This thesis addresses the behaviour of glass in fire condition. The behaviour of glazing could influence the growth of fires. Radiation is often the most significant heat transfer mechanism and its modelling is critical to an accurate prediction of temperature distribution in the glass and the time to breakage. A literature review on the theoretical modelling and experimental aspects of glazing systems exposed to fire are presented. Theoretical issues of glazing modelling in fire conditions were identified. To address the limitations of existing approaches, a more robust computer tool, referred to as Fire Dynamics Simulator - One Dimensional & Three Dimensional Spectral Discrete Ordinate Method (FDS-1D & 3D-SDOM) was developed in this thesis. The new computer tool is comprised of (i) a CFD part for the fire dynamics and fluid flow simulation, (ii) a spectral Discrete Ordinates radiation model for radiative source term calculations in the glass, and (iii) a FEA part for the 3D thermal conduction thermal stress, thermal strain and the probability of failure in glass material. For verification purposes, the model is applied to some typical fires/glazing scenarios from the literature. Good agreements are found between predictions and experimental data. The study also investigates the effects of the glass thickness, thermal conductivity and emissivity on the glass temperature.

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are performed for premixed gas phase turbulent deflagrations in confinements with particular modeling emphasis to capture proper flame behaviour i.e. quenching and acceleration near the obstacles/solid surfaces. Flamelet based Coherent Flame Model (CFM) is adopted for simulating turbulent flame deflagration. Conservation equation for Flame Surface Density (FSD) is considered to account for the non-equilibrium transport of FSD. Modeling improvements in terms of flow-wall and flame-wall interactions are implemented in the governing equations of CFM, which serve as wall boundary closures for numerical combustion simulations with wall interactions. The enthalpy loss factor considering the non-isobaric condition is used in the present study to accurately capture the region where flame is affected by the presence of wall. Model constants for the flame-wall interaction are determined in a posteriori test. The CFM solver along with flow and flame-wall interactions is been developed in OpenFOAM framework. The solver has been first validated for a non-reacting channel flow simulations with the DNS data. Validation study for the flow-wall interaction is performed by considering the periodic hill configuration in a channel. DNS of a ‘V’-flame in a channel flow is used as posteriori test to fix the flame-wall model constants. The numerical predictions of the CFM solver with wall interactions are assessed by simulating the turbulent flame deflagrations in a quench mesh, repeated obstructed channel and in a model hydrogen storage facility. Numerical results establish that the wall interaction models have improved the predictions and are able to account for change in characteristics of the turbulent premixed flame and turbulence length scales in the near-wall region.

Manufacturing companies must consider the environmental and social aspects of their business in order to meet the requirements of sustainable manufacturing (SM). In this context, traditional manufacturing management techniques are being challenged because they do not address environmental concerns. Therefore, to meet the commitment to sustainability, a new manufacturing paradigm is needed to improve these techniques in order to assist practitioners and researchers in overcoming this new challenge. This study addresses Lean Six Sigma (LSS) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as important live manufacturing improvement techniques that are currently handled independently, but there could be value in bringing them together. Researching the integration of LSS and LCA is expected to reveal improvement opportunities that would enhance the financial and environmental performance of SM. The main objective of this research has been therefore to design a framework to integrate LSS and LCA so as to yield an outcome better than that obtained if the two methods are applied in isolation. The thesis explores SM through an extensive literature review and then proceeds with data collection using a mixed-methods approach. Analysis of the knowledge and data acquired reveals that communication, environmental strategy and the market are important factors in integrating LSS and LCA. The data is also used to examine the current state of sustainability in a sample of companies by examining the recommendations put forward by other researchers for the transition to SM. The results show that most companies struggle in SM because these recommendations are not adopted. The findings of the study lead to the development of a framework that can be used to support decision making in sustainable manufacturing and to guide environmental improvement projects. The framework illustrates how conducting a LCA study provides the information to formulate an environmental strategy, and how to undertake a LSS project to make improvements. The framework highlights the importance of upgrading standard LSS tools to include environmental measures. Finally, thought experiments are conducted to demonstrate the usefulness of the framework.

