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Thesis advisor: Kevin Newmark / This thesis focuses on flora as metaphors and representations of identity in Simone Schwarz-Bart’s Pluie et vent sur Télumée miracle (1972), Xavier Orville’s Délice et le fromager (1977), and Maryse Condé’s Pays mêlé (1985). Within the context of the declining agricultural industry of the seventies and the eighties, these authors represent a new generation of writers from Guadeloupe and Martinique who add their own ambivalent landscape’s visions to those of Aimé Césaire’s Negritude and Édouard Glissant’s Creolization. As flora’s metaphors, trees and rhizomes reveal important aspects of the colonial world. Although the tree is a metaphor to unearth aspects of identity, does it have its own limitations in this colonial world? The theoretical basis for questioning the tree is rooted in Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Édouard Glissant's rhizome theories. Chapter one, “Le spectre du paysage tourmenté dans Pluie et vent sur Télumée miracle”, considers the connections of the tormented landscape with the various identities of characters. These identities use flora and characteristics of some trees and plants as rhetorical constructions to highlight different perspectives of the colonial world: race and rebellion and resilience. Chapter two, “Le fromager dans le monde putrescible” in Délice et le fromager, undertakes to understand the meaning of the tree as the narrator. The identity and the nature of the possessed ceiba tree, as the narrator, reveal a corrupted colonial world. As a witness to the main character’s family and the colonial world, this tree provides a unique perspective on the destruction of the family structure and on the corruption of the colonial world. Chapter three, “La thématique du retour à travers l’espace généalogique de Pays mêlé” examines how Maryse Condé’s Pays mêlé challenges the concept of a typical family tree. The family structure through adultery and illegitimacy shows that the fragmented Surena’s genealogy appears to be constructed like a rhizome with multiple wandering links. In this chapter, we will study the questions of origin often revisited within this genealogy and we will analyze the different factors that destabilize and marginalize characters throughout several generations. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Romance Languages and Literatures.

Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão a respeito de aspectos da produção do espaço implicados na modernização e urbanização da Martinica, a partir da segunda metade do século XX. Compondo o ultramar francês desde 1946, na condição de departamento, essa ilha do Caribe apresenta desde então um amplo processo de modernização e urbanização que toca profundamente a vida cotidiana. Embora muitas vezes apresentada e entendida pela ótica do benefício e do direito, essa situação provoca incômodos e gera críticas no sentido de uma imposição cultural e de uma continuidade da dominação colonial. No quadro de um desenvolvimento crítico e contraditório, o processo de modernização e urbanização da ilha acena com a ideia e progresso e melhoria das condições de vida, mas revela uma ilusão de acesso à cidade, direito à cidade e cidadania, que vão sendo reduzidos à noção de direito ao consumo, e mesmo nesse âmbito realizam-se precariamente. / This work proposes a reflection on aspects of the production of space involved in the modernization and urbanization of Martinique, from the second half of the twentieth century. Compounding the French overseas since 1946, on condition that department, this Caribbean island has since then an extensive process of modernization and urbanization that deeply touches everyday life. Although often presented and understood from the perspective of the benefit and the rights, this situation causes discomfort and generates critical towards a cultural imposition and a continuity of colonial domination. Under a critical development and contradictory process of modernization and urbanization of the island beckons with the idea and progress and improvement of living conditions, but revealed an illusion of access to the city, right to the city and citizenship, which will be reduced to concept of the right to consumer, and even in this context are held precariously.

Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão a respeito de aspectos da produção do espaço implicados na modernização e urbanização da Martinica, a partir da segunda metade do século XX. Compondo o ultramar francês desde 1946, na condição de departamento, essa ilha do Caribe apresenta desde então um amplo processo de modernização e urbanização que toca profundamente a vida cotidiana. Embora muitas vezes apresentada e entendida pela ótica do benefício e do direito, essa situação provoca incômodos e gera críticas no sentido de uma imposição cultural e de uma continuidade da dominação colonial. No quadro de um desenvolvimento crítico e contraditório, o processo de modernização e urbanização da ilha acena com a ideia e progresso e melhoria das condições de vida, mas revela uma ilusão de acesso à cidade, direito à cidade e cidadania, que vão sendo reduzidos à noção de direito ao consumo, e mesmo nesse âmbito realizam-se precariamente. / This work proposes a reflection on aspects of the production of space involved in the modernization and urbanization of Martinique, from the second half of the twentieth century. Compounding the French overseas since 1946, on condition that department, this Caribbean island has since then an extensive process of modernization and urbanization that deeply touches everyday life. Although often presented and understood from the perspective of the benefit and the rights, this situation causes discomfort and generates critical towards a cultural imposition and a continuity of colonial domination. Under a critical development and contradictory process of modernization and urbanization of the island beckons with the idea and progress and improvement of living conditions, but revealed an illusion of access to the city, right to the city and citizenship, which will be reduced to concept of the right to consumer, and even in this context are held precariously.

