Cette étude traite de la sculpture exécutée en pierre – marbre et calcaire – dans les cités grecques d’Italie du Sud : Caulonia, Crotone, Héraclée, Locres Épyzéphyrienne, Métaponte, Poséidonia, Rhégion, Sybaris et Tarente. Toutes les périodes grecques sont considérées entre l’apparition de la sculpture en pierre au VIème siècle jusqu’à la chute de Tarente, dernière cité italiote indépendante. La première partie présente la méthodologie adoptée et précise l’acception des termes liés à la recherche italiote. 128 fragments ou monuments ont été retenus et ont fait l’objet de notices détaillées dans le catalogue. Le corpus ainsi constitué a été contextualisé par lieu de provenance, lorsque ce dernier est connu, puis par cité. La statue trônante de déesse provenant de Tarente et conservée à Berlin constitue un cas emblématique de statuaire italiote et a fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie. Cette recherche doctorale a également permis de reconsidérer des questions techniques et stylistiques. S’il n’a pas été possible de déterminer des « écoles » stylistiques dans les cités italiotes (à l’exception peut-être de Tarente dès le IVème siècle), les acrolithes italiotes ont pu être classés selon trois catégories : les têtes entières, les têtes à section diagonale et les têtes à section verticale. Certaines thématiques, qui auraient mérité un traitement plus approfondi que ce travail ne le permettait, ont été abordées dans les annexes. Il s’agit de la sculpture funéraire tarentine, des ensembles de métopes sculptés du Sélé ainsi que des découvertes de sculptures en contexte italique, avec une attention plus particulière portée à l’ensemble provenant de Garaguso. / This study discusses stone sculpture – marble and limestone – from the Greek cities of Southern Italy : Kaulonia, Kroton, Heraclea, Locri, Metaponto, Poseidonia, Rhegion, Sibari and Taranto. All the Greek periods are included : Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic, from the 6th century to 209, the year of the fall of Taranto, the last independent Italiot city in Magna Graecia. The first part of this study presents the methodology and the acceptation of the terms used in the research on italiot sculpture. A catalogue has been created, where all 128 selected artefacts are analysed. The selected corpus is analysed according to the site of provenance of the artefacts and, in a second step, according to the cities these sites depended from. An exhaustive and updated study of the seated goddess of Taranto, now in Berlin, which is emblematic of Italiot sculpture, constitutes an important part of the present research. A number of technical and stylistic questions are also reconsidered. Due to the small size of the corpus, it has not been possible to define different Italiot schools of sculptors. However, the Italiot acrolithes have been separated in three groups : those with complete heads, those whose heads are cut diagonally and those whose heads are cut vertically. Some topics which would have deserved a more in-depth examination than this allowed it, were summarised in the annexes : funerary Tarentine sculpture, metopes of the sanctuary on the Sele and the Greek sculptures discovered in Italic contexts, such as the miniature temple and goddess from Garaguso.

La caractérisation par ondes acoustiques du marbre statuaire est une méthode non destructive bien connue. Parmi les méthodes acoustiques de suivi sanitaire des pierres in situ figurent les investigations par mesure du temps de vol, qui sont corrélés au vieillissement des roches par comparaison entre roches saine et altérée. Toutefois, pour les statues stockées en plein air dans les jardins du Château de Versailles, le vieillissement affecte principalement la surface du marbre de Carrare par une altération superficielle très spécifique appelée « Désagrégation saccharoïde ». Un protocole de vieillissement artificiel est mis en place en laboratoire pour simuler la dégradation de la surface du marbre. Ainsi, les échantillons ont subi des cycles thermiques de chauffage / refroidissement sur une seule de leurs faces. Les ondes acoustiques sont générées par des transducteurs de contact placés de part et d’autre de l’échantillon. Au cours du vieillissement, les échantillons sont caractérisés en transmission par des ondes de volumes en cisaillement et en compression ainsi que sur leur surface par des ondes de Rayleigh. Pour suivre la propagation des ondes de Rayleigh, la méthode de détection par vibrométrie laser est utilisée. Les résultats obtenus et les traitements de signaux associés, permettent d’extraire des paramètres physiques pertinents dans le suivi de l’état de dégradation. / Statue marble characterization by acoustic waves is a well-known non-destructive method. Such investigations through the statues by time of flight method (TOF) point out sound speeds decrease with ageing state by comparing healthy and altered rocks. However for outdoor stored statues as the ones in the gardens of Chateau de Versailles, ageing affects mainly the surface of the Carrara marble. An artificial aging protocol is implemented in the laboratory to simulate the degradation of the marble surface by using heating/cooling thermal cycles on one face of a marble plate. Acoustic waves are generated by contact transducers excited by a voltage pulse placed on both sides of the sample. During ageing, the marble samples are characterized in transmission, along their volume by shear, compressional TOF measurements and along their surface by Rayleigh wave’s measurements. To follow the Rayleigh wave propagation, laser vibrometry method is used. The obtained results, and the associated signal processing, make it possible to extract relevant physical parameters in the monitoring of the degradation state.

