L’étude du commerce alimentaire dans les provinces de Bretagne et de Normandie (Généralité de Caen) au XVIIIe siècle montre que ces territoires à la fois maritimes et ruraux sont maillés par des lieux d’échange aux infrastructures, aux dynamiques et à l’attractivité très différentes. Si les grandes cités portuaires connectées au reste du monde sont les noeuds économiques de cet ensemble géographique, des pôles urbains secondaires se distinguent par les circuits de distribution ou de redistribution actifs qu’ils animent. Les campagnes ne sont pas oubliées. Elles découvrent progressivement les denrées exotiques rapportées d’Asie et des Antilles. Les marchands locaux au mieux d’envergure régionale sont au coeur de ces trafics. Leurs pratiques sont le plus souvent routinières et reposent sur des contrats oraux, des relations de proximité, professionnelles et interpersonnelles et des paiements en monnaie métallique. Pour autant, recourir à l’écrit pour s’informer, négocier ou garantir le paiement d’un achat n’est pas rare, notamment chez les urbains. Les registres de comptes et les correspondances commerciales soutiennent parfois la gestion quotidienne de leur boutique. Cette société marchande n’en est pas moins contrastée et fragile. Les acteurs du commerce présentent des profils et des volumes d’affaires très différents mais tous partagent les avantages comme les risques du crédit. Aucune profession n’échappe à la faillite. Souvent réglée à l’amiable, cette étape de leur vie professionnelle peut être le point de départ de difficultés durables et d’une disgrâce irréversible. / The study of food retailing in the provinces of Brittany and Normandy in the eigtheenth century shows that these territories both maritime and rural, are organized by exchange place where infrastructure, dynamics and attractiveness are very different. While large port cities connected to the world are the economic centers of this geographical area, secondary urban centers are characterized by distribution channels they stimulate. Rural areas are not fergotten. They gradually discover exotic foods imported from Asia and the Caribbean. Local merchants are at the heart of this trade. Their practices are usually routine and are based on oral contracts, neighbourhood relationships, professional and interpersonal relationships and payments in coins. However, writing to inquire, negociate, or guarantee the payment of a purchase is not unusual, especially in city. The accounts books and business correspondence sometimes support the daily management of their shop . This merchants are not less contrasted and fragile. They are very different and have very different business volumes but all of them share the benefits as credit risks. No profession is immune from bankruptcy. Often settled out of court, this stage of their professional life can be the starting point for sustainable difficulties and irreversible disgrace

Nos últimos anos, tanto em esfera nacional quanto internacional, notamos a presença de um discurso político-educacional que incentiva a apropriação de tecnologias digitais na/pela instituição escolar. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa se propõe a analisar três ambientes virtuais educacionais, sendo que dois deles foram lançados por dois diferentes institutos de idiomas brasileiros e o terceiro por uma fundação educacional do Reino Unido, com o propósito de problematizar o modo como são adotados na formação dos alunos. As plataformas selecionadas neste estudo são calcadas em recursos provindos de redes sociais virtuais. Assim, esta dissertação levanta e corrobora a hipótese de que ambientes educacionais baseados nessas redes não necessariamente propiciam interação entre os usuários e, consequentemente, não oferecem muitas possibilidades de colaboração na relação pedagógica, visto que são desenvolvidos com propósitos diferentes daqueles que tornam tais redes populares. Considerando isso, utilizamos conceitos provindos da Análise do Discurso (PÊCHEUX, 1969; ORLANDI, 2005; BRANDÃO, 2004) e dos Estudos Sociológicos (BAUMAN, 2007) e Filosóficos (DELEUZE; GUATTARI, 2000) como nosso principal aparato teórico. De modo geral, observamos que a interação entre os usuários, tão própria do meio digital, independe das inúmeras ferramentas disponíveis, estando sujeita ao dinamismo das relações interpessoais ali presente. Além disso, a apropriação de tecnologias digitais na educação normalmente vem acompanhada de questões mercadológicas, as quais podem limitar o potencial colaborativo desses ambientes ao visar à angariação de novos clientes em detrimento do engajamento dos atuais alunos. Levando isso em