Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / No primeiro ensaio deste estudo estima-se uma fronteira estocÃstica de custo translog para o setor de saneamento bÃsico do paÃs, com o objetivo de verificar as propriedades inerentes à tecnologia de produÃÃo e, ainda, estimar o grau de ineficiÃncia tÃcnica presente no setor. Constata-se que o setor nÃo opera com retornos crescentes de escalas, alÃm do mais, o baixo Ãndice de hidrometraÃÃo e a participaÃÃo excessiva das despesas de pessoal nos custos totais constituem os principais determinantes da ineficiÃncia do setor. No segundo ensaio, funÃÃes de demanda residencial de Ãgua sÃo estimadas considerando-se o esquema de tarifas em bloco praticado pelas companhias de Ãgua. A progressividade dessas tarifas, ainda que preserve a convexidade do conjunto orÃamentÃrio, torna as equaÃÃes da restriÃÃes orÃamentÃrias do consumidor nÃo lineares, o que viola o suposto clÃssico da exogeneidade das variÃveis explanatÃrias do mÃtodo dos mÃnimos quadrados ordinÃrios. Uma conclusÃo importante do estudo à que a elasticidade-preÃo do consumo de Ãgua à aproximadamente unitÃria. Finalmente, no terceiro ensaio, busca se determinar, atravÃs do modelo de regulaÃÃo Ramsey-Boiteux, o par preÃoquantidade que maximiza o bem-estar social no setor de saneamento bÃsico, preservando o equilÃbrio financeiro do setor. RestriÃÃes tÃcnicas na distribuiÃÃo de Ãgua e coleta de esgoto levam as companhias de saneamento a operarem sob regime de monopÃlio. A soluÃÃo para evitar o abuso de poder de mercado desse regime seria a regulaÃÃo de preÃo pelo custo marginal, mas esta soluÃÃo nÃo garante o equilÃbrio econÃmico-financeiro do setor. O resultado principal do estudo à que qualquer esquema de reajustamento tarifÃrio deve ser precedido por medidas de incentivo à reduÃÃo do grau de ineficiÃncia econÃmica observada no setor.

A recém-adquirida competitividade pela energia eólica frente a outras fontes alternativas e, até mesmo, convencionais tem sido comemorada pelo setor de energia elétrica. No entanto, a base para essa comparação leva em conta apenas os parâmetros dos investimentos do parque viabilizado, não sendo considerados outros fatores inerentes à inserção da fonte na matriz, como, por exemplo, o aumento do risco ao sistema, investimento necessário à ampliação da Rede Básica para escoamento da energia para o centro de carga e os custos com redespacho de geração, reserva girante e controles do sistema. O maior potencial está concentrado no Nordeste e o maior centro de carga no Sudeste, assim, em caso de exploração intensiva do potencial da fonte, será necessário passar por grandes investimentos em reforços e ampliações da rede básica. A partir desse panorama, busca-se realizar as primeiras análises de sensibilidade sobre a eficiência econômica dos parques eólicos instalados no Nordeste e, ao mesmo tempo, analisar as condições de atendimento da ponta. / The newfound competitiveness in wind power compared to other alternative and even conventional energy sources has been celebrated by the electric power sector. However, the basis for this comparison takes into account only the parameters of the Capex, not considering other factors inherent in the insertion of the source in the array, for example, increase the risk to the system, expansion of the investment necessary for Basic network for transport of energy to the load center and the cost of redispatch generation, spinning reserve, and system controls. The greatest potential is concentrated in the Northeast and the largest load hub in the Southeast, so, in case of intensive exploitation of the potential of the source, large investments in reinforcements and expansions of the grid will be necessary. From this overview, we attempt the firsts sensitivity analysis on the economic efficiency of wind farms in the Northeast and the load peak supply conditions.

