O Escudo Sul-Rio-Grandense, importante elemento da geologia do sul do Brasil, possui, em seus diferentes domínios geotectônicos, ocorrências de mármores que foram relativamente pouco estudadas. Sabendo da importância dessas rochas para um maior entendimento da estratigrafia, do contexto de formação e evolução regional, foram escolhidas quatro pedreiras em dois domínios geotectônicos distintos: Fida, Mudador e Inducal na região de Caçapava do Sul (RS) – Terreno São Gabriel – e Matarazzo na região de Arroio Grande (RS) – Batólito Pelotas. A metodologia empregada no trabalho incluiu análises de petrografia, geoquímica e isótopos de Sr, aplicadas em 38 amostras dentre as 91 coletadas nas quatro áreas de estudo. A classificação das rochas através dos resultados da análise petrográfica foi aprimorada com os dados geoquímicos, especialmente quanto aos teores de MgO, SiO2 e CaO e sua distribuição. Nos mármores de Caçapava do Sul, há predomínio de dolomita, corroborado pelo teor de MgO (17,66 a 21,52%) e classificados como dolomíticos. Na região de Arroio Grande, domina calcita, com concentrações de MgO entre 0,44 e 0,54% e os mármores são classificados como calcíticos. Os teores de CaO ficaram entre 26,24 e 31,59% nos mármores de Caçapava do Sul e entre 51,37 e 53,24% no mármore de Arroio Grande, complementando a afirmação anterior. Essa diferença foi percebida também nos resultados dos ETRs, tanto na avaliação do comportamento geral destes elementos, quanto na avaliação de anomalias individuais (Ce e Eu), que indicaram componente marinho nos mármores Matarazzo e presença de processos envolvendo contribuição de fluidos hidrotermais nas rochas Fida e Inducal. Essa contribuição de fluidos posteriores e não originais foi observada, também, com a avaliação das razões Mn/Sr, Sr/Ca e os teores de MnO e Sr. As razões 87Sr/86Sr variam entre 0,704 e 0,713 para os mármores Fida; 0,709 e 0,714 para Mudador; 0,705 e 0,709 para Inducal e 0,7060 e 0,7067 para Matarazzo. O mármore Matarazzo é o que possui os valores mais próximos da composição original, sendo o que possui o resultado original mais confiável; o mármore Inducal apresenta resultados que demonstram composição original questionável, mas ainda dentro do campo aceitável pela literatura; e as rochas Fida e Mudador não apresentaram condições confiáveis nesse sentido. Os resultados interpretados sugerem que a formação dos mármores de Arroio Grande ocorreu entre 900 e 850 Ma e Caçapava do Sul entre 800 e 750 Ma, em ambientes deposicionais distintos. / The Sul-Rio-Grandense Shield is an important element of southern Brazil geology. It includes few known marble occurrences in its geotectonic domains. In order to understand better the local stratigraphy, geological setting and regional evolution, four quarries were selected in two distinct geotectonic domains: Fida, Mudador and Inducal quarries located at around Caçapava do Sul (RS) city– São Gabriel Terrain –; Matarazzo quarry at around Arroio Grande (RS) region – Pelotas Batholith. Methodology includes petrography, geochemistry and Sr isotopes analysis, applied in 38 samples from 91 collected in four studied areas. Rocks classification through the results of petrographic analysis was enhanced by geochemistry data, especially when it comes to MgO, SiO2 and CaO contents and their distribution. Caçapava do Sul marbles show dolomite predominance, since this data is corroborated by the MgO content (17.66 to 21.52%) and it is classified as dolomitic. At the Arroio Grande region, calcite prevails, and the MgO content ranges between 0.44 and 0.54% and the marbles are classified as calcitic. Caçapava do Sul marbles include CaO contents ranging between 26.24 and 31.59% whereas Arroio Grande marble ranges between 51.37 and 53.24%, complementing the previous statement. This difference was also observed in the REE’s results, as much in evaluation of the general behavior of these elements as in evaluation of individual anomalies (Ce and Eu), which indicate a marine component on Matarazzo marbles and the presence of processes involving contribution of hydrothermal fluids on Fida and Inducal rocks. This contribution of posterior fluids and non original fluids was also observed with the evaluation of Mn/Sr, Sr/Ca ratios and MnO and Sr contents. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.704 to 0.713 on the Fida marbles; 0.709 to 0.714 on Mudador; 0.705 to 0.790 on Inducal and from 0.7060 to 0.7067 on Matarazzo. Matarazzo marble is the only rock that has the closest values compared to the original composition, and it is only one that has the most reliable original result; Inducal marble shows results that demonstrate dubious values when compared to original composition, but still within the acceptable field according to the literature; Fida and Mudador rocks do not present reliable conditions in this regard. Interpreted results suggest that Arroio Grande marbles were generated between 900 and 850 Ma whereas Caçapava do Sul marbles between 800 and 750 Ma. Both of them were developed under different depositional environments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valerio Raymundo.pdf: 1542389 bytes, checksum: c0e24ddd3f992a7f99c48671a44e6eb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-30 / The great volume of calcareous wastes generated by dimension stone industry and its composition, rich in important elements to promote plant growth, indicate possibilities of utilizing them as amendment of soil acidity. This study aimed to compare the capacity of neutralization of soil acidity and the use of two kinds of marble waste and a commercial limestone. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, in factorial scheme, with four replications. An Oxisol mixed with four different doses of amendment (75, 100, 150, 300% and control), based on a standard recommendation. The experimental units consited of storage in polyethylene bags, and the soil moisture was elevated up to 70% of field capacity using distillated water. The pH, Ca, Mg, Al, H + Al, were analysed and SB, CTC, V were calculated. The wastes showed good potential to be used as amendment of soil acidity, since the initial reactivity was higher than the commercial limestone / Nos últimos anos; muitos pesquisadores têm dedicado atenção especial no que se refere ao uso de resíduos visando à minimização dos impactos ambientais e sua transformação em subprodutos de outros processos produtivos. O grande volume de resíduos calcários gerados pela indústria de rochas ornamentais e a adoção do processo de corte do mármore em tear diamantado em substituição ao processo tradicional com granalha de aço; trouxe a oportunidade de aproveitamento desses resíduos como corretivo de acidez de solo agrícola. Este estudo teve como objetivo a comparação; em relação à capacidade de neutralização da acidez do solo; entre o uso de um resíduo de mármore serrado em tear diamantado; outro serrado em tear convencional e um calcário comercial de uso comum. O experimento foi montado no delineamento inteiramente casualizado; em esquema fatorial; utilizando um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico e as três fontes de corretivos em quatro diferentes dosagens (75%; 100%; 150%; 300% e testemunha) de uma recomendação padrão de correção de solo; com quatro repetições. As unidades experimentais foram acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno; elevando a umidade do solo a 70% da capacidade de campo com água destilada. Foram analisados pH; P; K; Ca; Mg; Al; H; H+Al; Na e IsNa; e calculados SB; CTC; V e m. Os resíduos apresentam bom desempenho para utilização como corretivo de acidez no caso estudado; com uma reatividade inicial superior à do calcário comercial. O risco de contaminação pela aplicação de resíduos de mármore no solo foi analisado em termos dos elementos As; Cd; Pb; Cr total; Hg; Ni e Se e todos estão abaixo dos limites estabelecidos pela U.S.EPA 40 CFR Part 503 (Environmental Protection Agency – U.S.)

