There is an urgent need to reduce emissions from maritime transportation to meet environmental targets set by international organizations and governments. To reduce emissions from maritime transportation, technical, market-based, and operational measures can be used. In this thesis, the focus is on operational measures, and in particular Just-in-Time arrival in the port call process. Just-in-Time arrival in the context of port calls refers to maintaining an optimal vessel sailing speed to arrive to the port when the availability of berth and other services are ensured. In earlier studies, the estimated fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time arrival, is promising. Despite the promising potential of Just-in-Time, its implementation remains limited, with few real-world examples. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how to implement Just-in-Time arrival by studying coordination in the port call process.    Two research questions were formulated to address the purpose. The first aims to capture the potential benefits of implementing Just-in-Time arrival in port calls and the second aims to address what is required to implement Just-in-Time arrival in port calls. This thesis is based on two studies in the Swedish context. First, a quantitative study, in which Automatic Identification System data in combination with port call statistics and vessel-specific data were used to estimate the fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time arrival. Second, a qualitative single case-study exploring the coordination mechanisms necessary for implementing Just-in-Time arrival in port calls was conducted.    The studies show that fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time in previous studies is overestimated due to the assumptions used. Though, the implementation of Just-in-Time has potential to improve port call actors’ resource planning and utilization and increase the competitiveness of ports. This is because Just-in-Time arrival has the potential to aid actors in reaching mandatory emission reduction targets. To implement Just-in-Time arrival, it is necessary to coordinate the plans of actors. The required mechanisms to coordinate planning are pre-booking berth allocation policy and port community systems. The pre-booking policy implies booking time-slots for berths, facilitated by using the port community system. The port community system and the pre-booking policy enable the effective coordination of the planning processes of individual actors enabling Just-in-Time arrival in port calls. / Det är nödvändigt att minska utsläppen från sjöfartssektorn för att uppnå de klimatpolitiskamålen som har fastställts av internationella och nationella organisationer. För att minska utsläpp från sjöfarten och uppnå de klimatpolitiskamålen kan tekniska, policy, och operativa åtgärder användas. Fokus i denna avhandling är på operativa åtgärder, mer specifikt Just-in-Time ankomst vid hamnanlöp. Just-in-Time ankomst innebär att hålla en seglingshastighet som möjliggör ankomst till hamn vid den tidpunkt kajplatser och andra tjänster (exempelvis lotsning) är tillgängliga utan fördröjning. Tidigare studier visar att det finns en potential att spara bränsle och minska utsläpp genom att införa Just-in-Time ankomst. Trots potentialen är införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst begränsat i praktiken. Syftet med avhandlingen är att utforska hur Just-in-Time ankomst kan implementeras genom att studera koordineringen av aktörers aktiviteter under anlöpsprocessen.    Syftet uppnås genom att besvara två forskningsfrågor. Den första forskningsfrågan berör potentialen av införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst vid hamnanlöp. I den andra frågan undersöks hur olika koordineringsmekanismer kan användas för att koordinera hamnaktörerna för att realisera potentialen av Just-in-Time ankomst. Två studier har genomförts. Först gjordes en kvantitativ modellering för att uppskatta bränsle- och utsläppsbesparingar för Just-in-Time anlöp i Sverige, baserad på Automatic Identification System data, hamnanlöpstatistik samt fartygsdata. Därefter har en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförts som har utforskat hur olika koordineringsmekanismer kan användas för att koordinera enskilda aktörers planeringsprocesser under anlöpsprocessen samt undersöka potentialen av införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst.    Resultat visar att bränsle- och utsläppsbesparingspotentialen med Just-in-Time ankomst i tidigare studier ofta har överskattats på grund av antaganden som använts. Vidare framkom att implementering av Just-in-Time ankomst ha ett positivt inflyttande på aktörernas resursplanering- och utnyttjade och att hamnar kan öka sin konkurrenskraft tack vare sambandet mellan Just-in-Time ankomst och obligatoriska åtgärder för att minska utsläpp. För att kunna implementera Just-in-Time ankomst krävs förbättrad koordinering mellan aktörerna genom införandet av en förbokningspolicy av kajplatser. För att kunna förboka krävs förbättrad planerings och informationsdelning, det senare kan nås genom införandet av digitala informationsplattformar (port community system).