El presente documento tiene por objetivo analizar el impacto de la introducción de impuestos en la industria de telefonía móvil. Un impuesto común en este sector es el canon cobrado para financiar las actividades de fiscalización y supervisión del uso del espectro radioeléctrico. Con tal fin, se modificó el modelo de competencia entre redes móviles propuesto por Laffont, Rey yTirole (1998), para lo que se introdujo tres diferentes estructuras impositivas: un impuesto específico por cada minuto de telefonía móvil (impuesto de tipo I), un impuesto en función de la participación de mercado de cada una de las redes (impuesto de tipo II) y un impuesto lump-sum (impuesto de tipo III). Como resultado del modelo se obtiene que las firmas consiguen trasladar a los consumidores el total del impuesto (disminuyendo el excedente del consumidor) cuando la estructura impositiva es tipo I y II. Por el contrario, cuando el impuesto es de tipo III, los precios y las cantidades de equilibrio, así como el excedente del consumidor, se mantienen constantes.---The present document has for aim analyze the impact of the introduction of taxes in the industry of mobile telephony. A common tax in this sector is the canon received to finance the activities of taxation and supervision of the use of the radio spectrum. With such an end, the competition model between mobile networks proposed by Laffont, Rey and Tirole (1998), was modified introducing three different tax structures: a tax I specify in every minute of mobile telephony (TaxType I), a tax depending on the participation of market of each one of the networks (tax type II) and a tax lump-sum (Tax Type III). Since results of the model, obtains that the signatures manage to move the consumers the whole of the tax (diminishing the consumer surplus) when the tax structure is a type I and type II. On the contrary, when the tax is of type III, the prices and the quantities of balance, as well as the surplus of the consumer, they have been keeping constant.

Определение разумного масштаба деятельности предприятия является необходимым условием его эффективного функционирования. Цель магистерской диссертации является совершенствование методического инструментария обоснования решений по изменению масштаба предприятия для повышения экономической эффективности его деятельности. В работе рассматривается генезис понятия предельных издержек и вопросы взаимосвязи масштаба предприятия и эффективности его деятельности. В качестве источников информации для апробации методического подхода использовались годовые отчёты предприятий. В магистерской диссертации был разработан методический подход к обоснованию решения о целесообразности наращивания масштаба предприятия и выбору конкретных направлений увеличения масштаба, основанный на анализе динамики вовлечения производственных факторов в производство и оценке устойчивых и существенных изменений их отдачи, вызванных ростом предельных издержек в долгосрочном периоде. / Determination of a reasonable scale of the enterprise is a necessary condition for its effective functioning. The purpose of the master's thesis is to improve the methodological support for substantiating decisions on changing the scale of an enterprise, which will increase the economic efficiency of its activities. The work examines the genesis of the concept of marginal costs and the relationship between the scale of the enterprise and the efficiency of its activities. In the master's thesis, a methodological approach was developed to substantiate the decision on the feasibility of increasing the scale of the enterprise and the choice of specific directions for increasing the scale. It is based on the analysis of the dynamics of the involvement of production factors in production and the assessment of stable and significant changes in their returns, caused by an increase in marginal costs in the long run. Annual reports of enterprises were used as sources of information for testing the methodological approach.

No description available.

Green manure crops are critical to maintaining soil fertility in organic cropping systems. However, little research has been conducted to address their contribution to weed control. Indianhead black lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), AC Green Fix chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.), and Trapper field pea (Pisum sativum L.) are legumes developed for use as annual green manure crops in the Northern Great Plains. Currently, no plant population density recommendations exist for these three species when grown as green manure crops under weedy conditions. The objective of this research was to determine the yield-density response of these three species under weedy and weedy-free conditions and to develop plant population density recommendations for use as annual green manure crops. Each species was grown at five plant population densities (10, 24, 64, 160, and 400 plants m-2) with weedy and weed-free treatments. Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and wild mustard (Brassica kaber (D.C.) L.C. Wheeler) were planted in weedy treatments to supplement the natural weed community. Biomass samples and soil moisture measurements were taken at early bud and full bloom to simulate when these crops would be terminated. Biomass samples from the early bud stage were analysed for total nitrogen content. Green manure biomass production for all species was lower under weedy conditions. Weed biomass in weedy treatments decreased with increasing green manure plant population density for all species. Trapper field pea was the most competitive crop while Indianhead black lentil was the least competitive. Although total plot biomass differed among species and green manure crop density, changes in soil moisture levels were not greatly affected. No significant difference in total nitrogen concentration was found among green manure species. Differences in total nitrogen accumulation occurred because of differences in biomass production. Marginal cost analysis based on green manure seed costs and their nitrogen contribution to the value of subsequent wheat crop yield were used to determine optimum plant population densities. Under weedy conditions field pea and black lentil should be planted at densities of 49-78 and 223-300 plants m-2, respectively. Under weed-free conditions plant population densities for field pea and black lentil could be reduced to 45-60 and 184-223 plants m-2, respectively. No profitable plant population density was determined for chickling vetch when assuming a lower nitrogen contribution under both weedy and weed-free conditions. However, when assuming a higher nitrogen contribution, a profitable plant population density for chickling vetch of 24 plants m-2 was determined under weedy conditions and 32 plants m-2 under weed-free conditions.