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-09-02T12:59:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Melquizedec A Rodrigues.pdf: 5096404 bytes, checksum: 822e44f66d8679d306ea87080653ce00 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-09-16T15:19:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Melquizedec A Rodrigues.pdf: 5096404 bytes, checksum: 822e44f66d8679d306ea87080653ce00 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-09-16T15:26:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Melquizedec A Rodrigues.pdf: 5096404 bytes, checksum: 822e44f66d8679d306ea87080653ce00 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-16T15:26:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Melquizedec A Rodrigues.pdf: 5096404 bytes, checksum: 822e44f66d8679d306ea87080653ce00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-09 / Não Informada / The aim of this study is to determine the possible replacement percentage of cement per waste marbles and granites (WMG) of marble shops of Manaus in the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The methodology adopted was to hold various laboratory tests: characterization of each constituent material of the CAA; the rheological properties of SCC; and mechanical, physical and chemical properties in the hardened state of SCC. Two superplasticizers have been applied, one on the base and other salts of sulphonated polymer based whose optimum content was determined by testing the slurry Marsh cone. The coarse aggregates and kids were characterized by assays granulometry, specific weight; unit mass in loose state; and unitary mass compressed and dry. The WMG were subjected to density testing and analysis of Fluorescence X Ray. For fresh SCC in the following tests were performed: scattering, scattering T500, V funnel and L box; and Testing of Compressive Strength and flexion, absorption, voids index and the SCC Density in the hardened state, as well as tests on mortar bars to check possible Alkali Aggregate Reaction (AAR). The results were effective for most traits SCC, up to 30% of the cement replacement by WMG when the additive polymer base was used, and up to 20% replacement when the superplasticizer was sulfonated. Fresh in this SCC met the requirements of ISO 15823, behaving like proper concrete for use in most current applications. In the hardened state near showed compressive strength of 35 MPa, may also be used in the production of concrete floors. The resistance to bending achieved in around 7.0 MPa and satisfy the Brazilian standard 15805. For absorption values were comprised between 4.0% and 5.0%, lower than the values found in the literature, for voids and density values were close to other research, 10%. In AAR tests achieved the expansion was less than 0.10%, and the waste classified as harmless by Brazilian standard 15577-4. With the above it can be said that the residues from marble shops may have an alternative destination in civil construction. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho é determinar o percentual de substituição possível de cimento por resíduos de mármores e de granitos (RMG) das marmorarias de Manaus na produção de concreto autoadensável (CAA). A metodologia adotada foi a realização de vários ensaios laboratoriais: de caracterização de cada material constituinte do CAA; das propriedades reológicas do CAA; e das propriedades mecânicas, físicas e químicas do CAA no estado endurecido. Foram aplicados dois superplastificantes, um à base de sais sulfonados e outro à base de polímeros, cujo teor ótimo foi determinado por meio de ensaios de pasta no cone de Marsh. Os agregados graúdos e miúdos foram caracterizados por meio de ensaios de granulometria, massa específica; massa unitária em estado solto; e massa unitária em estado compactado e seco. Os RMG foram submetidos a ensaio de massa específica e análise de Fluorescência de Raios X. Para o CAA no estado fresco foram realizados os seguintes ensaios: Espalhamento, Espalhamento T500, Funil V e Caixa L; e Ensaios de Resistência à Compressão e à Flexão, Absorção, Índice de Vazios e Massa Específica do CAA no estado endurecido, bem como ensaios em barras de argamassas para verificar possível Reação Álcali Agregado (RAA). Os resultados mostraram-se eficazes para a maioria dos traços de CAA, com até 30% de substituição do cimento por RMG quando o aditivo a base de polímeros foi utilizado e de até 20% de substituição quando o superplastificante foi o sulfonado. No estado fresco esse CAA atendeu aos requisitos da NBR 15823, se comportando como concreto adequado para utilização na maioria das aplicações correntes. No estado endurecido apresentaram resistência à compressão próximas de 35 MPa, podendo também ser utilizado na produção de pavimentos de concreto. As resistências à flexão alcançadas, em torno de 7,0 MPa, e satisfazem a NBR 15805. Para absorção os valores ficaram compreendidos entre 4,0% e 5,0%, menores que os valores encontrados na literatura, para o índice de vazios e massa específica os valores ficaram próximos de outras pesquisas, 10%. Nos ensaios de RAA as expansões alcançadas foram menores que 0,10%, sendo os resíduos classificados como inócuo pela NBR 15577-4. Com o exposto pode-se afirmar que os resíduos de marmorarias podem ter uma destinação alternativa na construção civil.