The aims of the research work described in this thesis were to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the factors affecting the performance of a multi-stage downdraught evaporative cooling device for low-energy cooling of buildings developed from a novel prototype device described by Erell et al. (2008) and Pearlmutter et al. (2008); and to model and explore the performance of the device when integrated within a hypothetical, but representative, building in a hot dry climate. The research work was carried out with initial objectives of: understanding and modelling water spray evaporation using CFD methods; verifying the CFD model of water spray evaporation using published experimental data; modelling and examining the spray characteristics of the nozzles used in the work by Erell et al. and Pearlmutter et al.; creating a detail model of the prototype multi-stage downdraught evaporative cooling device described by Erell et al. and Pearlmutter et al.; carrying out a series of CFD simulations of the prototype device under wind-driven operation with and without water sprays and comparing the results obtained with available experimental data. Following completion of these initial studies, a detailed investigation of the factors affecting the performance of a multi-stage cooling device derived from the prototype device was carried out. This involved carrying out simulations: to select the most effective wind catcher geometry; to optimize the number and arrangement of water spray nozzles; and to select a range of geometrical parameters. Following completion of these additional studies a model of a two-floor hypothetical building with an integrated multi-stage downdraught evaporative cooling device of optimum geometry and a wind catcher was created, and simulations to investigate the performance under varying wind speeds and environmental conditions were carried out. All simulations were carried out using ANSYS CFX, versions 12.0, or 12.1 or 13.0. The results obtained indicated that comfortable conditions within the cooled space could be achieved over almost all of the range the wind speeds and environmental conditions studied. Some recommendations for future work are given.

<p>Examensarbetets syfte är att utforma rutiner och verktyg för att säkerställa att relevant information om allvarliga och frekventa problem når föregående processer. Den information som föregående processer tar emot ska vara av sådan karaktär att de vet vad de ska fokusera på i sitt förbättringsarbete. Strävan har varit att ta fram ett felrapporteringsverktyg där alla fel som påträffas i produktionen ska kunna gå att rapporteras in. Utifrån den datainsamling som har gjorts via sekundär- och primärdata har den information som ska rapporters in tagits fram. Felrapporteringen ska ske i en Lotus Notes databas, detta för att programmet redan finns inom SDE`s väggar. De fel som hittas och rapporters in i felrapporteringsverktyget riktas var och en mot ett ansvarigt område. Tillexempel om det fattas ett hål på en artikel och det hålet finns med på ritningen riktas felet mot inköp. Varje ansvarigt område ska månadsvis skriva ut och åtgärda sina tre ”fem i botten” scorecard i kategorierna konsekvens, kostnad och frekvens. Fem i botten scorecarden bygger på paretoprincipen, det betyder att scorecarden visar de fem största felen varje månad i de tre olika kategorierna. Den information som loggas in i felrapporteringsverktyget kommer även att vara ett reklamationsunderlag då inköp står som ansvarigt område. Dataanalysen kommer att göras i ett Business Intelligence verktyg som heter QlikView. Detta för att QlikView på ett smidigt sätt tar data från en eller flera databaser och gör det möjligt för användaren att snabbt och enkelt analysera informationen.</p>

