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Partitioning market efficiencies by analyst attention: the case of annual earnings announcementsDempsey, Stephen J. January 1985 (has links)
This study addresses the empirical question of heterogeneous market efficiency characteristics, specifically as they are attributable to divergent levels of professional securities analyst attention. As a significant group of information intermediaries, analyst institutions conceivably influence, in a profound manner, the efficiency with which security prices respond to new information. Consistent with this notion is the hypothesis that the securities of firms which are neglected in terms of analyst coverage exhibit price inefficiencies relative to their closely followed counterparts.
Two market efficiency constructs with respect to annual earnings announcements are examined in this study. Preannouncement information efficiency is guaged by the degree to which security prices appear to lead or anticipate the information content of subsequent public earnings releases. Such price behavior is indicative of the market's ability to acquire and, process interim, signals that are relevant to the determination of proper and timely security valuations. Postannouncement, or semi-strong-form, efficiency is in turn referenced by the relative absence of anomalous "drifting" patterns in postdisclosure returns. The presence of significant drifts is inconsistent with a market that adjusts quickly and unbiasedly to signals that are transmitted publicly.
Sample firms taken from the NYSE are ranked into three groups according to their relative following by the professional securities analyst community. Analyst attention is surrogated by the number of investment houses providing annual earnings per share forecasts for companies listed in the Institutional Brokers Estimate System (IBES) computer file. The delineation of the three attention concentration groups' relative efficiency profiles is accomplished by means of two uniquely derived metrics that restate cumulative abnormal returns (CAR's) into an ordered domain of pre- and postannouncement efficiency structures. The CAR's are derived from dailly price data immediately surrounding annual earnings announcement dates for the calendar years ended 1976 through 1982. Owing to the nonnormal distributional properties of the inefficiency metrics, two nonparametric procedures are employed to detect group mean differences.
The results overwhelmingly indicate that both pre- and postannouncement efficiency are positively associated with professional analyst attention. Moreover, the detected efficiency differences cannot be attributed to firm size effects or to the extent of the market's forecast error -- two factors that have previously been established in the empirical literature to be associated with event period CAR magnitudes. / Ph. D.
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Análise da margem de comercialização do arroz gaúcho no mercado de São Paulo no período pós Plano Real / Analysis of the marketing margin of the gaucho rice in the Sao Paulos market in the period after the Real PlanZanin, Vanclei 13 December 2011 (has links)
O comportamento da margem de comercialização como indicador de eficiência e desempenho do sistema de comercialização agrícola foi alvo de diversas pesquisas, principalmente, nos anos 1970 e início dos anos 1990, período de elevadas taxas de inflação na economia brasileira. Diversas alterações no cenário macroeconômico do período pós Plano Real (estabilização monetária, abertura econômica, modificações no regime cambial, etc.), concomitantemente com a diminuição da intervenção estatal, justificam que o tema seja novamente abordado, o que foi feito nesta dissertação considerando um produto essencial na alimentação do povo brasileiro, notadamente daqueles com menor poder aquisitivo o arroz. Em relação a esse cereal, constata-se crescimento da produção nacional, principalmente em razão a ganhos de produtividade, destacando-se a concentração da sua produção no Rio Grande do Sul. Pelo lado da demanda, observa-se uma lenta diminuição do consumo per capita, devido a fatores como aumento da renda, da taxa de urbanização e mudanças nos hábitos de consumo. Entretanto, o arroz ainda é um produto básico na alimentação do brasileiro, sendo o estado de São Paulo o maior centro de consumo do cereal. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi examinar os fatores que afetam a margem de comercialização do arroz produzido no Rio Grande do Sul e consumido na cidade de São Paulo de agosto de 1994 até março de 2011. Para tanto foi estimado um modelo econométrico para captar as relações entre as variáveis que afetam essa margem. Esse modelo, proposto por Aguiar (1994), foi estimado no presente trabalho utilizando a metodologia VEC (Modelos de Autorregressão Vetorial com Correção de Erro com identificação pelo processo de Bernanke). As variáveis utilizadas para explicar a margem absoluta de comercialização foram: preço ao varejo na cidade de São Paulo; preço ao produtor no Rio Grande do Sul; e como itens de custo de comercialização: a taxa de juros (Selic); o rendimento médio do trabalhador privado da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre; o preço do litro óleo diesel; uma proxy de risco de preço; e, por fim, o índice de preços de fertilizantes tomado como proxy dos custos agrícolas. O resultado da função impulso resposta mostra que todas as variáveis de custo de comercialização afetaram positivamente a margem. O choque positivo de 1% no índice de preços dos fertilizantes, variável representativa do custo agrícola, tem efeito acumulado de 0,15% sobre a margem, indicando, conforme o modelo teórico discutido, que no período analisado as variações de preços do arroz partiram predominantemente do segmento varejista. A decomposição histórica da variância dos erros de previsão (dentro da amostra) aponta que os fundamentos explicam, em conjunto, pelo menos de 93% das