The diploma thesis tries to introduce possibilities of marble mining in moravian locality of Ujčov on the basis of feasibility study. Background of the practical part of the work is built on expert opinions on the stone resources, experts in the field consultations and communication with potential suppliers. The study results into a preliminary financial plan of the project, which quantifies reached conclusions. The text also considers possible ventures. The thesis also aims to be a base for a business plan.

O Escudo Sul-Rio-Grandense, importante elemento da geologia do sul do Brasil, possui, em seus diferentes domínios geotectônicos, ocorrências de mármores que foram relativamente pouco estudadas. Sabendo da importância dessas rochas para um maior entendimento da estratigrafia, do contexto de formação e evolução regional, foram escolhidas quatro pedreiras em dois domínios geotectônicos distintos: Fida, Mudador e Inducal na região de Caçapava do Sul (RS) – Terreno São Gabriel – e Matarazzo na região de Arroio Grande (RS) – Batólito Pelotas. A metodologia empregada no trabalho incluiu análises de petrografia, geoquímica e isótopos de Sr, aplicadas em 38 amostras dentre as 91 coletadas nas quatro áreas de estudo. A classificação das rochas através dos resultados da análise petrográfica foi aprimorada com os dados geoquímicos, especialmente quanto aos teores de MgO, SiO2 e CaO e sua distribuição. Nos mármores de Caçapava do Sul, há predomínio de dolomita, corroborado pelo teor de MgO (17,66 a 21,52%) e classificados como dolomíticos. Na região de Arroio Grande, domina calcita, com concentrações de MgO entre 0,44 e 0,54% e os mármores são classificados como calcíticos. Os teores de CaO ficaram entre 26,24 e 31,59% nos mármores de Caçapava do Sul e entre 51,37 e 53,24% no mármore de Arroio Grande, complementando a afirmação anterior. Essa diferença foi percebida também nos resultados dos ETRs, tanto na avaliação do comportamento geral destes elementos, quanto na avaliação de anomalias individuais (Ce e Eu), que indicaram componente marinho nos mármores Matarazzo e presença de processos envolvendo contribuição de fluidos hidrotermais nas rochas Fida e Inducal. Essa contribuição de fluidos posteriores e não originais foi observada, também, com a avaliação das razões Mn/Sr, Sr/Ca e os teores de MnO e Sr. As razões 87Sr/86Sr variam entre 0,704 e 0,713 para os mármores Fida; 0,709 e 0,714 para Mudador; 0,705 e 0,709 para Inducal e 0,7060 e 0,7067 para Matarazzo. O mármore Matarazzo é o que possui os valores mais próximos da composição original, sendo o que possui o resultado original mais confiável; o mármore Inducal apresenta resultados que demonstram composição original questionável, mas ainda dentro do campo aceitável pela literatura; e as rochas Fida e Mudador não apresentaram condições confiáveis nesse sentido. Os resultados interpretados sugerem que a formação dos mármores de Arroio Grande ocorreu entre 900 e 850 Ma e Caçapava do Sul entre 800 e 750 Ma, em ambientes deposicionais distintos. / The Sul-Rio-Grandense Shield is an important element of southern Brazil geology. It includes few known marble occurrences in its geotectonic domains. In order to understand better the local stratigraphy, geological setting and regional evolution, four quarries were selected in two distinct geotectonic domains: Fida, Mudador and Inducal quarries located at around Caçapava do Sul (RS) city– São Gabriel Terrain –; Matarazzo quarry at around Arroio Grande (RS) region – Pelotas Batholith. Methodology includes petrography, geochemistry and Sr isotopes analysis, applied in 38 samples from 91 collected in four studied areas. Rocks classification through the results of petrographic analysis was enhanced by geochemistry data, especially when it comes to MgO, SiO2 and CaO contents and their distribution. Caçapava do Sul marbles show dolomite predominance, since this data is corroborated by the MgO content (17.66 to 21.52%) and it is classified as dolomitic. At the Arroio Grande region, calcite prevails, and the MgO content ranges between 0.44 and 0.54% and the marbles are classified as calcitic. Caçapava do Sul marbles include CaO contents ranging between 26.24 and 31.59% whereas Arroio Grande marble ranges between 51.37 and 53.24%, complementing the previous statement. This difference was also observed in the REE’s results, as much in evaluation of the general behavior of these elements as in evaluation of individual anomalies (Ce and Eu), which indicate a marine component on Matarazzo marbles and the presence of processes involving contribution of hydrothermal fluids on Fida and Inducal rocks. This contribution of posterior fluids and non original fluids was also observed with the evaluation of Mn/Sr, Sr/Ca ratios and MnO and Sr contents. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.704 to 0.713 on the Fida marbles; 0.709 to 0.714 on Mudador; 0.705 to 0.790 on Inducal and from 0.7060 to 0.7067 on Matarazzo. Matarazzo marble is the only rock that has the closest values compared to the original composition, and it is only one that has the most reliable original result; Inducal marble shows results that demonstrate dubious values when compared to original composition, but still within the acceptable field according to the literature; Fida and Mudador rocks do not present reliable conditions in this regard. Interpreted results suggest that Arroio Grande marbles were generated between 900 and 850 Ma whereas Caçapava do Sul marbles between 800 and 750 Ma. Both of them were developed under different depositional environments.