There is an urgent need to reduce emissions from maritime transportation to meet environmental targets set by international organizations and governments. To reduce emissions from maritime transportation, technical, market-based, and operational measures can be used. In this thesis, the focus is on operational measures, and in particular Just-in-Time arrival in the port call process. Just-in-Time arrival in the context of port calls refers to maintaining an optimal vessel sailing speed to arrive to the port when the availability of berth and other services are ensured. In earlier studies, the estimated fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time arrival, is promising. Despite the promising potential of Just-in-Time, its implementation remains limited, with few real-world examples. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how to implement Just-in-Time arrival by studying coordination in the port call process. Two research questions were formulated to address the purpose. The first aims to capture the potential benefits of implementing Just-in-Time arrival in port calls and the second aims to address what is required to implement Just-in-Time arrival in port calls. This thesis is based on two studies in the Swedish context. First, a quantitative study, in which Automatic Identification System data in combination with port call statistics and vessel-specific data were used to estimate the fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time arrival. Second, a qualitative single case-study exploring the coordination mechanisms necessary for implementing Just-in-Time arrival in port calls was conducted. The studies show that fuel and emission savings potential of Just-in-Time in previous studies is overestimated due to the assumptions used. Though, the implementation of Just-in-Time has potential to improve port call actors’ resource planning and utilization and increase the competitiveness of ports. This is because Just-in-Time arrival has the potential to aid actors in reaching mandatory emission reduction targets. To implement Just-in-Time arrival, it is necessary to coordinate the plans of actors. The required mechanisms to coordinate planning are pre-booking berth allocation policy and port community systems. The pre-booking policy implies booking time-slots for berths, facilitated by using the port community system. The port community system and the pre-booking policy enable the effective coordination of the planning processes of individual actors enabling Just-in-Time arrival in port calls. / Det är nödvändigt att minska utsläppen från sjöfartssektorn för att uppnå de klimatpolitiskamålen som har fastställts av internationella och nationella organisationer. För att minska utsläpp från sjöfarten och uppnå de klimatpolitiskamålen kan tekniska, policy, och operativa åtgärder användas. Fokus i denna avhandling är på operativa åtgärder, mer specifikt Just-in-Time ankomst vid hamnanlöp. Just-in-Time ankomst innebär att hålla en seglingshastighet som möjliggör ankomst till hamn vid den tidpunkt kajplatser och andra tjänster (exempelvis lotsning) är tillgängliga utan fördröjning. Tidigare studier visar att det finns en potential att spara bränsle och minska utsläpp genom att införa Just-in-Time ankomst. Trots potentialen är införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst begränsat i praktiken. Syftet med avhandlingen är att utforska hur Just-in-Time ankomst kan implementeras genom att studera koordineringen av aktörers aktiviteter under anlöpsprocessen.    Syftet uppnås genom att besvara två forskningsfrågor. Den första forskningsfrågan berör potentialen av införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst vid hamnanlöp. I den andra frågan undersöks hur olika koordineringsmekanismer kan användas för att koordinera hamnaktörerna för att realisera potentialen av Just-in-Time ankomst. Två studier har genomförts. Först gjordes en kvantitativ modellering för att uppskatta bränsle- och utsläppsbesparingar för Just-in-Time anlöp i Sverige, baserad på Automatic Identification System data, hamnanlöpstatistik samt fartygsdata. Därefter har en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförts som har utforskat hur olika koordineringsmekanismer kan användas för att koordinera enskilda aktörers planeringsprocesser under anlöpsprocessen samt undersöka potentialen av införandet av Just-in-Time ankomst.    Resultat visar att bränsle- och utsläppsbesparingspotentialen med Just-in-Time ankomst i tidigare studier ofta har överskattats på grund av antaganden som använts. Vidare framkom att implementering av Just-in-Time ankomst ha ett positivt inflyttande på aktörernas resursplanering- och utnyttjade och att hamnar kan öka sin konkurrenskraft tack vare sambandet mellan Just-in-Time ankomst och obligatoriska åtgärder för att minska utsläpp. För att kunna implementera Just-in-Time ankomst krävs förbättrad koordinering mellan aktörerna genom införandet av en förbokningspolicy av kajplatser. För att kunna förboka krävs förbättrad planerings och informationsdelning, det senare kan nås genom införandet av digitala informationsplattformar (port community system).