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Afonso Cesar Lelis Brandao.pdf: 12894448 bytes, checksum: 21a13c407b8b3aa0e19a3514eccc03d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / The study aimed to show the characteristics of ecological concrete without structural responsibility , from the addition of zest from the tire retreading process and marble dust and refuse of extraction quarries . Were molded and tested according to the ABNT norms specified in the body of work, samples of concrete, with the addition of waste from tire retreading and quarrying . The addition of the objective rubber decrease the density of the concrete and to improve its ability to absorb impacts and mechanical strength, since addition of the powdermarble improve particle packing , cement consumption and density , decreasing voids which are accumulated due to the heterogeneity of rubber shavings . The results show that these wastes can be inserted into the concrete together and since in this case the ratio was better with 10 % of each residue according to the added weight of cement concrete trace. We see this work an improvement of the results of tensile strength compared to conventional concrete ( Pilot ) and loss of compressive strength of concrete with added enhanced with the addition of marble powder- rubber . The concrete also showed that after their break there is no breakdown of parts , which can be well utilized in tall buildings to avoid accidents with zest rubber . / O trabalho teve como objetivo mostrar as características do concreto ecológico, sem responsabilidade estrutural, a partir da adição de raspas de pneus provenientes do processo de recauchutagem e do pó de mármore como refugo da extração de pedreiras. Foram moldados e ensaiados, de acordo com as normas da ABNT especificadas no corpo de trabalho, corpos de prova de concreto, com a adição de resíduos provenientes da recauchutagem de pneus e da extração de mármore. A adição da borracha objetiva diminuir a densidade do concreto e melhorar a sua capacidade de absorção de impactos e tração mecânica, já a adição do pó-de-mármore, melhorar o empacotamento de partículas, consumo de cimento e adensamento, diminuindo espaços vazios que são acumulados devido à heterogeneidade das raspas de borracha. Os resultados mostram que estes rejeitos podem ser inseridos no concreto, desde que juntos e, neste caso a melhor relação ficou com 10% de cada resíduo adicionado de acordo com o peso de cimento do traço do concreto. Vemos neste trabalho uma melhoria dos resultados de resistência à tração comparado ao concreto convencional (Piloto) e a perda de resistência à compressão axial do concreto adicionado com borracha melhorada com a adição de pó-de-mármore. O concreto também mostrou que com as raspas de borracha, após sua ruptura não há a desagregação das partes, o que pode ser bem aproveitado em construções de altura para evitar acidentes.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-15T11:54:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 whitejosedossantos.pdf: 2198851 bytes, checksum: 2e43c9170411f1fc0cb13944d58766d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-19T15:50:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 whitejosedossantos.pdf: 2198851 bytes, checksum: 2e43c9170411f1fc0cb13944d58766d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T15:50:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 whitejosedossantos.pdf: 2198851 bytes, checksum: 2e43c9170411f1fc0cb13944d58766d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As indústrias de mineração, principalmente as de rochas ornamentais, geram um elevado volume de resíduos, que poluem e degradam o meio ambiente. Este trabalho caracterizou e avaliou o emprego de resíduo de mármore triturado em substituição ao agregado miúdo natural para a produção de argamassas. Estudaram-se diversos traços de argamassas (cimento: cal hidratada: areia) e consistências, a saber: 180 mm e 210 mm; que foram avaliados nos ensaios: resistência à compressão axial; resistência à tração por compressão diametral; módulo de elasticidade; velocidade de propagação de ondas ultrassônicas; retração hidráulica; absorção por capilaridade, por imersão e pelo método do cachimbo e dureza superficial (esclerometria). E, finalmente, concluiu-se que as argamassas confeccionadas com o agregado alternativo apresentaram características mecânicas e de durabilidade superiores às de referência, sendo denominadas por ARGAD (Argamassas de Alto Desempenho). / The mining industries, mainly the one of ornamental stone, produced a high volume of reject, that it polluted the environment. This research evaluated test with the marble triturated reject in substitution to the natural sand for the mortar’s production. It was researched several types of mortars (cement: lime hydrated: sand) and workability (180 mm and 210 m) in the testing methods: compressive strength; Brazilian test (splitting tensile strength of the cylindrical concrete specimens) deformation modulus; ultrasonic pulse, shrinkage, absorption capacity and hardness test. Finally, the mortars with the marble reject sand better than with the natural sand, and it denominated by ARGAD