A relatively new fracture toughness testing method called Straight Notched Disc Bending (SNDB) was used before for fracture testing of Ankara Andesite and Afyon Marble cores. In this work to investigate the applicability of the new method to other rock types. With a preliminary notch of 10 mm, straight notched disc type specimens with a diameter of 75 mm were loaded by three-point bending loads. Investigation of effect of specimen height on the stress intensity factor and fracture toughness was carried out. Specimen heights (B) between 18 &ndash / 67 mm were tried for andesite and marble cylindrical specimens. Loading span, that is span/radius (S/R) ratio was changed between 0.6 - 0.9 for andesite specimens. Stress intensity factor for specimens was computed with ABAQUS program. Stress intensity factor was found to increase with increasing specimen diameter for a fixed span/radius ratio. Stress intensity factor decreased with increasing specimen height. Changing span was found to have no significant effect on fracture toughness of andesite. Fracture toughness was significantly lower for specimens with smaller height. The suggested testing height interval for this type of specimens was between height/diameter ratios of 0.49 &ndash / 0.64. Results were compared to the results obtained by a well-known specimen geometry named semi-circular bend specimens (SCB) under three-point bending. SCB tests produced lower values for fracture toughness for both rock types. Fracture toughness was 0.99 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for Ankara Andesite and 0.70 MPa&amp / #8730 / m for Afyon Marble.

Biodeterioration has an important role in weathering of historical materials. Natural stone materials become vulnerable to physical and chemical changes in outdoor conditions, favouring the biological growth. In this study, biodeterioration on calcareous stones and its control by biomineralisation were studied on limestones from Nemrut Mount Monument and marbles from Pessinous Archaeological Site. For qualitative and quantitative detection of biological activity fluorescein diacetate (FDA) method that was developed for soil microbial activity was applied to stones of historic monuments. Qualitative FDA analysis was used on cross sections of the samples in order to observe the depth of penetration and effects of biomineralisation using a light microscope with fluorescent light source. Quantitative FDA analysis was done by spectrophotometric determination of fluorescence formed by FDA treatment. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were used in determining mineralogical structure of patinas and stone base. Light microscopy was used to investigate changes in morphological structure of historic stone in cross and thin sections of the samples. The control of biodeterioration on stone surfaces was studied by biomineralisation treatments using Bacillus cereus. The results of biomineralisation were evaluated by XRD, light microscopy, SEM-EDX and FDA analyses. The results of this study showed that the biodeterioration was an important decay factor in stone materials. It started from the surface and penetrated through the microstructure of the stone up to about four cm depth. Biodeterioration also contributed to the growth of microcracks. Results of biomineralisation using B.cereus to form a protective coating on limestone and marble were also discussed.