Small islands developing states (SIDS) sustainability is a United Nations’ aim. Their markets are often influenced by external policies imposed by larger economies. Could an anti-competitive measure affect the food vulnerability of a SIDS? This research examines the effects of an external non-tariff measure (NTM) on Puerto Rico’s (PR) agribusinesses. It explores the effects of a maritime cabotage regulation (US Jones Act) on the affordability and accessibility of produce and grains. PR imports 100% of their needs of grain and over 85% of fresh produce. PR’s food imports are generally from the US and the trade service is restricted to the use of the US maritime transportation. As a result, the supply chain of these two sectors although different, are limited by the US Act that may impact the cost of food, its availability, firms’ efficiency and other structures of production. Using a mixed convergent design, PR’s agrifood supply chains were explored and analysed in relation to the maritime cabotage regulation. Oligopolistic structures and collusion between maritime transporters and local agribusinesses importers limit the access to data, but other internal factors also have a role. Fieldwork shows that while the cabotage regulation itself is a constraint, interaction with others NTM and the current political framework between US and PR are relevant. Factors such as lack of efficiency, poor innovation and a self-limitation of the agribusinesses firms were found. The novelty of this research is the use of mixed methods to evaluate the effects of cabotage on the agrifood supply chain.

Submitted by Lucas Pedreira do Couto Ferraz (lucaspcf@gmail.com) on 2010-09-28T19:40:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_PhD.pdf: 996294 bytes, checksum: cf266060bc6c236aa36c8a4e4775224d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Andrea Virginio Machado(andrea.machado@fgv.br) on 2010-09-29T12:58:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_PhD.pdf: 996294 bytes, checksum: cf266060bc6c236aa36c8a4e4775224d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-10-01T17:44:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_PhD.pdf: 996294 bytes, checksum: cf266060bc6c236aa36c8a4e4775224d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-16 / This work presents a fully operational interstate CGE model implemented for the Brazilian economy that tries to quantify both the role of barriers to trade on economic growth and foreign trade performance and how the distribution of the economic activity may change as the country opens up to foreign trade. Among the distinctive features embedded in the model, modeling of external scale economies, port efficiency and land-maritime transport costs provides an innovative way of dealing explicitly with theoretical issues related to integrated regional systems. In order to illustrate the role played by the quality of infrastructure and geography on the country‟s foreign and interregional trade performance, a set of simulations is presented where barriers to trade are significantly reduced. The relative importance of trade policy, port efficiency and land-maritime transport costs for the country trade relations and regional growth is then detailed and quantified, considering both short run as well as long run scenarios. A final set of simulations shed some light on the effects of liberal trade policies on regional inequality, where the manufacturing sector in the state of São Paulo, taken as the core of industrial activity in the country, is subjected to different levels of external economies of scale. Short-run core-periphery effects are then traced out suggesting the prevalence of agglomeration forces over diversion forces could rather exacerbate regional inequality as import barriers are removed up to a certain level. Further removals can reverse this balance in favor of diversion forces, implying de-concentration of economic activity. In the long run, factor mobility allows a better characterization of the balance between agglomeration and diversion forces among regions. Regional dispersion effects are then clearly traced-out, suggesting horizontal liberal trade policies to benefit both the poorest regions in the country as well as the state of São Paulo. This long run dispersion pattern, on one hand seems to unravel the fragility of simple theoretical results from recent New Economic Geography models, once they get confronted with more complex spatially heterogeneous (real) systems. On the other hand, it seems to capture the literature‟s main insight: the possible role of horizontal liberal trade policies as diversion forces leading to a more homogeneous pattern of interregional economic growth.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6045.pdf: 14667118 bytes, checksum: f13a2c0983ea271f2e60ed298b158806 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-26 / Agência Nacional de Petróleo / This work studies the ship routing and scheduling problem in oil transportation from offshore platforms to inland terminals. It is motivated by a real situation in a Brazilian oil company. Brazil is one of the world's greatest oil producers and has around 80% of its oil explored in offshore mode. Thus, transportation costs play an important role in achieving operational excellence, and the recent growth trends for oil exploration in Brazil has transformed its operations and demanded agile and effective decision support systems for addressing the oil sector dynamism. This work's goal consists in developing and applying an optimization-based