The aim of this study is to obtain optimal position and orientation of a trajectory frame with respect to the fixed frame of the manipulator. The work path which is given in the trajectory frame is also constrained in the workspace of the 3 &ndash / PRS parallel kinematic machine. In the analysis, forward and inverse kinematics solutions are derived as well as the inverse dynamics model using Lagrange&rsquo / s Method. Several algorithms governing the motion of the manipulator are developed. Moreover, optimization goals are defined and evaluated with the genetic algorithm.

Human-scale mobile robots that manipulate objects (mobile manipulators) have the potential to perform a variety of useful roles in healthcare. Many promising roles for robots require physical contact with patients and caregivers, which is fraught with both psychological and physical implications. In this thesis, we used a human factors approach to evaluate system performance and participant responses when potential end users performed a healthcare task involving physical contact with a robot. We performed four human-robot interaction studies with 100 people who were not experts in robotics (naive participants). We show that physical contact between naive participants and human-scale mobile manipulators can be acceptable and effective in a variety of healthcare contexts. In this thesis, we investigated two forms of touch-based (haptic) interaction relevant to healthcare. First, we studied how participants responded to physical contact initiated by an autonomous robotic nurse. On average, people responded favorably to robot-initiated touch when the robot indicated that it was a necessary part of a healthcare task. However, their responses strongly depended on what they thought the robot's intentions were, which suggests that this will be an important consideration for future healthcare robots. Second, we investigated the coordination of whole-body motion between human-scale robots and people by the application of forces to the robot's hands and arms. Nurses found this haptic interaction to be intuitive and preferred it over a standard gamepad interface. They also navigated the robot through a cluttered healthcare environment in less time, with fewer collisions, and with less cognitive load via haptic interaction. Through a study with expert dancers, we demonstrated the feasibility of robots as dance-based exercise partners. The experts rated a robot that used only haptic interaction to be a good follower according to subjective measures of dance quality. We also determined that healthy older adults were accepting of using a robot for partner dance-based exercise. On average, they found the robot easy and enjoyable to use and that it performed a partnered stepping task well. The findings in this work make several impacts on the design of robots in healthcare. We found that the perceived intent of robot-initiated touch significantly influenced people's responses. Thus, we determined that autonomous robots that initiate touch with patients can be acceptable in some contexts. This result highlights the importance of considering the psychological responses of users when designing physical human-robot interactions in addition to considering the mechanics of performing tasks. We found that naive users across three user groups could quickly learn how to effectively use physical interaction to lead a robot during navigation, positioning, and partnered stepping tasks. These consistent results underscore the value of using physical interaction to enable users of varying backgrounds to lead a robot during whole-body motion coordination across different healthcare contexts.

New control methods are developed for the unconstrained motion and constrained force and motion control of flexible robots. The dynamic equations of the flexible robots are partitioned as pseudostatic equilibrium equations and deviations from them. The pseudostatic equilibrium considered here is defined as a hypothetical state where the tip point variables have their desired values while the modal variables are instantaneously constant. Then, the control torques for the pseudostatic equilibrium and for the stabilization of the deviation equations are formed in terms of tip point coordinates, modal variables and contact force components. The performances of the proposed methods are illustrated on a planar two-link robot and on a spatial three-link robot. Unmodeled dynamics and measurement noises are also taken into consideration. Performance of the proposed motion control method is compared with the computed torque method.

Robustness of the closed-loop system has repercussions on both stability and performance, making the study of robustness very important. Fundamentally, the performance and stability of closed-loop systems utilizing state-feedback are tied to that of the observers. The primary goal of this thesis is to develop a robust nonlinear observer and closely examine the usefulness of the observer in the presence of non-collocation and parametric uncertainty and as an integral component in closed-loop control. The usefulness of the observer being investigated depends on robustness, accuracy, computational burden, tunability, ease of design, and ease of implementation on an actual flexible motion system. The design and subsequent integration of the Kalman filter, an optimal observer, into a closed-loop system is well known and systematic. However, there are shortcomings of the Kalman filter in the presence of model uncertainty which are highlighted in this work. Simulation studies are conducted using the Simulation Module in National Instruments LabVIEW 8.5 and experiments are conducted on a physical system consisting of a single flexible link with non-collocation of actuators and sensors using LabVIEW Real Time 8.5. Simulations serve as a means to analyze the performance of the optimal observer and the robust observer by analyzing their dynamic behavior as well as that of the closed-loop system with each observer in place. The focus of experiments is on investigating implementation of the robust observer, including initialization and tuning of observer design parameters off-line and on-line. Simulations verify the robustness properties of the sliding mode observer while experiments show that the robust observer can be implemented at fast control rates and that replacing the Kalman filter with a robust observer has direct ramifications on closed-loop performance.