Trop souvent considérées pour leur potentiel touristique, les îles françaises des Caraïbes soulèvent des enjeux sociaux et identitaires incontournables. En effet, les Antilles françaises se situent au confluent de plusieurs influences et constituent un lieu unique d'interpénétration culturelle. Le caractère multiculturel de cette société interpelle le vivre-ensemble et amène à dépasser le cadre géographique antillais. Afin d'apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les différentes représentations au fondement du discours martiniquais, le registre individuel (entrevues) et collectif (articles de presse) est analysé à partir des perspectives rhétorique et actancielle. Le lieu unique que constitue le discours permet un accès privilégié à la dynamique de tension entre les sources d'identité. De plus, le cas martiniquais permet d'aller au-delà des réflexions identitaires traditionnelles et d'envisager de nouvelles pistes d'analyse. À partir des principaux éléments historiques et des différents courants identitaires existants en Martinique -la négritude, l'antillanité, la créolité, le désir d'assimilation et d'indépendance, le métissage, l'indianité, la place des Békés et des Métros -, les éléments composants l'identité martiniquaise sont analysés, soit le phénomène d'insularité, les moeurs et les valeurs, la place de la langue créole, la question controversée de l'école, la place de l'Autre, les préjugés de couleur, le sentiment d'appartenance des Martiniquais interrogés et les mythes au fondement de la mémoire collective. Il s'agit donc de mettre en lumière la façon dont le lien social se tisse dans un processus de mouvement entre ces pôles de tension. Ainsi, de ces tensions, de ces débats et même de ces conflits pour définir l'identité martiniquaise se construisent et se développent peu à peu des liens sociaux ainsi que des représentations communes. La question de l'identité antillaise permet de se pencher bien entendu sur les considérations et les réalités propres à la Martinique mais aussi de susciter la réflexion autour des questions de métissage, de coexistence au sein d'une même population de groupes d'origines diverses, phénomène auquel les sociétés occidentales doivent désormais réfléchir. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Identité, Analyse de discours, Martinique, Antilles françaises, Caraïbes.

This project examines the articulation and application of colonial law in the French colony of Martinique during the eighteenth century through the work of a legal commentator and colonial magistrate, Pierre Dessalles. His compilation of Martinican laws reveals how local elites applied laws usually promulgated in France. His reliance on European political theorists illustrates the dissemination of legal knowledge across the Atlantic, while his comments and explanation of colonial law in light of Martinique’s history anchor this discussion in a local history. Thus, from Dessalles’ creole, local elite perspective, historians can perceive both the operation and ideology behind Martinican law because this document explicitly presented law (as prescription) and legalities (as practice) together. / text

Martinique became a full overseas department of France in 1946 (27:802), and Saint Lucia will soon change its status from a BritiSh colony to an independent Caribbean nation. Such political changes indicate that these small islands must rely ever increasingly upon their own resources to satisfy their needs. [...]