consideração, concluímos que, para que haja produção colaborativa de todos os envolvidos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, seria necessário que a escola aderisse à concepção digital de comunicação de modo crítico. / Recently, both nationally and internationally, we have noticed the presence of a political-educational discourse that encourages the adoption of digital technologies at/by the educational institution. In this sense, this research aims at analyzing three virtual educational environments, two of which were launched by two different Brazilian language centers and the third one by an educational foundation of the United Kingdom, with the purpose of questioning the way they have been adopted in the students education. The platforms selected for this study are based on social networking resources. Thus, this dissertation formulates and corroborates the hypothesis that virtual educational environments based on social networking sites do not necessarily provide interaction between users and, consequently, do not offer many collaboration possibilities in the pedagogical relation, since they are developed with objectives that are different from the ones that make these networks popular. Considering this, we have adopted Discourse Analysis concepts (PÊCHEUX, 1969; ORLANDI, 2005; BRANDÃO, 2004), and Sociological (BAUMAN, 2007) and Philosophical Studies (DELEUZE; GUATTARI, 2000) as our main theoretical perspective. In general, we have observed that the interaction between the users, which is so typical in the digital medium, does not rely on the innumerous available resources, but on the interpersonal relations dynamism present there. Besides that, the adoption of digital technologies in education is usually followed by capitalist issues, which can limit the collaborative potential of these environments when having more clients becomes more important than engaging the current students. Taking this into account, we conclude that, in order to have students and teachers collaboratively engaged in the teaching and learning process, the school would have to make use of the digital communication conception in a critical way.

This thesis examines the learning dynamics underpinning the resurgence of Canada's office furniture manufacturing sector, which underwent dramatic growth following its near collapse in the wake of the North American trade liberalization beginning in the late 1980s. It investigates the role that design and quality have played in prompting a move up-market and enhancing the sector's competitiveness. It also focuses on other leaning processes that drive economic growth, looking at attempts to transfer workplace practices from Continental Europe to Canada, as well as the institutional obstacles that shape and constrain these processes. Finally, it examines how furniture firms learn from their customers, and the key role played by market intermediaries such as sales agents, dealers, interior designers, and architects in linking producers with consumers as well as influencing the final furniture product. The learned behaviour hypothesis that is central to this thesis suggests that globally competitive firms operating in a Canadian institutional context prosper by learning how to produce (i.e. industrial practices and processes) and what to produce (i.e. design-intensive, high quality products) from the above sources that are both internal and external to the manufacturing firm. The scope of research considers the social and organizational practices through which manufacturing knowledge is integrated into innovation processes, as well as their dynamics, spatiality and temporality, the institutional forces that shape the skills, training, tenure and design dimensions of a high performance workplace, and the mechanisms and conditions that mediate the transfer of manufacturing knowledge at a distance. The empirical analysis entails a mixed-methods approach including a survey questionnaire and in-depth interviews with industry experts. The analysis contributes to core debates in economic geography and the social sciences concerning the role of proximity and distance in innovative production, and the structure / agency debate. In summary, it finds that economic growth in the office furniture sector in Canada is dependent upon not only local knowledge networks and flows but also global sources of innovation and competitive advantage. It also advances an agency-centered institutionalist economic geography by showing that institutions interact in complex ways with the decision-making of economic actors to shape local labour dynamics and the behaviour of firms.