This thesis is motivated by practical problems encountered in handling live products in the poultry processing industry, where live birds are manually transferred by human labors. As the task of handling live products is often unpleasant and hazardous, it is an ideal candidate for automation. To reduce the number of configurations and live birds to be tested, this thesis focuses on developing analytical models based on the Lagrange method to predict the effect of mechanical inversion on the shackled bird. Unlike prior research which focused on the effect of different inversion paths on the joint force/torque of a free-falling shackled bird, this thesis research examines the effect of kinematic constraints (designed to support the bird body) on the shackled bird. Unlike free-falling, the imposed kinematic constraints enable the shackled bird to rotate about its center of mass, and thus minimize wing flapping. In this thesis, birds are geometrically approximated as ellipsoids while the lower extremity is modeled as a pair of multi-joint serial manipulators. With the constraint equations formulated into a set of differential algebraic equations, the equations of motion as well as Lagrange multipliers characterizing kinematical constraints are numerically solved for the bird motion, specifically the position, velocity, and orientation and hence the forces and torques of the joints. The dynamic models are verified by comparing simulation results against those obtained using a finite element method. The outcomes of this thesis will provide some intuitive insights essential to design optimization of a live-bird transfer system.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05066.pdf: 8948400 bytes, checksum: 15fab2b2e51c4072c160d3e9ae523bd7 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Ce projet s’inscrit dans l’effort développé par l’Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA)pour robotiser les activités extravéhiculaires à bord de la Station Spatiale Internationale et lors des futures missions d’exploration planétaire. Un aspect important de ces projets concerne le retour de force et la capacité, pour la personne qui commande les mouvements du robot, à ressentir les efforts qui lui sont appliqués. Le but est d’améliorer la qualité et l’immersion de la téléopération.<p><p>L’objectif de cette thèse est la conception d’une interface haptique de type exosquelette pour le bras, pour ces missions de téléopération à retour de force. Ce système doit permettre une commande intuitive du robot téléopéré tout en reproduisant<p>le plus fidèlement possible les efforts. <p><p>Les chapitres 2 et 3 présentent les études réalisées sur un banc de test à 1 degré de liberté, destinées à comprendre le contrôle haptique ainsi qu’à évaluer différentes technologies d’actionnements et de capteurs. Les principales méthodes de contrôle sont décrites théoriquement et comparées en pratique sur le banc de test. Les<p>chapitres 4 et 5 décrivent le développement de l’exosquelette SAM destiné aux futures applications de téléopération spatiale. La conception cinématique, le choix des actionneurs et des capteurs sont décrits. Différentes méthodes de contrôle sont également comparées avec des expériences de réalité virtuelle (sans robot esclave) et de téléopération. Pour finir, le chapitre 6 présente le projet EXOSTATION, un démonstrateur de téléopération haptique spatiale, dans lequel SAM est utilisé comme interface maître. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP); FINEP; Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT) / Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um sistema estabilizador da adesão de um robô escalador com rodas magnéticas. O projeto deste robô surge da necessidade em automatizar o processo de inspeção de tanques de armazenamento de derivados de petróleo, o qual e atualmente realizado de modo manual. O robô vem sendo desenvolvido no Laboratório de Automação e Sistemas de Controle Avençado (LASCA) da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR). Primeiramente foi realizada uma análise teórica completa do protótipo, englobando um estudo da estrutura do robô, seus requisitos e as análises de cinemática e dinâmica. Realizou-se então um estudo das rodas magnéticas do robô e das características do campo magnético enquanto ocorre descolamento da roda em superfícies ferromagnéticas. Os dados do campo magnético são adquiridos por meio do magnetômetro presente na unidade de navegação inercial do robô. Implementou-se então uma rede neural artificial do tipo Perceptron Multi-Camadas com o intuito de interpretar os dados do campo magnético e estimar a forca de adesão entre