variações da margem em 100% dos casos. Adicionalmente, observa-se que os choques de demanda (preço ao varejo) e de oferta (preço ao produtor) são os principais determinantes da variação da margem - desvios ocorridos entre os valores efetivos e os previstos sendo de menor importância os custos de comercialização e agrícola. / The behavior of the marketing margin as an indicator of efficiency and performance of the agricultural marketing system was the subject of several studies, mainly in the 1970s and early 1990s, a period of high inflation rates in the Brazilian economy. Several changes in the macroeconomic scenario of the period after the Real Plan (monetary stabilization, economic liberalization, changes in exchange rate regime, etc.), along with the reduction of State intervention, justify raising this issue again, what has been done in this dissertation, considering a central food product for the Brazilian people, especially those of lower income - rice. Regarding the cereal, the national production grew, mainly due to productivity gains, with a particular concentration of production in Rio Grande do Sul. On the demand side, there is a slow decline in consumption per capita, due to factors such as increased income, urbanization rate and changes in consumer habits. However, rice is still a staple food in Brazil, and the state of São Paulo, the largest center for consumption of the cereal. The main objective of this study was to examine the factors that affect the marketing margin of the rice produced in Rio Grande do Sul and consumed in the city of São Paulo, from August 1994 until March 2011. In order to do so, we estimated an econometric model to capture the relationships between the variables that affect the margin. This model, proposed by Aguiar (1994), was estimated in this work using the VEC methodology (Auto-Regression Models with Vector Error Correction with the identification process by Bernanke). The variables used to explain the absolute margin of marketing were: retail price in the city of São Paulo; producer price in Rio Grande do Sul. As items of marketing cost: the interest rate (Selic); the average wages of private workers in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre; the price per liter of the diesel fuel; a proxy of price risk; and, finally, the index of fertilizer prices used as a proxy agricultural costs. The result of the impulse response function shows that all the cost variables positively affected the marketing margin. The positive shock of 1% in the index of fertilizer prices, the variable representing the cost of agriculture, has accumulated an effect of 0.15% on the margin, indicating, as the theoretical model discussed, that in the analyzed period the changes in prices of rice came predominantly from the retail segment. The historical decomposition of the variance of forecast errors (within the sample) indicates that the fundamentals explain together at least 93% of the variation margin in 100% of cases. Additionally, it is observed that the shocks of demand (retail price) and supply (producer price) are the main determinants of the margin variation - deviations between actual and predicted values - with minor significance of marketing and agriculture costs.
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Politinio marketingo kaštų įtaka rinkimų rezultatams / Political marketing influence for elections rezultAlionytė, Milda 14 June 2011 (has links)
Baigiamojo darbo tikslas – įvertinti politiniui marketingui skirtų kaštų įtaką rinkimų rezultatams. Siekiant tikslo, teorinėje darbo dalyje analizuojama politikos ir politinio marketingo sąvokos. Taip pat, aiškinamasis politinio marketingo modelis, analizuojami politinių partijų kampanijų finansavimą apibrėžiantys įstatymai, bei politinė reklama. Analitinėje baigiamojo darbo dalyje pateikiami ir analizuojami Lietuvos Respublikoje vykusių Savivaldybių tarybų rinkimų rezultatai. Naudojant Lietuvos Socialdemokratų, Tėvynės sąjungos – Lietuvos krikščionių demokratų ir Darbo partijų politinei kampanijai skirtų pajamų ir išlaidų ataskaitas skaičiuojama mandato kaina Kauno ir Vilniaus miesto rinkiminėse apylinkėse, bei Lietuvos mastu. Projektinėje darbo dalyje suformuluoti tokie sprendimai rinkėjų skaičiui pritraukti ir kuo didesniam mandatų skaičiui gauti: 1. Reikia kaip atskirą segmentą išsiskirti būsimą ir esamą akademinį jaunimą (studentus); 2. LSDP pozicionuodama turi remtis savo ilgamete patirtimi, žiniomis. 3. TS-LKD turi mažinti savo neigiamą įvaizdį ir pozicionuoti save kaip teigiamų pokyčių ir kaitos siekiančią partiją; 4. DP gali pozicionuoti save kaip partiją padedančią vidurinės klasės asmenims siekti išsilavinimo. / The final goal of diploma paper is to assess the influence of political marketing costs on election results. To achieve the objective, the policy and political marketing concept is analyzed in a theoretical part of the paper, together with interpretation of political marketing model as well as the analysis of the political party campaign finance laws and political advertising. Final analytical part provides an analysis of the Municipal Council election results of the Republic of Lithuania. Using the calculated costs of the income and expenditure of the Lithuanian Social Democrats, the Homeland Union - Lithuanian Christian Democrats and the Labor party's political campaign of the mandate of the city of Vilnius and Kaunas elective districts, and Lithuania. In a designed part of the paper , solutions are formulated how to attract voters and how to get the greatest number of mandates : 1. A separate segment of the future and current university students (undergraduate students) should be distinguished; 2. LSDP when positioning must rely on their many years of experience and knowledge. 3. HU-LSC has to reduce its negative image and position itself as a positive development and change aiming party; 4. LP may be positioning itself as the leading party which helps a middle class people to seek an education.