<p>Examensarbetets mål är att rengöra en diamantkomposit med en ytrengöringsmetod. Metoden skulle vara mera effektiv än den manuella sandblästring som används idag för att ytrengöra detaljen.</p><p>Detaljen är liten och har ett vitalt spår som ska rengöras. Detta ställer höga krav på effektiva metoder. De metoder som tas upp teoretiskt i examensarbetet är bland annat blästring, trumling och laserrengöring. Ett urval av metoderna testades. Den metod som utmärkte sig främst I testerna var automatisksandblästring. Det gav lika bra resultat som manuell sandblästring men på en bråkdel av tiden som det tog för manuellsandblästring. Det gjordes även en investeringsberäkning i examensarbetet och den gav att trumling var den billigaste metoden.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att automatisk sandblästring bör användas som metod. Metoden gav ett bättre resultat än övriga metoder och var mindre arbetskrävande än manuell sandblästring.</p> / <p>This goal of the thesis´ is to surface finish a diamond with an appropriate method. The method should be more effective than manual sandblasting, the current method in use. The part is small and it has a vital track that must be surface cleaned. This puts great demands on effective methods. The methods that are mentioned theoretically in the thesis are automatic sandblasting, tumbling and laser cleaning. A couple of methods were tested and evaluated. Automatic sandblasting was found to be most effective. That method gave an equal result compared to the manual sandblasting but with a fraction of the time compared to manual sandblasting. Within the thesis a capital budgeting have been done.</p><p>The conclusion of the thesis was that the automatic sandblasting machine should be used.</p>

<p>The distributioncentral of Stadium has an area of 31,6 acre and is being build in Herstadberg in the region of Norrköping. It is Mattssons Fastighetsutveckling (Mattssons Real-estate development) who also has ordered the building. They will also take care of the operation and support of the distributioncentral. Peab has got the assignment as a total contractor and it is for them I have done my degree project.</p><p>I have been drawing-up a description of the goods in the distributioncenter. In the declaration a description of the goods will be found, there substance for all the materials that has been built in to the building describes. All the descriptions of the goods has been put together in folders. If some of the sustance could be found in Peabs list of liquidate and forbidden materials, that can also been seen in the folders. The project should also result in folders for operation and support for the distributioncenter. In the work I have hade many contacts with contractors, assemblers and suppliers. Everybody has helpt me get hold of all the documents I have needed. When it comes to operation and support, many of the bigger contractors and assamblers will put together there own instructions in folders, and then deliver them to the orderer in connection with the final inspection. The documents from from remaining contractors, assemblers and suppliers will I put together in a folder.</p><p>After this work I have detected that the head of the contract, who has the responsibility for the declaration of goods dont have the time that needs. A person have to be appointed as responsible for the declaration. A full time employed is not needed, at the most a halftime.</p> / Den engelska titeln i uppsatsen (pdf-filen) är felaktig och ska vara "Description of Building Materials used in Stadium´s new Distribution Centre".

<p>Deposition of metal naphthenates in process facilities is becoming a huge problem for petroleum companies producing highly acidic crudes. In this thesis, the main focus has been towards the oil-water (o/w) interfacial properties of naphthenic acids and their ability to react with different divalent cations across the interface to form metal naphthenates.</p><p>The pendant drop technique was utilized to determine dynamic interfacial tensions (IFT) between model oil containing naphthenic acid, synthetic as well as indigenous acid mixtures, and pH adjusted water upon addition of different divalent cations. Changes in IFT caused by the divalent cations were correlated to reaction mechanisms by considering two reaction steps with subsequent binding of acid monomers to the divalent cation. The results were discussed in light of degree of cation hydration and naphthenic acid conformation, which affect the interfacial conditions and thus the rate of formation of 2:1 complexes of acid and cations. Moreover, addition of non-ionic oil-soluble surfactants used as basis compounds in naphthenate inhibitors was found to hinder a completion of the reaction through interfacial dilution of the acid monomers.</p><p>Formation and stability of metal naphthenate films at o/w interfaces were studied by means of Langmuir technique with a trough designed for liquid-liquid systems. The effects of different naphthenic acids, divalent cations, and pH of the subphase were investigated. The results were correlated to acid structure, cation hydration, and degree of dissociation, which all affect the film stability against compression.</p><p>Naphthenic acids acquired from a metal naphthenate deposit were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. The sample was found to consist of a narrow family of 4-protic naphthenic acids with molecular weights around 1230 g/mol. These acids were found to be very o/w interfacially active compared to normal crude acids, and to form Langmuir monolayers with stability depending on the aqueous pH. At high pH, addition of Ca²⁺ increased the film stability due to formation of calcium naphthenate at the surface.</p><p>A new experimental setup based on near infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the formation, growth, and inhibition of calcium naphthenate particles in o/w systems. This method was found to be suitable for studies of particle formation rate and growth qualitatively under different experimental conditions.</p>