o robô e a superfície. Por fim a quantificação da forca de adesão e utilizada para implementar um sistema de controle de adesão para o robô escalador. / This work consists in the design of an adhesion stabilization system of a climbing robot with magnetic wheels. The robot’s design comes from the need to automatize the inspection process of industrial storage tanks for petroleum products, which is currently performed manually. The robot is being developed in the Laboratory of Automation and Advanced Control Systems (LASCA) of the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR). First, a complete a theoretical analysis of the prototype was carried out including a study of the robot’s structure, its requirements and the kinematics and dynamics analyses. Then, a study of the robot’s magnetic wheels and the characteristics of the magnetic field in the occurancy of detachment between the magnetic wheel and the ferro-magnetic surfaces was carried out. The magnetic field data is acquired through the magnetometer of the inertial measurement unit sensor of the robot. Then a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network was implemented in order to interpret the magnetic field data and estimate the adhesion force between robot and surface. Finally the adhesion force quantification is used to implement an adhesion control system for the robot.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Several studies have investigated the properties of the workspace of opened robotic chains (or serial) with the purpose of emphasizing its geometric and kinematic characteristics, to devise analytical algorithms and procedures for its design. The workspace of a robot manipulator is considered of great interest from theoretical and practical viewpoint. In classical applications in industry, manipulators need to pass through singularities in the joint space to change their posture. A 3-DOF manipulator can execute a non-singular change of posture if and only if there is at least one point in its workspace which has exactly three coincident solutions of the Inverse Kinematic Model (IKM). It is very difficult to express this condition directly from the kinematic model. Thus, in this work, the algebraic tool Gröbner basis is used to obtain an equation for splitting the regions with different types of 3R orthogonal manipulators. The determinant of Jacobian matrix of the direct kinematic model is considered equal to zero to obtain the other surfaces of separation. In addition, is presented a classification of 3R orthogonal manipulators related to the number of solutions in IKM, the number of cusp points and nodes. Some problems of multi-objective optimization are proposed to obtain the optimal design of robots. First considering a general case where the aim is to maximize the volume of the workspace, maximize the stiffness of the joint system and optimize the dexterity of the manipulator without the imposition of restrictions. Next, the optimization problem is subject to penalties that control the topology, making it possible to obtain solutions which satisfy the predetermined topologies. Solutions are presented for the case r3 null and r3 not null. The optimization problem is investigated by using a deterministic technique and two evolutionary algorithms. Some numerical applications are presented to show the efficiency of the proposed methodology. / Diversos estudos têm investigado as propriedades do espaço de trabalho de cadeias robóticas abertas com o objetivo de enfatizar suas características geométricas e cinemáticas, criar algoritmos analíticos e procedimentos para o seu projeto. O espaço de trabalho de um robô manipulador é considerado de grande interesse do ponto de vista teórico e prático. Em aplicações clássicas na indústria, manipuladores precisam passar por singularidades no espaço das juntas para mudar sua postura. Um manipulador com três graus de liberdade pode executar uma mudança de postura não singular se, e somente se, existe pelo menos um ponto em seu espaço de trabalho que tem exatamente três soluções coincidentes do Modelo Geométrico Inverso (MGI). É muito difícil expressar esta condição a partir do modelo cinemático. Assim, neste trabalho, a ferramenta algébrica base de Groebner é utilizada para obter uma das equações que separam as regiões que possuem diferentes tipos de manipuladores 3R ortogonais. O determinante da matriz Jacobiana do Modelo Geométrico Direto é considerado nulo para obter as demais superfícies de separação. Além disso, apresenta-se uma classificação dos manipuladores 3R ortogonais em relação ao número de soluções no MGI, o número de pontos de cúspides e o número