Tez (Doktora) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İnşaat Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Kaynakça var.

Marezzo scagliola is a type of artificial marble made by pulling pigmented skeins of raw silk through a wet mixture of pigmented plaster. This material was a popular architectural material used in prominent public building throughout the United States at the turn of the nineteenth century. Most of the marezzo scagliola found in American buildings today is near or more than 100 years old. While it is by nature a very durable material, the negative effects of temperature, moisture and building evolution have all but destroyed some examples of marezzo scagliola. Unfortunately, the original craft techniques used to fabricate marezzo scagliola were never well documented. Recipes and techniques were usually passed down from father to son or were closely coveted by artisans seeking to hold a monopoly in the market. In the last 20 years, a very small number of conservators working to restore all types of scagliola have begun to document the history of scagliola as well as the techniques used in repair and replication. This thesis will expand upon the small amount of information available by documenting in detail the process used to both fabricate and repair marezzo scagliola. / Department of Architecture

Faire émerger les similitudes, les connivences entre matière et esprit, établir une passerelle entre les civilisations est le dessein de cette thèse. Notre culture contemporaine est construite sur des ruines, celles des différentes civilisations qui nous ont précédé et aussi celles du chaos provoqué par la guerre mondiale du milieu du vingtième siècle. Ceci a fait naître un culte de la mémoire et un art délibérément tourné vers le souvenir, que l'on retrouve chez les principaux sculpteurs intervenants d l'art contemporain. Dans une première partie, ayant fait ce constat, j'explore les limites de ces territoires dont nous avons hérité, et qui sont le ferment de mon approche conceptrice. Je refais donc le chemin qui m'a amené à développer des projets personnels en tant que sculpteur, celui des carrières. L'attraction de la matière marbre et du blanc devient le pivot de ma démarche, l'espace, son ancrage. Dans une deuxième partie, j'ai abordé les moyens mis en œuvre par les artistes plasticiens comme par moi-même pour se réapproprier les territoires oubliés ou les friches de notre quotidien, le nomadisme de l'œuvre qui se lie à différents supports, réels ou virtuels. Enfin est apparue dans cette recherche une donnée nouvelle, celle de l'écriture. J'ai pris conscience du rôle important de la littérature dans ma relation à l'œuvre, mais aussi comment l'écriture s'impose aujourd'hui dans l'art contemporain et dans mes propres réalisations. / To bring to the foreground the similarities, the complicities between material and spirit, to establish a footbridge between civilizations is the intention of this thesis. Our contemporary culture is built on ruins, those of the various civilizations who preceded us and also those of the chaos caused by the world war of the middle of the twentieth century. This created a cult of the memory and the art deliberately turned to the souvenir that we find in the work of the principal sculptors in contemporary art. In the first part, having made this report, I investigate the limits of these territories from which we inherited, and which are the ferment of my approach as a designer. I thus retry the way which brought me to develop personal projects as a sculptor, that of quarries. The attraction of the marble material and of the white becomes the pivot of my approach, the space, its anchoring. In the second part, I approach the means implemented by the visual artists, whom like me, re-appropriate the forgotten territories or the fallow lands of our everyday life, the nomadism of the work which is bound in various supports, real or virtual. Finally I discover in this research a new idea, that of the writing. I become aware of the important role of the literature in relation to my work but also how the writing is imperative in the contemporary art and in my own realizations today.

