Les recherches menées ont pour but d’étudier les processus de mise en place des réseaux castraux ainsi que l’impact des résidences fortifiées sur la mise en place et la gestion des nouveaux territoires seigneuriaux émergents au Moyen Âge.L’inventaire réalisé des sites fortifiés et fossoyés des Xe-XIIIe siècles conservés dans les anciens comtés de Vannes et de Porhoët permet d’éclairer ces questions. L’investissement du pouvoir comtal puis ducal sur le littoral notamment montre ainsi les modalités d’affirmation des grands aristocratiques sur leur territoire. L’émergence de nouveaux lignages est manifeste dès le XIe siècle. En marge des possessions ducales, s’implantent alors des vicomtés majeures : celle de Porhoët au Xe siècle, puis celle de Rohan au XIIe siècle au plus tard. L’émergence de ces deux grandes entités entraînede nombreuses recompositions politiques durant trois siècles et c’est finalement tout le processus d’émergence d’une seigneurie qui peut être perçue au travers de la gestion des fortifications. L’inventaire révèle également la grande multiplicité des sites fossoyés, tant dans leur forme que dans leurs usages. Ceux-ci sont des résidences des lignages nobles qui se multiplient à partir du XIIe siècle et présentent des caractères architecturaux multiples qui sont détaillés ici. Ilsparticipent, à leur échelle, à la gestion et au maillage territorial mis en place par les seigneurs châtelains. La documentation écrite et archéologique, complétée par une analyse cartographique, révèle alors une période de gestation des réseaux, castraux et urbains, avant une stabilisation à partir de la fin du XIIIe siècle. / This research aims to study the establishment process of castral networks and the impact of fortified residences on the establishment and management of new emerging feudal territories in the Middle Ages. The inventory of moated andfortified sites of the Xth to XIIIth centuries, preserved in the former counties of Vannes and Porhoët, sheds light on these questions. The involvement of the power of earls and dukes on the coast shows the affirmation of the great aristocratic manner on their territory. The emergence of new lineages is evident from the XIth century. On the sidelines of the ducalpossessions, then implanted major viscounties : the viscounty of Porhoët during the Xth century, and the viscounty of Rohan, in the XIIth century at the latest. The formation of these two great entities leads to many political realignmentsduring three centuries and it is finally the whole process of emergence of a lordship which can be perceived through the management of fortifications. The inventory also reveals the great multiplicity of moated sites in both their form and their uses. These are the residences of noble lineages that multiply from the XIIth century and have several architectural features, which are detailed here. They participate, to their scale, to management and territory network set up by the lords. Archives and archaeological documentation, completed by a mapping analysis, reveals a period of network gestation, both castraland urban, before a stabilization, starting in the late thirteenth century

In South Africa, non-motorised transport (NMT) modes such as cycling and walking are generally used by poor people to access centres of employment, public services (for example, library, educational institutions, public transport) and other amenities as well as for recreational activities. Notably, the lack of integration among the different public transport modes (namely, NMT, bus, train and minibus) creates a major obstacle in the provision of an integrated, sustainable and effective public transport system. Likewise, the absence of proper recognition of NMT in government and social strata creates a problem in the supply of a satisfactory public transport service, that is, a public transport service that meets the needs of all users. Motivated by the gap in NMT integration with the overall public transport system, the study was undertaken to explore enabling factors to integrate NMT as a key element of the Integrated Rapid Public Transport Network (IRPTN). Social and political factors were explored, specifically, post-modern theory in urban transport planning and policy. In addition, the study explored enabling factors to integrate NMT as a feeder service and key element of an IRPTN from the perspectives of the participants of the study. The results of the study showed that infrastructure, the environment, promotion, and safety and security were identified as enabling factors to integrate NMT as a key element of an IRPTN. According to the results, government needs to promote NMT use. Subsequently, construction and the repair or widening of sidewalks and roads needs to be done. The results also showed that attractive NMT environments are necessary as well as adequate safety and security measures along NMT routes. It is suggested that a seamless, safe, inclusive, affordable, effective and reliable public transport system could be provided once these enabling factors are in place. Further research is advised, within the wider public transport population in eThekwini, as well as other NMT and public transport systems. The emphasis of this research should be on finding out whether the broader public transport population responds in the same way to the idea of integrating NMT and public transport. / Transport Economics, Logistics and Tourism / M. Com. (Transport Economics)