de nós. Alguns problemas de otimização multi-objetivo são propostos visando obter o projeto ótimo de robôs. Primeiramente, considera-se o caso geral, cujo objetivo é maximizar o volume do espaço de trabalho, maximizar a rigidez do sistema de juntas e otimizar a destreza do manipulador sem a imposição de restrições. Em seguida, o problema de otimização é sujeito a penalidades que controlam a topologia, tornando possível a obtenção de soluções que obedeçam as topologias pré-estabelecidas. São apresentadas as soluções para o caso r3 nulo e para r3 não nulo. O problema de otimização é investigado aplicando uma técnica determinística e dois algoritmos evolutivos. Algumas aplicações numéricas são apresentadas para mostrar a eficiência da metodologia proposta. / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Neste trabalho, o equacionamento dinâmico de um manipulador espacial de base livre flutuante é descrito a partir do conceito do manipulador dinamicamente equivalente para que as técnicas de controle desenvolvidas sejam experimentalmente validadas em um manipulador convencional de base fixa. Dois tipos de controle de movimento são considerados. O primeiro foi desenvolvido no espaço das juntas e realiza o comando direto de posicionamento das juntas do manipulador; o segundo foi desenvolvido no espaço inercial e o controle é direcionado para o posicionamento do efetuador no espaço Cartesiano. Nos dois casos, o problema de acompanhamento de trajetória de um manipulador espacial com base livre flutuante sujeito a incertezas na planta e perturbações externas é proposto e solucionado sob o ponto de vista do critério de desempenho H \'INFINITO\'. Considerando métodos de controle para sistemas subatuados, três técnicas adaptativas foram desenvolvidas a partir de um controlador H \'INFINITO\' não-linear baseado na teoria dos jogos. A primeira técnica foi proposta considerando a estrutura do modelo bem definida, porém calculada com base em parâmetros incertos. Uma lei adaptativa foi aplicada para estimar esses parâmetros utilizando parametrização linear. Redes neurais artificiais são aplicadas nas outras duas abordagens adaptativas. A primeira utiliza uma rede neural para aprender o comportamento dinâmico do sistema robótico, considerado totalmente desconhecido. Nenhum dado cinemático ou dinâmico da base é utilizado neste caso. A segunda abordagem considera a estrutura do modelo nominal do manipulador bem definida e a rede neural é aplicada para estimar o comportamento das incertezas paramétricas e da dinâmica não-modelada da base. O critério H \'INFINITO\' é aplicado nas três técnicas para atenuar o efeito dos erros de estimativa. Resultados experimentais foram obtidos com um robô manipulador de base fixa subatuado (UArmII) e apresentaram melhor desempenho no acompanhamento da trajetória e no consumo de energia para as abordagens baseadas em redes neurais. / In the present work, the dynamics of a free-floating space manipulator is described through the dynamically equivalent manipulator approach in order to obtain experimental results in a planar fixed base manipulator. Control in joint and Cartesian spaces are considered. The first acts directly on joints positioning; the second control scheme acts on positioning the end-effector in some inertially fixed position. In both cases, the problem of tracking control with a guaranteed H-infinity performance for free-floating manipulator systems with plant uncertainties and external disturbances is proposed and solved. Considering control methods for underactuated systems, three adaptive techniques were developed from a nonlinear H-infinity controller based on game theory. The first approach was proposed considering a well defined structure for the plant, however it was computed based on uncertain parameters. An adaptive law was applied to estimate these parameters using linear parametrization. Artificial neural networks were applied in the two other approaches. The first one uses a neural network to learn the dynamic behavior from the robotic system, which is considered totally unknown. No kinematics or dynamics data from the spacecraft are necessary in this case. The second approach considers the nominal model structure well defined and the neural network is applied to estimate the behavior of the parametric uncertainties and of the spacecraft non-modeled dynamics. The H-infinity criterion was applied to attenuate the effect of estimation errors in the three techniques. Experimental results were obtained with an underactuated fixed-base planar manipulator (UArmII) and presented better performance in tracking and energy consumption for the neural based approaches.