This thesis examines the learning dynamics underpinning the resurgence of Canada's office furniture manufacturing sector, which underwent dramatic growth following its near collapse in the wake of the North American trade liberalization beginning in the late 1980s. It investigates the role that design and quality have played in prompting a move up-market and enhancing the sector's competitiveness. It also focuses on other leaning processes that drive economic growth, looking at attempts to transfer workplace practices from Continental Europe to Canada, as well as the institutional obstacles that shape and constrain these processes. Finally, it examines how furniture firms learn from their customers, and the key role played by market intermediaries such as sales agents, dealers, interior designers, and architects in linking producers with consumers as well as influencing the final furniture product. The learned behaviour hypothesis that is central to this thesis suggests that globally competitive firms operating in a Canadian institutional context prosper by learning how to produce (i.e. industrial practices and processes) and what to produce (i.e. design-intensive, high quality products) from the above sources that are both internal and external to the manufacturing firm. The scope of research considers the social and organizational practices through which manufacturing knowledge is integrated into innovation processes, as well as their dynamics, spatiality and temporality, the institutional forces that shape the skills, training, tenure and design dimensions of a high performance workplace, and the mechanisms and conditions that mediate the transfer of manufacturing knowledge at a distance. The empirical analysis entails a mixed-methods approach including a survey questionnaire and in-depth interviews with industry experts. The analysis contributes to core debates in economic geography and the social sciences concerning the role of proximity and distance in innovative production, and the structure / agency debate. In summary, it finds that economic growth in the office furniture sector in Canada is dependent upon not only local knowledge networks and flows but also global sources of innovation and competitive advantage. It also advances an agency-centered institutionalist economic geography by showing that institutions interact in complex ways with the decision-making of economic actors to shape local labour dynamics and the behaviour of firms.

Nos últimos anos, tanto em esfera nacional quanto internacional, notamos a presença de um discurso político-educacional que incentiva a apropriação de tecnologias digitais na/pela instituição escolar. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa se propõe a analisar três ambientes virtuais educacionais, sendo que dois deles foram lançados por dois diferentes institutos de idiomas brasileiros e o terceiro por uma fundação educacional do Reino Unido, com o propósito de problematizar o modo como são adotados na formação dos alunos. As plataformas selecionadas neste estudo são calcadas em recursos provindos de redes sociais virtuais. Assim, esta dissertação levanta e corrobora a hipótese de que ambientes educacionais baseados nessas redes não necessariamente propiciam interação entre os usuários e, consequentemente, não oferecem muitas possibilidades de colaboração na relação pedagógica, visto que são desenvolvidos com propósitos diferentes daqueles que tornam tais redes populares. Considerando isso, utilizamos conceitos provindos da Análise do Discurso (PÊCHEUX, 1969; ORLANDI, 2005; BRANDÃO, 2004) e dos Estudos Sociológicos (BAUMAN, 2007) e Filosóficos (DELEUZE; GUATTARI, 2000) como nosso principal aparato teórico. De modo geral, observamos que a interação entre os usuários, tão própria do meio digital, independe das inúmeras ferramentas disponíveis, estando sujeita ao dinamismo das relações interpessoais ali presente. Além disso, a apropriação de tecnologias digitais na educação normalmente vem acompanhada de questões mercadológicas, as quais podem limitar o potencial colaborativo desses ambientes ao visar à angariação de novos clientes em detrimento do engajamento dos atuais alunos. Levando isso em consideração, concluímos que, para que haja produção colaborativa de todos os envolvidos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, seria necessário que a escola aderisse à concepção digital de comunicação de modo crítico. / Recently, both nationally and internationally, we have noticed the presence of a political-educational discourse that encourages the adoption of digital technologies at/by the educational institution. In this sense, this research aims at analyzing three virtual educational environments, two of which were launched by two different Brazilian language centers and the third one by an educational foundation of the United Kingdom, with the purpose of questioning the way they have been adopted in the students education. The platforms selected for this study are based on social networking resources. Thus, this dissertation formulates and corroborates the hypothesis that virtual educational environments based on social networking sites do not necessarily provide interaction between users and, consequently, do not offer many collaboration possibilities in the pedagogical relation, since they are developed with objectives that are different from the ones that make these networks popular. Considering this, we have adopted Discourse Analysis concepts (PÊCHEUX, 1969; ORLANDI, 2005; BRANDÃO, 2004), and Sociological (BAUMAN, 2007) and Philosophical Studies (DELEUZE; GUATTARI, 2000) as our main theoretical perspective. In general, we have observed that the interaction between the users, which is so typical in the digital medium, does not rely on the innumerous available resources, but on the interpersonal relations dynamism present there. Besides that, the adoption of digital technologies in education is usually followed by capitalist issues, which can limit the collaborative potential of these environments when having more clients becomes more important than engaging the current students. Taking this into account, we conclude that, in order to have students and teachers collaboratively engaged in the teaching and learning process, the school would have to make use of the digital communication conception in a critical way.