Zanavykų kraštas - tai Šakių rajono regionas, Marijampolės apskrities vakarinė dalis. Zanavykų etninė grupė formavosi asimiluojant vietinei etninei grupei su Maţosios Lietuvos (Prūsijos) atvykėliais, ţemaičių naujakuriais ir kitomis šiose teritorijose, atsikėlusiomis etninėmis grupėmis. Todėl šiame regione susiformavo skirtingi, tik tam kraštui būdingi, ūkininkavimo būdai, statybos maniera – stilistika, kalbos dialektas, tradicijos bei kultūra. Zanavykų kraštas turi savo istorine – memorialine verte reikšmingų buvusių dvaro sodybų. Jų istorinė - memorialinė vertė yra vertybių pobūdţiu svarbi, lemianti reikšmingumą. Zanavykų krašte, svarbiausiomis buvusios dvaro sodybos yra laikomos keturios: Gelgaudiškio, Zyplių, Kidulių ir Ilguvos. Buvusios dvaro sodybos įamţina garsių giminių, tokių kaip Sapiegų, Tiškevičių, Koidelių, Komarų, Talko–Grincevičių-Ilgauskų, ir dar daugelį kitų, atminimą. / Zanavykas region - this region Šakiai district, western part of the county Marijampoles. The Zanavykai ethnic group formed perrimant local ethnic group in Lithuania Minor (Prussia) newcomers Samogitians settlers and other areas in the coming sociocultural ethnic groups. Therefore, in this region have resulted in different, specific only to land, farming methods, building style - the style, language, dialect, traditions and culture. The Zanavykai region has its own historical - memorial of significant value in the former manor house. Their historical - the memorials value is an important character values, determining significance. The Zanavykai have the most important of the former manor are held four: Gelgaudiskis, Zypliai, Kiduliai and Ilguva. Former manor perpetuates prominent families such as Sapieha, Tiskevicius, Koidelis, Komar, Talka-Grinceviciai-Ilgauskas, and many other victims.

Ve své diplomové práci zpracovávám urbář táborského panství. Urbář byl sepsán kolem roku 1510. údaje z urbáře porovnávám ještě s dalším účetním materiálem, který se pro panství dochoval z 15. a 16. století. jedná se o nejstarší urbář z let 1469-1486 a výběrčí rejstříky z let 1498 (svatohavelský), 1502 (svatohavelský), 1503 (svatojiřský) a 1530 (svatojiřský a svatohavelský). Jelikož bylo táborské panství rozsáhlé, vybrala jsem si 24 vesnic, které budu zpracovávat podle údajů v pramenech. V pramenech sleduji vývoj počtu usedlých (držitelů gruntů či hospodářství), výměry polností zapsaných k vesnicím a jednotlivým usedlým, úroční dávky a formu dávek a změny držitelů gruntů. Annotation I adept the urbar Tabor's manor in my diploma's work. The urbar was writen around year 1510. I compare dates od the urbar with another accounting materiál, which it preserved from 15th ant 16th of century for manor. It is the oldist the urbar between 1469 and 1486 and tax collector index form year 1498 (sainthavel's), 1502 (sainthavel's), 1503 (saintgeorge's) and 1530(sainthavel's and saintgeorge). The Tabor's manor was extensive, I chaose 24 vilages, which I will adept accord dates in historical source. In historial source I monitor process numer of rezidents (farm's tenants and homestead's tenants), areas of fields,...

Not available. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of Natal, 2000.