Arles, colonie de droit romain, hérite, après la défaite de Pompée contre César, du contrôle d’une partie du Rhône, importante voie d’acheminement des marchandises provenant de tout le pourtour méditerranéen. Actrice privilégiée d’un commerce qui s’amplifie, accueillant de nombreux naviculaires pour le gérer et des populations indigènes toujours plus nombreuses, la cité d’Arles a également montré au travers de ses édifices la présence de marbres colorés dans la décoration pariétale et dans les pavements. Ce type de matière première était un symbole de puissance et de richesse et, à ce titre, diffusé dans toutes les provinces de l’empire. Dans ce cadre-là, nous étudions l’utilisation et l’approvisionnement de ces marbres dans la cité d’Arles au travers de l’étude de sites archéologiques terrestres et d’éléments retrouvés dans le Rhône. Pour cela, nous étudierons chaque fragment en marbre coloré retrouvé dans des contextes du Haut-Empire et de l’Antiquité tardive. Nous déterminerons pour chaque site étudié la répartition et la proportion de chacun ainsi que les formes dans lesquelles ils ont été façonnés. Nous analyserons ensuite chronologiquement l’emploi de ces éléments dans la décoration de domus et d’édifices à caractère public. Enfin, nous ferons le lien avec l’acheminement de ces marchandises dans la vallée du Rhône à l’époque romaine. / Arles, roman right colony, inherited the control of the river the Rhône, after Pompei’s defeat against Cesar, important delivery route of any kind of supply coming from the Mediterranean area. Trading business increasing Arles welcomed a lot of navicularii to manage it. And also the growing native population helped Arles to become a privilege actor. Through the monument the great city of Arles showed coloured marbles on the wall and pavement. This type of raw material was a symbol of power and wealth which was diffused in every province of the empire. In this context, we will study the use and the supply of the marble in Arles through terrestrial archaeological sites and elements discovered in the river Rhone.Concerning this, we will study every pieces of coloured marble found in the high Roman Empire and late Antiquity period. For every sites we will determined the distribution and the proportion as well as the different ways they were shaped. Then we will analyse chronologically the use of these elements in the “domus” decoration and in public building.Last but not least we will link it together with the routing of the supplier in the Rhône valley at the Roman Empire period.

A Master thesis about the Garpenberg deposit located in Bergslagen, a lithotectonic domain, with a mining history that might date back as far as 350 BC. Marble- and skarn-hosted sulfide deposits are found in the area, which creates the opportunity to mine both limestone and sulfidic ore in a single mine. Garpenberg is such a location hence this thesis, which aims to quantify the factors governing spectrophotometric lightness in marble at the Dammjön ore body. The work is mainly based on five drill cores which were logged and sampled. A total of twenty-seven samples were characterized using lithogeochemical analysis and thin-section analysis. The amount of Acid Insoluble Residue (AIR), magnetic minerals and the spectrophotometric lightness were determined for the same samples. The calcite marble was divided into seven different varieties; 1) calcite marble breccia, 2) light, 3) grey, 4) green, 5) banded salmon pink, 6) ophicalcite and 7) spotted calcite marble. The dolomite marble is white to grey in color and skarn minerals are common and varies between 5-20 vol.%. Grey and light calcite marble are the varieties with the highest spectrophotometric lightness, and it could be shown that the lightness increases with a decreasing amount of titanium, aluminum and zirconium which are chemical proxies for mineralogical impurities of originally volcaniclastic origin. High-quality calcite marble is a potentially economic by-product at the Garpenberg mine, the lightest samples are nearly as light as the light standard used during analysis (92.45 out of 100%). The lightest marble is also the chemically most pure which means that the calcium oxide (CaO) and total-carbon content are high. Key geological factors detrimental to lightness and purity are the primary composition, which is determined by the admixture of volcaniclastic material in the limestone precursor. Hydrothermal alteration with the addition of silicates, sulfides and oxides forms a halo around the massive sulfide lenses. Dolomite marble, which is more proximal to ore, is richer in manganese and sulfides, and not as light as the calcite marble at Dammsjön.