Atualmente, é notável a expansão do oferecimento de aulas de inglês para crianças pequenas no Brasil. As modalidades disponíveis no mercado são variadas e os pais que se interessam por elas podem optar por cursos específicos de língua estrangeira, escolas internacionais, bilíngues, ou até mesmo escolas regulares que ofereçam aulas de inglês incluídas em suas grades curriculares. De qualquer maneira, todas elas são acessíveis quase que exclusivamente por meio do ensino privado. Ancorados nos pressupostos da Análise do Discurso desenvolvidos na França (Pêcheux, 1975), e no Brasil (Orlandi, 2001; Coracini, 1998),analisamos as representações de criança, língua estrangeira e ensino de língua estrangeira presentes nos dizeres da legislação brasileira, da mídia (reportagens e sites institucionais) e de coordenadoras da área, buscando compreender de que forma as justificativas da inclusão desse componente curricular se materializam e com quais sentidos se relacionam. Esta análise nos permitiu depreender certas regularidades nos sentidos: em primeiro lugar, as representações de criança veiculam duas perspectivas dominantes: a de um ser passivo, que aprende rápido por não realizar processos mentais complexos e uma outra relacionada à ideia de um trabalhador em potencial. Em segundo lugar, quanto às representações de ensino de LE, há dizeres que referem o processo de aprendizagem como absorção, ou, então, modelagem de comportamentos. As representações de LE, por sua vez, remetem majoritariamente a um sentido de garantia de sucesso da vida profissional. Finalmente, pudemos concluir que a prática do ensino de inglês para crianças emerge de uma cadeia discursiva cujos sentidos estão maciçamente alinhados com os dizeres do mercado neoliberal. A análise das justificativas pedagógicas do ensino de inglês para crianças tornou-se, uma análise das projeções da criança no mercado de trabalho e da naturalização da lógica capitalista para a formação e preparação das crianças de elite. Assim, parece que o mais cedo do aprendizado linguístico coincide com o mais cedo da aceitação das práticas do mercado na educação e também da euforização da produtividade, excluindo, até da mais precoce infância, o acesso ao ócio ou a não-obrigatoriedade da produção. / Currently there is a remarkable expansion of English courses for young children in Brazil. There are several modalities available and among them parents may choose from foreign language courses, international and bilingual schools up to schools where English classes are provided in their curricula. Nevertheless, they are all available almost exclusively through private education. Relying on Discourse Analysis assumptions (Pêcheux, 1975; Orlandi, 2001; Coracine, 1998), we have analyzed the representations of children, foreign language and foreign language teaching in the utterances of Brazilian legislation, in the media (reports and institutional sites) as well as in pedagogical coordinators talk, aiming at understanding how the justifications for the inclusion of this curricular component materialize in the discourse, and what senses they relate to. The analysis enabled us to identify certain sense regularities. Firstly, representations of children point to two dominant meanings: one which refers to the belief that they learn fast because they do not perform complex mental processes, and another related to the fact that they are potential workers. Regarding the representations of English teaching, the sayings refer to the learning process as absorption or behavior modeling. The second one concerns representations of English that refer mostly to its sense as a guarantee of success in professional life. Finally, we concluded that the practice of teaching English to children emerges from a discursive chain whose senses are overwhelmingly aligned with the utterances of the neoliberal market. Our analysis of the justifications for teaching English to school children has revealed itself the analysis of projections of the child into the labor market and the naturalization of capitalist logic in the education and the upbringing of elite children. Thus, it seems that the \"early\" language learning coincides with the \"early\" acceptance of market practices in education, as well as the valorization of productivity, preventing, from the earliest childhood, access to idleness or the right to non-compulsory production engagements.