Šiandien Lietuvoje rūpinamasi tik vertingų dvarų ir jų kraštovaizdžio apsauga, jų tvarkymu. Susiduriama su daugeliu problemų, kaip lėšų trūkumas, tų dvarų ir jų kraštovaizdžio nepanaudojimas kultūriniam turizmui ir kt. Lietuva galėtų pasimokyti iš kitų užsienio valstybių, kurios bet kokia kaina siekia išsaugoti ir tvarkyti kultūros paveldo teritorijas taip, kad jos išliktų ateities kartoms. Viena iš tokių priemonių yra valstybinė –privati partnerystė. Šiame darbe atlikta Žemaitijos dvarų kraštovaizdžio tyrimai. Atliekant tyrimą naudotasi Kultūros paveldo departamento prie Kultūros ministerijos statistiniais duomenimis. Tyrimo rezultate nustatyta, kad Žemaitijoje daugeliui dvarų reikalinga skubi pagalba. Iš trylikos pasirinktų Žemaitijos dvarų blogiausia padėtis yra buvusioje Burbiškių dvaro sodyboje. Tam, kad būtų išsaugoti dvarai ir juos supantis kraštovaizdis tikslinga parengti dvarų tvarkymo planus, vadovaujantis Teritorijų planavimo įstatymo nuostatomis. Juose, kaip pagrindinė priemonė apsaugoti buvusių dvarų teritorijas, būtų nustatytos apsaugos zonos. / These days we take care of manor houses the landscape protection and management which are precious. But any way we encounter with many problems, such like lack of resources manor houses and their landscape unpracticed in cultural tourism and many other reasons. Lithuania could learn from other foreign states which at any price ties to save and manage cultural heritage territories that they will survive for future generations. One of such means is state-private partnership. Here was done Samogitia manor houses landscape investigation in this paper. It was used cultural heritage department statistical records while doing this job. It was designate that in Samogitia many of manor houses needs fast aid. The worse condition from thirteen chosen manor houses in Samogitia is past Burbiškės manor homestead. To save manor houses and landscape around them advisable to prepare plans of manor management with reference to law attitudes of territory management. The main implement to save past manors territories would be set save zones.

Šio darbo objektas – dvaras, kuris suvokiamas kaip aiškiai atsiskyręs nuo valstiečių sodybų, valdomas bajoro žemvaldžio, pajėgaus našiau nei iki šiol ūkininkauti, statančio puošnius namus, veisiančio parkus bei sodus ir naudojančio valstiečių darbo jėgą savo ūkio išlaikymui. Šio darbo tikslas surinkti informaciją apie archeologinius dvarų tyrinėjimus Lietuvoje, išskirti juos į atskirus laikotarpius (pirmoji nepriklausoma Lietuva, sovietmetis, dabartinė nepriklausoma Lietuva), palyginant dvarų tyrimų skaičių, jų suintensyvėjimą bei dvarų ištirtumą minėtais atskirais laikotarpiais. Taip pat pamėginti paanalizuoti tyrimų, o taip pat ir jų nebuvimo, priežastis, apžvelgti dvarų išsaugojimo teisinę pusę bei vykdomus konkrečius jų išsaugojimo darbus. Darbo uždaviniai, susiję su iškelto tikslo pasiekimu būtų kuo didesnės dvarviečių duomenų bazės surinkimas, informacijos apie archeologiškai tirtas dvarvietes surinkimas, šių dviejų duomenų bazių palyginimas, sudarant žemėlapius bei atskirą archeologiškai tirtų dvarviečių sąrašą, o taip pat dvarų tyrimų ir apsaugos skirtingais laikotarpiais apžvelgimas. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėja, kad dvarų paveldas visais šiame darbe nagrinėjamais laikotarpiais buvo ganėtinai apleistas. Tiek pirmojoje nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje, tiek sovietmečiu, valstybė neskyrė tinkamo dėmesio jų apsaugai. Abejais laikotarpiais to priežastys buvo ideologinės. Atkūrus Lietuvos nepriklausomybę buvo paveldėta ir visiškai nuskurdinta dvarų kultūra, tačiau per primuosius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of this study is a manor, which is determined as significantly outstanding at peasants’ houses, managed by feudal nobleman; this nobleman efficiently manages the farming, builds elaborate manors, plants parks and gardens and uses peasants as working power for maintaining his manor. The objective of this study is to collect information about archaeological investigations of Lithuanian manors, to allot them into stages (Interwar Lithuania, Soviet period, contemporary Lithuania) by comparing the number of manors’ investigations, their intensity and depth in each stage. Also the reasons of the presence, as well as absence of the investigations, the juridical aspect of saving the manors and certain saving works underway are intended to be reviewed and analysed. The aims of this study are the following: preparation of data basis of manors, collection of information about archaeologically investigated manors, comparison of these two databases by preparing maps and a list of archaeologically investigated manors, and review of manors’ investigations and ward in various periods. After research it can be maintained, that manor heritage in all periods has been quite neglected. Both in Interwar and Soviet Lithuania the government did not pay sufficient attention for ward of manors. In both periods the reasons had an ideological background. After restoring of independence Lithuania inherited a neglected manor culture; during the first decades of independence manor heritage fell... [to full text]