Green manure crops are critical to maintaining soil fertility in organic cropping systems. However, little research has been conducted to address their contribution to weed control. Indianhead black lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), AC Green Fix chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.), and Trapper field pea (Pisum sativum L.) are legumes developed for use as annual green manure crops in the Northern Great Plains. Currently, no plant population density recommendations exist for these three species when grown as green manure crops under weedy conditions. The objective of this research was to determine the yield-density response of these three species under weedy and weedy-free conditions and to develop plant population density recommendations for use as annual green manure crops. Each species was grown at five plant population densities (10, 24, 64, 160, and 400 plants m-2) with weedy and weed-free treatments. Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and wild mustard (Brassica kaber (D.C.) L.C. Wheeler) were planted in weedy treatments to supplement the natural weed community. Biomass samples and soil moisture measurements were taken at early bud and full bloom to simulate when these crops would be terminated. Biomass samples from the early bud stage were analysed for total nitrogen content. Green manure biomass production for all species was lower under weedy conditions. Weed biomass in weedy treatments decreased with increasing green manure plant population density for all species. Trapper field pea was the most competitive crop while Indianhead black lentil was the least competitive. Although total plot biomass differed among species and green manure crop density, changes in soil moisture levels were not greatly affected. No significant difference in total nitrogen concentration was found among green manure species. Differences in total nitrogen accumulation occurred because of differences in biomass production. Marginal cost analysis based on green manure seed costs and their nitrogen contribution to the value of subsequent wheat crop yield were used to determine optimum plant population densities. Under weedy conditions field pea and black lentil should be planted at densities of 49-78 and 223-300 plants m-2, respectively. Under weed-free conditions plant population densities for field pea and black lentil could be reduced to 45-60 and 184-223 plants m-2, respectively. No profitable plant population density was determined for chickling vetch when assuming a lower nitrogen contribution under both weedy and weed-free conditions. However, when assuming a higher nitrogen contribution, a profitable plant population density for chickling vetch of 24 plants m-2 was determined under weedy conditions and 32 plants m-2 under weed-free conditions.

No description available.