<p>Det här examensprojektet har utförts på Volvo CE, Hauler & Loader Division, Arvika. Projektet ingick som ett avslutande moment i maskiningenjörsprogrammet vid</p><p>Karlstads universitet. Volvo i Arvika tillverkar hjullastare vilket man har gjort sedan mitten av 60-talet. Fabriken har idag ca 1150 anställda som tillsammans levererar över 6000 hjullastare per år.</p><p>Produktionsvolymen i Arvikafabriken ökar allt mer vilket medför att ett behov av många investeringar för att klara denna volymtillväxt har uppstått. Den huvudsakliga tillverkningen på svetsavdelningen består av fram- och bakramstillverkning. Problemet är att tillverkningen är trångbodd och att vissa ramflöden är i behov av förbättring.</p><p>Projektets uppgift bestod av att undersöka möjligheter och konsekvenser av att installera två nya svetsrobotar i befintlig byggnad och på sikt skapa en separat framram resp. bakramsverkstad. Arbetets huvudmål är att få höjd kapacitet i svetstillverkningen av ramar.</p><p>Resultatet av projektet visar att möjlighet finns att installera två nya svetsrobotar i de befintliga lokalerna, en robot för framramsvetsning samt en för bakramsvetsning. Ramtillverkningen är separerad med en verkstad för framramar i byggnad 1 samt en verkstad för bakramar i byggnad 2. (se bilaga 8, 50 och 51).</p><p>Flera flöden har förbättrats genom att arbetsstationer har flyttats vilket i sin tur har inneburit mindre transportbehov i verkstaden. Uppdelningen av tillverkningen av fram- och bakramar har lett till ett tydligare flöde. De nya flödena syns i produktionsscheman och layoutflödesscheman (bilaga 52-69).</p><p>Kostnaden för att genomföra projektet uppskattas till omkring 26 milj. kr.</p><p>Ett ytterligare koncept, ”koncept 2”, har utretts som innehåller en större utbyggnad av bakramsverkstaden för att klara en större expansion av tillverkningen. Det kommer att kosta ca 38 milj. kr.</p> / <p>This master’s thesis was performed at Volvo CE, Hauler & Loader Division, Arvika. The project was a part of the Mechanical engineering program at the University of Karlstad. Volvo in Arvika is manufacturing wheelloaders and has done that since back in the sixties. Today they are about 1150 employees who together deliver over 6000 loaders a year.</p><p>The production volume at the Arvika-plant is increasing and therefore there is a need for new investments in the plant. At the plant’s welding department the main manufacturing is the welding of front- and rear frames. The problem is that the manufacturing is cabined and some of the frame flows is in need of improvement.</p><p>The task of the project was to examine the possibilities and identify the consequences of installing two new welding robots in the existing building and create separate front and rear frame workshops. The main reason for that is to reach a higher capacity in the manufacturing of frames.</p><p>The result of the project shows that there are possibilities to install two new welding robots in the existing building, one for front frame welding and one for rear frame welding. The frame manufacturing has been separated with a workshop for front frames in building 1 and a workshop for rear frames in building 2 (see appendices 8, 50 and 51).</p><p>Several flows has been improved due to workstations have been moved resulting in less need of transports in the workshop. The separation of front and rear frame manufacturing causes the flow of frames to be more clear and visible. The new flows are shown in production diagrams and layout-flow diagrams (see appendices 52-69).</p><p>The cost for going through with the project is estimated to around 26 million sek.</p><p>An additional concept, “concept 2”, has been investigated which contains an extended workshop for rear frames to manage a larger expansion of the production. It will cost around 38 million sek.</p>

<p>I arbetet görs en jämförelse mellan platsbyggda- och prefabricerade våtrum. Jämförelsen görs utifrån kriterierna ekonomi, kvalité och miljöpåverkan.</p>