Atualmente, é notável a expansão do oferecimento de aulas de inglês para crianças pequenas no Brasil. As modalidades disponíveis no mercado são variadas e os pais que se interessam por elas podem optar por cursos específicos de língua estrangeira, escolas internacionais, bilíngues, ou até mesmo escolas regulares que ofereçam aulas de inglês incluídas em suas grades curriculares. De qualquer maneira, todas elas são acessíveis quase que exclusivamente por meio do ensino privado. Ancorados nos pressupostos da Análise do Discurso desenvolvidos na França (Pêcheux, 1975), e no Brasil (Orlandi, 2001; Coracini, 1998),analisamos as representações de criança, língua estrangeira e ensino de língua estrangeira presentes nos dizeres da legislação brasileira, da mídia (reportagens e sites institucionais) e de coordenadoras da área, buscando compreender de que forma as justificativas da inclusão desse componente curricular se materializam e com quais sentidos se relacionam. Esta análise nos permitiu depreender certas regularidades nos sentidos: em primeiro lugar, as representações de criança veiculam duas perspectivas dominantes: a de um ser passivo, que aprende rápido por não realizar processos mentais complexos e uma outra relacionada à ideia de um trabalhador em potencial. Em segundo lugar, quanto às representações de ensino de LE, há dizeres que referem o processo de aprendizagem como absorção, ou, então, modelagem de comportamentos. As representações de LE, por sua vez, remetem majoritariamente a um sentido de garantia de sucesso da vida profissional. Finalmente, pudemos concluir que a prática do ensino de inglês para crianças emerge de uma cadeia discursiva cujos sentidos estão maciçamente alinhados com os dizeres do mercado neoliberal. A análise das justificativas pedagógicas do ensino de inglês para crianças tornou-se, uma análise das projeções da criança no mercado de trabalho e da naturalização da lógica capitalista para a formação e preparação das crianças de elite. Assim, parece que o mais cedo do aprendizado linguístico coincide com o mais cedo da aceitação das práticas do mercado na educação e também da euforização da produtividade, excluindo, até da mais precoce infância, o acesso ao ócio ou a não-obrigatoriedade da produção. / Currently there is a remarkable expansion of English courses for young children in Brazil. There are several modalities available and among them parents may choose from foreign language courses, international and bilingual schools up to schools where English classes are provided in their curricula. Nevertheless, they are all available almost exclusively through private education. Relying on Discourse Analysis assumptions (Pêcheux, 1975; Orlandi, 2001; Coracine, 1998), we have analyzed the representations of children, foreign language and foreign language teaching in the utterances of Brazilian legislation, in the media (reports and institutional sites) as well as in pedagogical coordinators talk, aiming at understanding how the justifications for the inclusion of this curricular component materialize in the discourse, and what senses they relate to. The analysis enabled us to identify certain sense regularities. Firstly, representations of children point to two dominant meanings: one which refers to the belief that they learn fast because they do not perform complex mental processes, and another related to the fact that they are potential workers. Regarding the representations of English teaching, the sayings refer to the learning process as absorption or behavior modeling. The second one concerns representations of English that refer mostly to its sense as a guarantee of success in professional life. Finally, we concluded that the practice of teaching English to children emerges from a discursive chain whose senses are overwhelmingly aligned with the utterances of the neoliberal market. Our analysis of the justifications for teaching English to school children has revealed itself the analysis of projections of the child into the labor market and the naturalization of capitalist logic in the education and the upbringing of elite children. Thus, it seems that the \"early\" language learning coincides with the \"early\" acceptance of market practices in education, as well as the valorization of productivity, preventing, from the earliest childhood, access to idleness or the right to non-compulsory production engagements.