O tema principal dos três ensaios desta dissertação é o Custo Marginal do Financiamento Público (MCF) no Brasil. A análise do (MCF) é de grande importância para a economia, uma vez que pode prover uma medida da perda marginal no bem estar incorrida pela sociedade, resultante da elevação adicional nos tributos. No primeiro ensaio, realizamos estimativas do MCF associado aos principais tributos existentes na economia brasileira através de um modelo estático de equilíbrio geral computável (CGE). Nossas estimativas para o MCF médio na economia brasileira se situam entre 1,167 e 1,173. Considerando apenas os efeitos de eficiência alocativa, os resultados apontam que futuras reformas tributárias para o Brasil devem levar em conta modificações na base da tributação, passando de capital e trabalho para o consumo (dados os menores MCF´s associados). Adicionalmente, as estimativas de MCF associadas à economia informal são menores que a unidade, indicando que um uma maior formalização pode auxiliar na redução do MCF associado aos tributos da economia formal. Finalmente, expandindo o conceito de MCF para considerar preocupações dos agentes com relação à equidade podem alterar sensivelmente os resultados. Nosso segundo trabalho faz uma aplicação do MCF para estimar o Custo Marginal de Financiamento via Dívida Pública ( ) para o Brasil, através de duas abordagens propostas por Dahlby (2006, 2008). Os resultados indicam que o é superior à unidade para ambas as medidas, de modo que a redução de R$ 1,00 da dívida pública implicaria em uma melhoria de bem estar superior a R$ 1,00 para a economia brasileira. Assim sendo, muito embora a trajetória declinante da dívida líquida do setor público brasileiro ao longo da última década e da melhora em alguns indicadores relacionados ao endividamento (como maior participação de títulos prefixados e associados aos índices de preços na dívida mobiliária federal e maior prazo médio relacionado aos títulos prefixados), uma apreciação mais favorável merece cautela. Afora as perdas adicionais de peso morto relacionadas a elevações na dívida, o patamar ainda elevado da dívida interna e a situação pouco contributiva da política fiscal para reduções na mesma, merecem ser analisadas com mais cautela. No terceiro e último ensaio, estendemos, em parte, a análise de Siqueira, Nogueira, Souza e Carvalho (2010), incluindo outras distorções existentes na economia (que podem não decorrer unicamente dos tributos, mas são afetadas por estes) no cálculo do custo marginal social da tributação (SMCF) para o cigarro e para as bebidas alcoólicas. Para tanto, utilizamos uma abordagem proposta por Dahlby (2006) que expande o conceito de MCF para incluir não só as ponderações com relação à equidade, mas também o efeito de externalidades, vícios (problemas de autocontrole) e contrabando. Nossos resultados apontam que incluir as distorções propostas nas mensurações do MCF pode alterar sensivelmente a percepção sobre a taxação incidente no cigarro e sobre as bebidas alcoólicas. / The main theme of the three essays of this dissertation is the Marginal Cost of Public Funds (MCF) in Brazil. The analysis of MCF is of great importance in economics, since it can provide a measure of the marginal welfare loss incurred by the households resulting from high marginal taxes. In our first paper we estimate the MCF associated with major existing taxes in the Brazilian economy through a Static Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE). Our estimates for the average MCF in the Brazilian economy are between 1,167 e 1,173. Considering only efficiency effects, the results show that future tax reforms in Brazil should take into account changes in the tax base from capital and labor to consumption (given the smaller associated MCF). Additionally, estimates of MCF associated with informal economy are smaller than unity, indicating that greater formalization can help reduce the MCF associated to the tax rates in the formal economy. Finally, expanding the concept of MCF to consider equity concerns in agent preferences can significantly alter the results. Our second essay makes an application of the MCF to estimate the Marginal Cost of Public Funds from Public Sector Borrowing ( ) for Brazil, through two approaches proposed by Dahlby (2006, 2008). The results show that the is above unity in both measures, so that a reduction of R$ 1,00 of debt imply a welfare improvement over R$ 1,00 for the Brazilian economy. Thus, although the downward trend in net debt f the Brazilian public sector over the last decade and the improvement in some indicators related to the debt (such as greater participation of fixed rate bonds and others associated with prices index in the federal debt and higher average maturity connected with fixed rate bonds), a more favorable appreciation deserves prudence. Apart from the additional dead-weight losses related to increases in debt, the still high level of the internal debt and the not favorable situation of fiscal policy should be analyzed more carefully. In the third and last essay of this work we extend, in part, the analysis of Siqueira, Nogueira, Souza e Carvalho (2010), including other distortions in the economy (which may not result solely from taxes, but are affected by them) in calculating the social marginal cost of public funds (SMCF) for the cigarette and alcohol. For this purpose, we use an approach proposed by Dahlby (2006) that expands the concept of MCF to include not only equity concerns, but also the effect of externalities, addictions, and smuggling. Our results indicate that inclusion of the distortion measurement proposed in the MCF can significantly change the view from cigarette and alcoholic beverages taxation.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Thales Sousa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2015. / O presente trabalho expõe a regulação econômica do setor elétrico brasileiro, no que diz respeito às obrigações de custos incorridos pelas distribuidoras, para atendimento de seu mercado consumidor referente à compra de energia no ambiente regulado. Para cumprir a legislação vigente, as distribuidoras devem adquirir energia em leilões no ambiente regulado. Entretanto, em situações de hidrologia desfavoráveis que fazem com que o Custo Marginal de Operação (CMO) aumente, estes custos podem ser demasiadamente significativos pela necessidade do despacho das usinas termoelétricas. Ademais, o CMO com valores elevados pode trazer um maior impacto financeiro às distribuidoras, caso estas estejam expostas ao mercado de curto prazo por motivos externos ao seu controle. Dada a regulação econômica do setor, esses custos são absorvidos pelas distribuidoras por um período de tempo, e depois repassados aos consumidores cativos. A metodologia de Bandeiras Tarifárias objetiva minimizar esses impactos financeiros para as distribuidoras, e implementar o consumo consciente em períodos adversos. / The present study exposes the economic regulation of the Brazilian electric power sector, concerning the cost obligations incurred by the distribution companies, to deal with the consumer market of electric power purchasing in the regulated environment. To obey the current legislation, the distribution companies must acquire electric power in regulated environment auctions. However, in critical hydrology period where the Operation Marginal Cost (OMC) shoots up, these costs can increase significantly due to the dispatch of the thermoelectric plants. Furthermore, when the CMO reaches high levels, it can bring higher financial impact for the distribution companies, if they are exposed to the short term market by issues beyond their control. Due to the Brazilian electricity sector economic regulation, these costs are paid by the distribution companies and then transferred to consumers. The Brazilian tariff adjustment system called Bandeiras Tarifárias aims to minimize these financial impacts for the distribution companies and to implement the responsible consumption in adverse periods.