prototypen zur Unterstützung der Gestaltungsaktivitäten Entwerfen (Konstruktion von Prototypen) und Evaluation (Kommunikation durch die Elaboration von Prototypen) zum Einsatz. Sowohl die Konstruktion als auch die Elaboration von Prototypen sollte den Aufbau mentaler Repräsentationen fördern (Neyer, Doll & Moeslein, 2008; Sachse, Hacker & Leinert, 1999; Smith & Browne, 1993). Dieser Aufbau mentaler Repräsentationen stellt eine zentrale Funktion von Prototypen dar, da angemessene Repräsentationen des Gestaltungsgegenstands als Voraussetzung für gute Gestaltung und für die Evaluation durch Beteiligte angesehen werden (Eason, Harker & Olphert, 1996; Novick & Hmelo, 1994; Sachse & Hacker, 1997). Welche Form von Prototypen dafür besser geeignet ist, wurde bislang nicht empirisch geprüft. Die Hauptfragestellungen dieser Arbeit beziehen sich auf den Effekt der Konstruktion von Prototypen sowie die Effekte der Konstruktion und Elaboration grafischer im Vergleich zu narrativen Prototypen auf mentale Repräsentationen. Diesen Fragestellungen wird in zwei Experimenten und einer Fallstudie im Anwendungsbereich der Gestaltung von Mensch-Maschine-Systemen nachgegangen. In dem ersten Experiment wurde die Unterstützung der Entwurfsphase, d.h. der Aufbau mentaler Repräsentationen durch die Konstruktion von Prototypen untersucht. Probanden konstruierten grafische oder narrative Prototypen eines Mensch-Maschine-Systems (Experimentalgruppen) oder rezipierten Informationen zum Mensch- Maschine-System (Kontrollgruppe). Die Konstruktion von Prototypen führte zu besseren mentalen Repräsentationen des Problemraums. Die Form der Prototypen beeinflusste die Güte der mentalen Repräsentationen nicht, jedoch wurde die grafische Modellierungsnotation besser bewertet. Im zweiten Experiment wurde die Funktion von grafischen und narrativen Prototypen für die Kommunikation von Gestaltungsvisionen untersucht. Die Fragestellung war, wie sich die Elaboration grafischer oder narrativer Prototypen auf die mentalen Repräsentationen, die zur Elaboration benötigte Zeit sowie die Bewertung der Modellierungsnotation auswirkt. Mit grafischen Prototypen konnten in kürzerer Zeit mentale Repräsentationen des Problemraums aufgebaut werden, die mehr Elemente enthielten als die narrativer Prototypen. Zudem wurden grafische Prototypen erneut besser bewertet. Darüber hinaus wurde die Funktion grafischer Prototypen in einer Fallstudie erprobt. Die Methode zur prospektiven Gestaltung von Mensch-Maschine-Systemen (Hamborg, Schulze & Sendfeld, 2007) wurde in dieser Arbeit weiterentwickelt und zur Einführung von Standardsoftware eingesetzt. Grafische Prototypen kamen in Kombination mit Gestaltungsheuristiken sowohl in der Entwurfs- als auch der Evaluationsphase zum Einsatz. Es zeigte sich, dass die Methode durchführbar und praktikabel ist und die Gestaltung unterstützt. Grafische Prototypen wurden dabei als verständlich und nützlich bewertet. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen, dass grafische Prototypen das Entwerfen und die Kommunikation von Gestaltungsentwürfen unterstützen, indem sie zum Aufbau mentaler Repräsentationen des Problemraums beitragen. Der Einsatz grafischer Prototypen erlaubt es z.B., die Folgen von Technologie- Einführungen im Vorfeld berücksichtigen zu können. Damit hat diese Arbeit über den reinen Erkenntnisgewinn hinaus einen praktischen Nutzen bei der Verbesserung der methodischen Unterstützung der Gestaltung von Mensch-Maschine-Systemen. In weiteren Untersuchungen sollten die vermuteten Effekte von Prototyping auf die Gestaltungsgüte empirisch adressiert werden und die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in quasiexperimentellen Studien repliziert werden.

Kernthesen Customized Fabrication bietet durch die Verschmelzung von (Mass) Customizingansätzen und digitaler und automatisierbaren Produktionsverfahren wie ADM neue Potentiale für ein kundenspezifischen Produktion der Losgröße 1, einer daraus folgenden intensivierten Kundenintegration, innovativen Produktentwürfen zu bisher unmöglichen Geschäftsmodellen. Digitale Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstellen und digitale Plattformen werden zu wesentlichen Bausteinen von Customized Fabrication (wie Industrie4.0- Strategien generell) und ermöglichen auch neue Kundenerlebnisse. CAD-Files als digitale Blueprints für einfache wie komplexe Konstruktionen und Produktentwicklungen etablieren sich als das nächste Sharing-Medium nach Text, Bild, Audio und Video zwischen Herstellern und Endkonsumenten – und stellen Hersteller wie auch Kunden vor neue Herausforderungen. ADM (Additive Design and Manufacturing bzw. 3D-Druck) gewinnt als hochflexible Fertigungstechnologie zunehmend an Bedeutung für die Massenproduktion und etabliert neue Paradigmen hinsichtlich Produktentwicklung und Design mit zum Teil disruptiver Innovationskraft.