Low-income communities are potentially more vulnerable to physical, social and environmental hazards than wealthier communities. The lack of services associated with these communities (such as water supply, sanitation facilities and electrification) has increased the exposure of households to health hazards. These households also lack the coping mechanisms and resources to deal with the stress that these hazards impose on them. This study is concerned with the potential health hazards imposed from indoor air pollution. Traditional health risk assessments are used to determine the level of risk to human health from a variety of chemical or biological hazards. What these assessments do not include however, is a measure of the vulnerability of the household. The aim of this study therefore, was to develop a methodology for generating a vulnerability index for the inclusion of factors underlying urban poverty and vulnerability into a risk assessment of indoor air pollution. The approach adopted in this study followed an iterative and inductive pathway. Theories on risk assessment and urban vulnerability were explored in order to understand the manner in which risk to human health is assessed and compounded by vulnerability. Secondary data sources as well as a household survey provided information that aided the selection of a number of vulnerability indicators. These indicators were chosen as measures of vulnerability specifically for low-income households in South African settlements. The findings of the research show that there are a number of factors or issues which underlie vulnerability. The issues are related to demographics, livelihoods, physical exposures, externalities, services and general health. This study used a four-tiered selection approach to sift through the issues of vulnerability and to transform the key issues into a set of vulnerability indicators which make up the vulnerability index. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

I focused on the general view of the manor in my thesis. Chroustovice wasn't an important manor. Due to this fact, it has never been written the work of a similar character. This thesis is personal to me because I have spent my life in Chroustovice. In the thesis I described historical, artistic, economical, social and ecclesial development of the manor. I described the changing of the owners of the manor. I tried to map trade with the surrounding villages and their belonging with the manor. I focused on the building of Chroustovice manorhouse, which was the centre of the manor, and it still dominates the village. I tried to collected the fate of the most prominent local natives. I tried to synthesize sources and literature. I enriched my thesis with rumors and stories that are still circulating in the region until today.

M.A. / The line between the postmodernism and modernism is largely unbridgeable. The line between left and right sides is also division. Sometimes there is a narrow and rapid point of crossing, and then it is gone. Modernism and post modernism are only alike in their sharing of a common semantic. The line is a division in thinking. Both sides are isolated by the lack of a significant bridge. The line also signifies that there can either be one or the other way of thinking, the two cannot exist on the same page - but they do. And they do it in life, too. Psychology has, by it's very attempts to prove itself a science, isolated the individuals uniqueness and connection with other humanity, by inadvertently developing a therapeutic stance of separateness and isolation. What makes this doubly sad is that psychology has rationalised that this is not the case. The right side of the text speaks clearly of human input, and pro-active contact on a physical and caring level, and the residents grow. The left hints at what might be the case, because it is, after all, only a theory. The research conducted looks good, but may not be correct... No theory will put itself on the line. The right side is on the line every second of every day. Lives are being built here. By sitting and reflecting at a person, in a 'therapeutic environment', the person is immediately isolated from any human social interaction or input. By studying the individual and his behaviour with a view to dissect cause, effect and totality have become victims. The person of needs be must become 'abnormal'. He becomes different, an anomaly. Then both himself and the community scream for an end to stigmatization. This text is a metaphor for the conflict experienced between being humans and psychology. There are many other ways to view this text.