approach using a mixed integer linear programming model in real decision-making situations, along with a solution method based on mathematical programming (MIP-heuristics) in order to solve the model, such as relax-and-fix. The proposed model is inspired in a problem formulation for pickup and delivery with time windows (PDPTW) and heterogeneous fleet, where costs incurred for fuel consumption and fleet contracts is the objective function to be minimized. The pickup and delivery pairs are predetermined and the model's main decision refers to ship allocation to these pairs compounding a route. Furthermore, some additional constraints are modeled and proposed, such as terminal access and platform mooring limitation according to ship types, as well as product blend incompatibility. The model was implemented in a modeling language along with an optimizarion software. Computational experiments with the model and the heuristics are presented for different data sets supplied by the case study company. These experiments show the potential benefits of this approach for finding good solutions for the problem as well as the dificulty in finding solutions for realistic instances due to its NP-hard characteristics. / Este trabalho estuda o problema de roteirização e programação de navios que realizam o escoamento de petróleo das plataformas marítimas para terminais terrestres, motivado por uma situação real de uma empresa brasileira da indústria petrolífera. O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais de petróleo, e cerca de 80% de seu petróleo é explorado no mar. Dentro deste contexto, os custos de transporte desempenham um papel importante na busca pela excelência operacional e as tendências de crescimento da exploração de petróleo no Brasil têm tornado as operações mais complexas e demandantes de sistemas de apoio à decisão ágeis e eficazes que contemplem o dinamismo do setor petrolífero. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em desenvolver e aplicar uma abordagem de otimização baseada em um modelo de programação linear inteira mista em situações reais de tomada de decisão, em conjunto com métodos de solução baseados em programação matemática (MIP-Heuristics) para resolver o modelo, como relax-and-fix. O modelo proposto é inspirado em uma formulação de problemas de coleta e entrega com janelas de tempo (pickup and delivery with time windows PDPTW) e frota heterogênea, no qual busca-se minimizar os custos decorrentes do consumo de combustível dos navios e contratos de afretamento. O modelo é do tipo origem-destino, no qual os pares coleta/entrega são pré-determinados e a decisão do modelo refere-se à alocação de navios para os diferentes pares, compondo uma rota. Além disso, são propostas restrições adicionais que contemplam limitações de acesso a terminais e de atracação em plataformas de acordo com os tipos de navio, além da incompatibilidade de mistura de produtos, entre outros. O modelo foi implementado utilizando uma linguagem de modelagem em conjunto com um software de otimização. Experimentos computacionais com o modelo e as heurísticas são apresentados para diferentes conjuntos de dados fornecidos pela empresa e comprovam o potencial das abordagens para encontrar boas soluções para o problema, mas também suas dificuldades para encontrar soluções para exemplares de tamanho realista, por tratar-se de um problema NP-difícil do ponto de vista de teoria de complexidade.

Maritime transportation emits about 3% of global greenhouse gas, International Maritime Organization (IMO) aims to reduce shipping’s emissions by 50% with respect to 2008 levels. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered among the most promising clean technologies for decarbonizing the maritime sector. One of the challenges for commercial application of PEMFCs is their limited durability. The purpose of this thesis was to assess the most significant degradation mechanisms and operating conditions of the PEMFC in marine applications, including membrane and catalyst layer degradation during idle, start-stop cycles, and dynamic load cycles, and to build a model to forecast the lifetime.A semi-empirical approach was developed to evaluate the PEMFC lifetime through a 2D COMSOL model. The model takes into account the empirical relationships for membrane conductivity loss and electrochemical surface area (ECSA) decay as functions of cycling numbers, aging process, and idling time. The 2D model has been validated with the experimental data in the literature and are also compared with a previous 1D model. The polarization curves show the voltage output against current density, lifetime is evaluated using a 10% voltage reduction criterion at the current density 0.6 A/cm2.An improved ECSA degradation model with variable load levels increases the lifetime of the ferry in Case 5 from 5500 hours to 7500 hours. Load cycling and idling cause the most severe degradation, but the impact can be reduced by a hybrid system with battery supplement and onshore charging. The lifetime of the ferry in Case 5 has been significantly further improved from 7500 hours to 22500 hours, which is comparable to the 20000-hour lifetime of commercial products for marine applications. Furthermore, membrane thickness effect analysis showed that fuel cells with thinner membranes (such as NR211) have better performance before degradation due to higher proton conductivity, but degrade faster during load cycling due to hydrogen crossover. The results of this research can be extended to help optimize fuel cell, stack and power system