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Análise da margem de comercialização do arroz gaúcho no mercado de São Paulo no período pós Plano Real / Analysis of the marketing margin of the gaucho rice in the Sao Paulos market in the period after the Real PlanVanclei Zanin 13 December 2011 (has links)
O comportamento da margem de comercialização como indicador de eficiência e desempenho do sistema de comercialização agrícola foi alvo de diversas pesquisas, principalmente, nos anos 1970 e início dos anos 1990, período de elevadas taxas de inflação na economia brasileira. Diversas alterações no cenário macroeconômico do período pós Plano Real (estabilização monetária, abertura econômica, modificações no regime cambial, etc.), concomitantemente com a diminuição da intervenção estatal, justificam que o tema seja novamente abordado, o que foi feito nesta dissertação considerando um produto essencial na alimentação do povo brasileiro, notadamente daqueles com menor poder aquisitivo o arroz. Em relação a esse cereal, constata-se crescimento da produção nacional, principalmente em razão a ganhos de produtividade, destacando-se a concentração da sua produção no Rio Grande do Sul. Pelo lado da demanda, observa-se uma lenta diminuição do consumo per capita, devido a fatores como aumento da renda, da taxa de urbanização e mudanças nos hábitos de consumo. Entretanto, o arroz ainda é um produto básico na alimentação do brasileiro, sendo o estado de São Paulo o maior centro de consumo do cereal. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi examinar os fatores que afetam a margem de comercialização do arroz produzido no Rio Grande do Sul e consumido na cidade de São Paulo de agosto de 1994 até março de 2011. Para tanto foi estimado um modelo econométrico para captar as relações entre as variáveis que afetam essa margem. Esse modelo, proposto por Aguiar (1994), foi estimado no presente trabalho utilizando a metodologia VEC (Modelos de Autorregressão Vetorial com Correção de Erro com identificação pelo processo de Bernanke). As variáveis utilizadas para explicar a margem absoluta de comercialização foram: preço ao varejo na cidade de São Paulo; preço ao produtor no Rio Grande do Sul; e como itens de custo de comercialização: a taxa de juros (Selic); o rendimento médio do trabalhador privado da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre; o preço do litro óleo diesel; uma proxy de risco de preço; e, por fim, o índice de preços de fertilizantes tomado como proxy dos custos agrícolas. O resultado da função impulso resposta mostra que todas as variáveis de custo de comercialização afetaram positivamente a margem. O choque positivo de 1% no índice de preços dos fertilizantes, variável representativa do custo agrícola, tem efeito acumulado de 0,15% sobre a margem, indicando, conforme o modelo teórico discutido, que no período analisado as variações de preços do arroz partiram predominantemente do segmento varejista. A decomposição histórica da variância dos erros de previsão (dentro da amostra) aponta que os fundamentos explicam, em conjunto, pelo menos de 93% das variações da margem em 100% dos casos. Adicionalmente, observa-se que os choques de demanda (preço ao varejo) e de oferta (preço ao produtor) são os principais determinantes da variação da margem - desvios ocorridos entre os valores efetivos e os previstos sendo de menor importância os custos de comercialização e agrícola. / The behavior of the marketing margin as an indicator of efficiency and performance of the agricultural marketing system was the subject of several studies, mainly in the 1970s and early 1990s, a period of high inflation rates in the Brazilian economy. Several changes in the macroeconomic scenario of the period after the Real Plan (monetary stabilization, economic liberalization, changes in exchange rate regime, etc.), along with the reduction of State intervention, justify raising this issue again, what has been done in this dissertation, considering a central food product for the Brazilian people, especially those of lower income - rice. Regarding the cereal, the national production grew, mainly due to productivity gains, with a particular concentration of production in Rio Grande do Sul. On the demand side, there is a slow decline in consumption per capita, due to factors such as increased income, urbanization rate and changes in consumer habits. However, rice is still a staple food in Brazil, and the state of São Paulo, the largest center for consumption of the cereal. The main objective of this study was to examine the factors that affect the marketing margin of the rice produced in Rio Grande do Sul and consumed in the city of São