O Escudo Sul-Rio-Grandense, importante elemento da geologia do sul do Brasil, possui, em seus diferentes domínios geotectônicos, ocorrências de mármores que foram relativamente pouco estudadas. Sabendo da importância dessas rochas para um maior entendimento da estratigrafia, do contexto de formação e evolução regional, foram escolhidas quatro pedreiras em dois domínios geotectônicos distintos: Fida, Mudador e Inducal na região de Caçapava do Sul (RS) – Terreno São Gabriel – e Matarazzo na região de Arroio Grande (RS) – Batólito Pelotas. A metodologia empregada no trabalho incluiu análises de petrografia, geoquímica e isótopos de Sr, aplicadas em 38 amostras dentre as 91 coletadas nas quatro áreas de estudo. A classificação das rochas através dos resultados da análise petrográfica foi aprimorada com os dados geoquímicos, especialmente quanto aos teores de MgO, SiO2 e CaO e sua distribuição. Nos mármores de Caçapava do Sul, há predomínio de dolomita, corroborado pelo teor de MgO (17,66 a 21,52%) e classificados como dolomíticos. Na região de Arroio Grande, domina calcita, com concentrações de MgO entre 0,44 e 0,54% e os mármores são classificados como calcíticos. Os teores de CaO ficaram entre 26,24 e 31,59% nos mármores de Caçapava do Sul e entre 51,37 e 53,24% no mármore de Arroio Grande, complementando a afirmação anterior. Essa diferença foi percebida também nos resultados dos ETRs, tanto na avaliação do comportamento geral destes elementos, quanto na avaliação de anomalias individuais (Ce e Eu), que indicaram componente marinho nos mármores Matarazzo e presença de processos envolvendo contribuição de fluidos hidrotermais nas rochas Fida e Inducal. Essa contribuição de fluidos posteriores e não originais foi observada, também, com a avaliação das razões Mn/Sr, Sr/Ca e os teores de MnO e Sr. As razões 87Sr/86Sr variam entre 0,704 e 0,713 para os mármores Fida; 0,709 e 0,714 para Mudador; 0,705 e 0,709 para Inducal e 0,7060 e 0,7067 para Matarazzo. O mármore Matarazzo é o que possui os valores mais próximos da composição original, sendo o que possui o resultado original mais confiável; o mármore Inducal apresenta resultados que demonstram composição original questionável, mas ainda dentro do campo aceitável pela literatura; e as rochas Fida e Mudador não apresentaram condições confiáveis nesse sentido. Os resultados interpretados sugerem que a formação dos mármores de Arroio Grande ocorreu entre 900 e 850 Ma e Caçapava do Sul entre 800 e 750 Ma, em ambientes deposicionais distintos. / The Sul-Rio-Grandense Shield is an important element of southern Brazil geology. It includes few known marble occurrences in its geotectonic domains. In order to understand better the local stratigraphy, geological setting and regional evolution, four quarries were selected in two distinct geotectonic domains: Fida, Mudador and Inducal quarries located at around Caçapava do Sul (RS) city– São Gabriel Terrain –; Matarazzo quarry at around Arroio Grande (RS) region – Pelotas Batholith. Methodology includes petrography, geochemistry and Sr isotopes analysis, applied in 38 samples from 91 collected in four studied areas. Rocks classification through the results of petrographic analysis was enhanced by geochemistry data, especially when it comes to MgO, SiO2 and CaO contents and their distribution. Caçapava do Sul marbles show dolomite predominance, since this data is corroborated by the MgO content (17.66 to 21.52%) and it is classified as dolomitic. At the Arroio Grande region, calcite prevails, and the MgO content ranges between 0.44 and 0.54% and the marbles are classified as calcitic. Caçapava do Sul marbles include CaO contents ranging between 26.24 and 31.59% whereas Arroio Grande marble ranges between 51.37 and 53.24%, complementing the previous statement. This difference was also observed in the REE’s results, as much in evaluation of the general behavior of these elements as in evaluation of individual anomalies (Ce and Eu), which indicate a marine component on Matarazzo marbles and the presence of processes involving contribution of hydrothermal fluids on Fida and Inducal rocks. This contribution of posterior fluids and non original fluids was also observed with the evaluation of Mn/Sr, Sr/Ca ratios and MnO and Sr contents. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.704 to 0.713 on the Fida marbles; 0.709 to 0.714 on Mudador; 0.705 to 0.790 on Inducal and from 0.7060 to 0.7067 on Matarazzo. Matarazzo marble is the only rock that has the closest values compared to the original composition, and it is only one that has the most reliable original result; Inducal marble shows results that demonstrate dubious values when compared to original composition, but still within the acceptable field according to the literature; Fida and Mudador rocks do not present reliable conditions in this regard. Interpreted results suggest that Arroio Grande marbles were generated between 900 and 850 Ma whereas Caçapava do Sul marbles between 800 and 750 Ma. Both of them were developed under different depositional environments.