Das Erzgebirge verfügt über beträchtliche Marmorvorkommen. Schon seit Jahrhunderten sind die Kalzit- und Dolomitmarmore als Düngemittel, später als Grundstoffe in der chemischen Industrie, in der Glasproduktion und als Zuschlagstoffe in der Baustoffindustrie begehrt. Die Monografie enthält die geologische Beschreibung von über 100 Marmorlagerstätten auf sächsischem und tschechischem Gebiet. Die Marmorvorkommen werden anhand von geologischen Übersichtskarten, Rissausschnitten, geologischen Schnitten und zahlreichen Fotos beschrieben. Schwerpunkte sind dabei die geschichtliche Entwicklung des jeweiligen Abbaus, die geologischen Verhältnisse, die bergtechnischen Bedingungen, die Verwendung des Rohstoffs und die Einflüsse des Marmorbergbaus auf die Umwelt. Die aufbereiteten Daten sind für künftige Bergbauunternehmungen von Interesse.

This work presents new method for determination of geological provenance based on the statistical analysis of cathodoluminescence spectra of marbles and carbonate rocks from various localities in the Bohemian Massif. Analysis is based on the combination of data from seven different measures of spectral similarity and provides results that are more robust than those obtained by approach based only on a single measure of similarity. These results may be further improved by employing meta-analysis that evaluates behaviour of spectra during the individual steps of analysis. Analysis was performed on the original cathodoluminescence spectra, as well as on the residual spectra in which relative variability was amplified by the subtraction of Gaussian trend present in all spectra of carbonates. By combining results from analysis and meta-analysis of both original and residual spectra it was possible to almost unambiguously determine provenance of samples from all studied localities. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was employed as a supplementary method for classification of spectra. Out of 72 different methods for clustering, one was selected for both original and residual data based on the number of correctly classified spectra. Second part of this work presents analysis of cathodoluminescence...

A petrographic study has been made of the contact relations between metagabbro and nepheline gneiss underlain by marble, in Monmouth township, Haliburton County, Ontario. A bad of hornblende nepheline-garnet gneiss about 80 feetwide trending north-south is underlain at a shear contact by marble. Round inclusion up to 18 inches across of red pyroxene with some spinel and rimmed by olivine occur in the marble a few feet below the contact. For a few inches above the contact the nepheline gneiss sometimes is biotite-bearing. To the east the nepheline gneiss grades into a band of hybrid nepheline metagabbro (containing pink augite) about 50 feet wide. This in turn is followed by a zone of garnetiferous clinozoisite metagabbro about 220 feet wide. Clinozoisite persists in the metagabbro for 100 feet beyond this zone and is followed by hornblende-(pyroxene)-plagioclase metagabbro. Pyroxene-garnet-(nepheline) skarn is interlayered with nepheline gneiss at one outcrop ear the fault contact with marble. It appears that gabbroic magma has intruded limestone and developed a skarn at the contact. Assimilation of lime by the magma has developed pink augite (titanaugite ?) , clinozoisite and grossularite in the gabbro. Subsequent injection of a highly fluid nepheline magma, or of solutions containing soda, alumina and iron and not saturated with silica, formed nepheline-bearing rock between marble and gabbro. Soda metasomatism produced a hybrid nepheline gabbro adjacent to the nepheline-bearirg rock. Regional metamorphism later imparted a foliation to the marble and nepheline rock, and produced a metamorphic texture the gabbro. Faulting of a unknown age brought nepheline gneiss and marble into sharp contact and probably trapped the skarn as horses only one of which is now exposed. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)