Paulo, from August 1994 until March 2011. In order to do so, we estimated an econometric model to capture the relationships between the variables that affect the margin. This model, proposed by Aguiar (1994), was estimated in this work using the VEC methodology (Auto-Regression Models with Vector Error Correction with the identification process by Bernanke). The variables used to explain the absolute margin of marketing were: retail price in the city of São Paulo; producer price in Rio Grande do Sul. As items of marketing cost: the interest rate (Selic); the average wages of private workers in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre; the price per liter of the diesel fuel; a proxy of price risk; and, finally, the index of fertilizer prices used as a proxy agricultural costs. The result of the impulse response function shows that all the cost variables positively affected the marketing margin. The positive shock of 1% in the index of fertilizer prices, the variable representing the cost of agriculture, has accumulated an effect of 0.15% on the margin, indicating, as the theoretical model discussed, that in the analyzed period the changes in prices of rice came predominantly from the retail segment. The historical decomposition of the variance of forecast errors (within the sample) indicates that the fundamentals explain together at least 93% of the variation margin in 100% of cases. Additionally, it is observed that the shocks of demand (retail price) and supply (producer price) are the main determinants of the margin variation - deviations between actual and predicted values - with minor significance of marketing and agriculture costs.
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Spelet på spelmarknaden : En undersökning om marknadsföringskostnader och dess påverkan på EBIT hos spelbolag som erhållit svensk spellicens / The game in the gambling marketDalhäll, Isabelle, Johansson, Louise January 2019 (has links)
Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka marknadsföringskostnadernas påverkan på EBIT hos spelbolag som erhållit svensk spellicens, och korrelationen mellan europeiska spelbolags marknadsföringskostnader mot omsättning och EBIT hos svenska spelföretag. Metod: Uppsatsen utgår ifrån en kvantitativ metod och en deduktiv ansats. Data har hämtats från databasen Retriever Business samt spelbolagens årsredovisningar. Resultatet fås fram genom en tidsserieanalys, kointegrationstest samt regression. Slutsats: Syftet med studien var att undersöka marknadsföringskostnader och dess påverkan på EBIT hos spelbolag som erhållit svensk spellicens, och korrelationen mellan europeiska spelbolags marknadsföringskostnader mot omsättning och EBIT hos svenska spelföretag. Det förväntade resultatet var att ökade marknadsföringskostnader påverkar omsättning samt EBIT positivt, vilket bekräftades av resultatet från tidsserieanalysen, kointegrationstestet samt regressionsanalysen / Purpose: The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of marketing costs on EBIT in gambling companies that have received Swedish gaming license, and the correlation between European gambling companies marketing costs against sales and EBIT in Swedish gambling companies. Method: The thesis is based on a quantitative method and a deductive approach. The data has been retrieved from the database Retriever Business and the gambling companies annual reports. The result is obtained through a time series analysis, cointegration test and regression. Conclusion: The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of marketing costs on EBIT in gambling companies that have received Swedish gaming license, and the correlation between European gambling companies marketing costs against sales and EBIT in Swedish gambling companies. The expected result was that increasing marketing costs affected sales and EBIT positively, which was confirmed by the results from the time series analysis, the cointegration test and the regression analysis.
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Sledování efektivnosti marketingu ve stavebním podniku / Monitoring the effectiveness of marketing in the construction companyVrána, Ivan January 2016 (has links)
This thesis focuses on monitoring marketing effectiveness in particular construction company. The target work is analysis of effectiveness put money to marketing of communication from basis budget. It deal with success rate of web communications and analysis of cost demand and contract. Output of work is motion of solution to betterment monitoring marketing in the construction company and calculation cost to new and existing customer.
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