designs to avoid worst-case operating conditions and thereby limit fuel cell degradation. / Sjötransporter släpper ut cirka 3% av de globala växthusgaserna, International Maritime Organization (IMO) har som mål att minska sjöfartens utsläpp med 50 % jämfört med 2008 års nivåer. PEM-bränsleceller anses vara bland de mest lovande rena teknikerna för att minska koldioxidutsläppen i den maritima sektorn. En av utmaningarna för kommersiell användning av PEM-bränsleceller är deras begränsade hållbarhet. Syftet med denna avhandling var att bedöma de viktigaste nedbrytningsmekanismerna och driftsförhållandena för PEM-bränsleceller i marina applikationer, inklusive nedbrytning av membran och katalysatorskikt under tomgång, start-stopp-cykler och dynamiska belastningscykler, och att bygga en modell för att förutsäga livslängd.En semi-empirisk metod utvecklades för att utvärdera PEMFC:s livslängd genom en 2D COMSOL-modell. Modellen tar hänsyn till de empiriska sambanden för membrankonduktivitetsförlust och den elektrokemisk ytareans (ECSA) sönderfall som funktioner av cyklingstal, åldrandeprocess och tomgångstid. 2D-modellen har validerats med experimentella data i litteraturen och jämförs även med en tidigare 1D-modell. Polarisationskurvorna visar utspänningen mot strömtätheten, livslängden utvärderas med ett 10 % spänningsreduktionskriterium vid strömtätheten 0.6 A/cm2.En förbättrad modell för nedbrytning av elektrokemisk yta med varierande lastnivåer ökar färjans livslängd i fall 5 från 5500 timmar till 7500 timmar. Lastcykling och tomgång orsakar den allvarligaste försämringen, men påverkan kan minskas genom ett hybridsystem med batteritillägg och landladdning. Färjans livslängd i fall 5 har förbättrats avsevärt ytterligare från 7500 timmar till 22500 timmar, vilket är jämförbart med 20000 timmars livslängd för kommersiella produkter för marina applikationer. Vidare visade membrantjocklekseffektanalys att bränsleceller med tunnare membran (som NR211) har bättre prestanda före nedbrytning på grund av högre protonledningsförmåga, men bryts ned snabbare under belastningscykler på grund av väteövergång. Resultaten av denna forskning kan utökas för att hjälpa till att optimera designen av bränsleceller, stack och kraftsystem för att undvika värsta driftsförhållanden och därigenom begränsa nedbrytningen av bränsleceller.

Small islands developing states (SIDS) sustainability is a United Nations’ aim. Their markets are often influenced by external policies imposed by larger economies. Could an anti-competitive measure affect the food vulnerability of a SIDS? This research examines the effects of an external non-tariff measure (NTM) on Puerto Rico’s (PR) agribusinesses. It explores the effects of a maritime cabotage regulation (US Jones Act) on the affordability and accessibility of produce and grains. PR imports 100% of their needs of grain and over 85% of fresh produce. PR’s food imports are generally from the US and the trade service is restricted to the use of the US maritime transportation. As a result, the supply chain of these two sectors although different, are limited by the US Act that may impact the cost of food, its availability, firms’ efficiency and other structures of production. Using a mixed convergent design, PR’s agrifood supply chains were explored and analysed in relation to the maritime cabotage regulation. Oligopolistic structures and collusion between maritime transporters and local agribusinesses importers limit the access to data, but other internal factors also have a role. Fieldwork shows that while the cabotage regulation itself is a constraint, interaction with others NTM and the current political framework between US and PR are relevant. Factors such as lack of efficiency, poor innovation and a self-limitation of the agribusinesses firms were found. The novelty of this research is the use of mixed methods to evaluate the effects of cabotage on the agrifood supply chain.

No description available.

Now a day, petroleum companies are looking for a way to calculate the best economic and time consuming alternative to move a group of ships between platforms, refineries and consuming centers. In the following research is introduced a solution to this problem through a system which optimize the main variables involved. Variables such as scheduling and road have been taken into account. The variable scheduling defines the road that each ship must follow. Meanwhile, the optimization of the route is based on traveling time between each points, uploaded and downloaded time, storing capacity at each point, etc. The following system has been tested in two real cases showing a good performance. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Hoje em dia, as empresas petroleiras enfrentam o desafio de conhecer qual é a melhor forma de movimentar uma frota de navios cargueiros sem que isso signifique um aumento de custo, entre outras. Neste trabalho será apresentada uma solução para este, mediante o desenvolvimento de um sistema que permita calcular as rotas para transporte de petróleo bruto de plataformas marítimas a refinarias, bem como transporte dos derivados do petróleo de refinarias a centros consumidores. Para a solução do sistema, foi realizado um scheduling no qual determina-se a rota que cada navio deve realizar para que o petróleo sea entregue, buscando a rota que conduza ao melhor caminho, sendo considerado o tempo de deslocamento, carga e descarga do produto, além do limite de armazenamento de produto em cada plataforma, entre outros parâmetros.

No description available.