Today, many pressures (socio-economic, resource scarcity, policy, and regulation) make fishers and their communities vulnerable on a variety of fronts. These pressures threaten fishing communities along the South African coast. Both natural and social changes in the traditional handline fishery affect the social-ecological system of a region as a whole. Fishers need to cope with these local global changes and require systems that support their strategies to achieve resilience. Furthermore, stressors that drive variability in the fishery system occur on multiple temporal and spatial scales thereby exposing fishers and communities to multiple stressors. The impact and interplay of these stressors at multiple scales need to be taken into account to develop a clear understanding of social-ecological linkages if sustainable livelihoods are to be promoted and guaranteed. There is however a shortage of appropriately scaled, context-specific data that is needed to inform various decision-making processes. To this end, participant-led research was conducted in six communities in the Southern Cape, where 50 participants were interviewed over a period of 6 months in 2013/2014. The interviews were an attempt to gather and record perceptions and knowledge regarding stressors that are responsible for the social- ecological system and ultimately affect the fishers' ability to fish successfully. Based on this knowledge, the research was aimed at gaining insight into what strategies are currently employed to ensure sustainable livelihoods. The data presented does not only offer valuable insights into the day-to-day experiences of the group of fishers, but also expose various knowledge gaps that exist in micro-scale interactions that influence the fishery system. This is achieved by first providing an analysis of various stressors, which include the impacts and responses to climate variability, challenges presented by policy and regulatory frameworks, social and economic considerations, challenges presented by infrastructure and political considerations. The adaptation, coping, and reaction strategies implemented are analysed using a place-based context and variability of strategies employed between each specific place is discussed. Apart from highlighting knowledge gaps, the development of a more complete understanding of current reacting, coping and adaptive strategies as well as the drivers behind the decisions contained in this thesis, provides valuable insight into a fishery system that is not well-described which underscores the need for context-specific research at smaller scales.

Samuel Gutestrand Mandarić, Marine Research and Fisheries Management: Swedish Hydrographic Commission 1893–1901, Umeå University: Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious studies, Master thesis in History of Science and Ideas, 15 credits, Spring semester 2020.The aim of this thesis is to describe the development of the Swedish marine research from a scientific and institutional perspective. The time period studied begins with the establish-ment of the Swedish Hydrographic Commission in 1893 and ends with the government decision to develop the Swedish Hydrographic-Biologic Commission in 1901. The first motive with the thesis is to increase the understanding for the development of the Swedish hydrography as a field of knowledge and science. Additionaly, with the purpose of gaining insight as to how the hydrographic research was organized, to highlight scientific ideas and theories, as well as to account for the questions that aimed to be answered through the conducting of marine research. The second motive with the thesis is, from a societal perspective, to increase the knowledge in for the existing relations between hydrographic research and fisheries management. The purpose of this being to show the significance and influence given to the survey of fish stocks within the field of marine research, as well as to describe the role of scientific knowledge and rationality in the fisheries management.The empirical and theoretical approach of this thesis is based on scientific development being a result of the cooperation between parties both producing and using gained knowledge. Three analytical concepts have been used to unlock the principles of using and producing knowledge; co-production, boundary work and networking. These concepts bring forth different aspects of the studied relation and they are used heuristically, with focus mainly on specific historical events within the field of marine research.The results show that the Scandinavian marine research was developed in the inter-section between establishment of managing an enterprise, the transformation of the hydrographical and biological research, and increasing national and international research cooperations. Societal applications were the prime motive for government approved and financed marine research and its institutional internationalization. The scientific marine and fish stock surveys were part of a commercial and political program with aim to bring reformation to the fisheries. The marine surveys were considered necessary in order for rational fishing to be carried out and they were also important in the development of the fishing industry. The official decision to introduce fisheries management, together with the international council, enabled the establishment of marine research as a branch of know-ledge and research within the field of natural science.

With shipping routes, fisheries, conservation areas, recreation, and other maritime industries competing for space off Virginia's coastline, integrated solutions for marine areas may offer a way to limit conflict and maximize productivity. Countries across the world are researching the different ways in which the space between turbines can be utilized to provide economic and environmental benefits. The act of coupling other maritime activities with offshore wind farms is often referred to as co-location. As Virginia constructs the first offshore wind farm in United States Federal waters, there are new opportunities for co-location that could benefit the Virginia economy. Using data from a choice experiment and random utility modeling, this research quantifies Virginia public preferences for various co-location options within the lease area of the Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind (CVOW) farm. Our estimated WTP values show Virginia's public preference for the addition of co-location to the CVOW lease area to be upwards of $20 per 1,000 acres of activity. Our estimates can be compared to implementation and management costs of each activity to determine potential for incorporation of certain co-location techniques. The experimental design of this study can be applied to other offshore wind installments around the world. / Master of Science / With shipping routes, fisheries, conservation areas, recreation, and other maritime industries competing for space off Virginia's coastline, integrated solutions for marine areas may offer a way to limit conflict and maximize productivity. Countries across the world are researching the different ways in which the space between turbines can be utilized to provide economic and environmental benefits. The act of coupling other maritime activities with offshore wind farms is often referred to as co-location. As Virginia constructs the first offshore wind farm in United States federal waters, there are new opportunities for co-location that could benefit the Virginia economy. Using a Stated Preference Choice Experiment and economic valuation methods, this research quantifies Virginia's public preferences for various co-location options within the lease area of the Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind (CVOW) farm, such as: a seaweed aquaculture farm, a seaweed forest, and a research area. Our estimated WTP values show Virginia's public preference for the addition of co-location to the CVOW lease area to be upwards of $20 per 1,000 acres of activity. Our estimates can be compared to implementation and management costs of each activity to determine potential for incorporation of certain co-location techniques. The experimental design of this study can be applied to other offshore wind installments around the world.