Recent technological developments have implemented the use of proportional control in prosthetic hands, giving rise to the importance of appropriate myoelectric control. EMG models in the past have assumed a linear proportionality to simplify the EMG-force relationships. However, it has been shown that a non-linear EMG-force relationship may be a more effective model. This study focused on evaluating three different control algorithms for a novel myoelectric training device, consisting of a toy car controlled by EMG signals from the distal muscles in the arm. Sixteen healthy adult subjects (5 male and 11 female) with an average age of 23.6 years (SD = 2.7) were asked to drive the car through a slalom course. Completion times as well as number of errors (wall hits, cone hits, and reversals) were recorded to evaluate performance. The NASA TLX was administered to evaluate psychometrics such as mental demand, physical demand, frustration, and overall workload. The average total errors per trial on the final day of testing using the linear proportional algorithm was found to be statistically significantly (p < 0.05) lower than digital and non-linear proportional. The average course completion time per trial and overall workload using the non-linear proportional algorithm was found to be statistically significantly (p < 0.05) lower than digital and linear proportional. These results suggest that a non-linear algorithm would be most appropriate for myoelectric control in prosthetic hands.

Um dos grandes desafios para a reabilitação de indivíduos que sofreram traumas resultando na sua incapacidade de interação com o ambiente é o desenvolvimento de um sistema que possibilite a esse indivíduo a mínima capacidade de comunicação. Em casos extremos, indivíduos perdem os movimentos dos membros superiores, pescoço e a capacidade de comunicação por voz, ficando praticamente isolados do ambiente. O sistema de controle por imagem proposto é baseada na interpretação de seqüências de imagens que compõem movimento do globo ocular, usando como elemento de controle a região da pupila iluminada por diodos emissores de luz (LED\'s) de infravermelho. A tomada de decisão do sistema para a interpretação do movimento do globo ocular utiliza um controlador baseado em lógica fuzzy, que classifica o movimento do globo ocular em padrões pré-determinados e gera um sinal de controle, que pode ser utilizado para o acionamento de um hardware ou software adicionais, conforme a utilização do sistema proposto. O objetivo do presente trabalho é o desenvolvimento de uma interface homem-máquina de baixo custo, permitindo acesso desses indivíduos ao computador pessoal. / One of the biggest challenges for rehabilitation of people that suffered traumas resulting in environment iterating inabilities is a system development that allows this individuals the minimal communication ability. In extreme circumstances, persons loose superior limbs and neck movements, and also voice communication capacity, staying almost isolated from environment. The proposed image controlled system is based on the interpretation of image sequences that compose the eye movement, using as control element the opening of the pupil illuminated by infra-red light emissor diode (LEDs). The decision-making for the eye movement analysis uses a fuzzy logic controller, that classifies this movement accord to pre-determinated patterns standard and returns a control signal, used for a hardware or software activation. The project goal is the development of a low cost man machine interface, allowing the access for these individuals to a personal computer.

Traditional design theories have focused on technical functions and more or less disregard a product’s user involvement. The existing methods of ergonomic designare mostly intended for analysis activities. There is a need for new dynamic methods that focus on user-product interactions. The aim of this research work is to develop design methods for user-product interactions, which should support synthesis activities in early product development phases. An observation study and a questionnaire survey were carried out in order to investigate product developers’ work and relation to the users for providing background information about the research problem. Furthermore, student projects in product development were followed, giving essential input. After the theories and methods were developed, a retrospective interview study was carried out in order to confirm the need for the developed methods. The studies showed, for instance, that companies use few formal methods and almost none of these are directed towards the user. It is also indicated that the product developers’ contact with users decreases with increasing company size. Few companies have a defined procedure for defining their intended users. Six methods are developed. They embrace three ways of classifying the users and their relations to products and other users (User identification, Use profile and User relations), an analysis of the users’ Activities, goals and motives behind their use of the product, a scenario technique (User-technical process scenario, UTPS), which shows the user process in parallel with the technical process, and a hierarchical decomposition of technical functions and user actions, which is named the Functionaction tree (FAT). All the methods, apart from FAT, were tested in real product development teams. All the tested methods stimulate communication between the group members of various competencies in the design group. Most of the methods are easy to apply and are valuable for understanding the design problem. The UTPS is also useful for comparing design solutions and generates new ideas about the design task. The other tested methods did not generate many new ideas, but the reason is probably that they were mainly tested on products that are already on the market. Thus, the methods are most valuable in the early design stages, when trying out a product idea or a concept. / QC 20100618