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En janvier 2009, une grève générale de 44 jours était déclenchée à l’appel du Liyannaj Kont Pwofitasyon - pour « Unité contre l’exploitation » en Guadeloupe et du Kolectif 5 Févrié - « Collectif du 5 février » en Martinique. Ces deux coalitions menées par des syndicalistes entendaient alors mobiliser la population locale contre la cherté de la vie aux Antilles, en soulignant le caractère inégalitaire et colonial de ce phénomène. La première partie de ce travail entend exposer la genèse du syndicalisme aux Antilles : d’abord, en décrivant l’influence des événements de Mai 68 sur la jeunesse anticolonialiste antillaise ; ensuite, en analysant les trajectoires des militants anticolonialistes qui se sont tourné vers le syndicalisme à la fin des années 1970. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’encadrement politique des syndicats antillais contemporains, au sein de quatre organisations : l’Union Générale des Travailleurs de la Guadeloupe (UGTG), la Confédération Générale du Travail (CGTG et CGTM) et la Confédération Démocratique des Travailleurs Martinique (CDMT). Plus spécifiquement, il sera ici question de la façon dont l’indépendantisme et les différents courants d’extrême gauche parviennent à imprimer et à maintenir leurs orientations politiques tout en composant avec la diversité des publics auprès desquels interviennent les syndicats. Notre troisième partie revient quant à elle sur la situation de conflit social généralisé qui surgit à la faveur de la grève générale de 2009, en analysant le travail de coalition entre les différents acteurs protestataires, les négociations avec les autorités de l’île et la dynamique de radicalisation du conflit. / In January 2009, a general strike, that would last 44 days, broke out following the call of the Liyannaj Kont Pwofitasyon (“Unite against exploitation”) in Guadeloupe and of the Kolectif 5 Févrié (“Collective of February 5th”) in Martinique. Those two coalitions led by union leaders sought to mobilize the local population against the high cost of living in the Antilles, insisting on the unequal and colonial dimensions of this phenomenon. The first part of this work tackles the genesis of unionism in the Antilles: first by describing the influence of May 1968 events on the anticolonial youth in those islands; then by analyzing the trajectories of the anticolonial activists who turned toward unionism at the end the 1970s. The second part of the dissertation is dedicated to the study of contemporary union’s political culture, throughout the analysis of four organizations: the Union Générale des Travailleurs de la Guadeloupe (UGTG), the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGTG and CGTM), and the Confédération Démocratique des Travailleurs de Martinique (CDMT). More specifically, it will uncover the way separatism and the various branches of the far-left succeed in imposing and maintaining their political options while dealing with the diversity of the constituents that the unions serve. The third part will focus on the situation of widespread social unrest, which emerged as a result of the 2009 general strike. It will analyze the coalition work of the various protesting groups, the collective bargaining with local authorities and the dynamics of conflict radicalization.

Cette recherche questionne les dimensions artistiques du Bèlè et son inscription dans la modernité. Cette inscription s’origine dès l’expansion coloniale avec les renouvellements de la pensée et des idéaux dans le monde européen. La modernité du Bèlè s’opère en résonnance aux bouleversements permanents de la période esclavagiste, à l’élan des découvertes et des progrès technologiques, scientifiques et philosophiques qui ont suivi au fil du temps. Ces progrès se formulent dans les paradoxes de conceptions des rapports à l’humain entre idéal des lumières et libéralisme des modernes, dans les modalités d’exploitation économique particulièrement. Ainsi aux expansions économique et géopolitique s’associeront des idéaux humanistes, ceux de piété religieuse chrétienne contrastant avec la servilité et à la déshumanisation. C’est dans ce contexte que la domination européenne sur le monde va s’exercer, en Amérique, à partir de l’extermination des Amérindiens et de la traite, l’esclavage des Africains. Toutes ces raisons sous-tendent la réaction des déportés et descendants africains à la Martinique. Cette réaction va s’inscrire dans une construction et une quête permanente de (re)humanisation et de progrès, dans les rapports humains symbolisés et matérialisés par la musique et la danse des Calenda de l’ère esclavagiste (à partir de 1635), et s’étaleront jusqu’à l’ère contemporaine du Bèlè Renouveau, initié à l’orée de 1980. Cette réalité s’inscrit dans une consubstantialité entre musique et modernité où les principes structurants Chantè, Répondè, Bwatè, Tanbou, Lawonn, Kadans se formalisent, avec une marge d’analogie tranchant entre figuralisme et abstraction, à travers des médias de formalisation. Cet écart d’analogie entre principe et formalisation implique le Wèlto, le faux semblant, qui induit la dualité muée par la feinte, la ruse et le détour. Cela se réalise dans des modalités formelles, en permanente élaboration, entre l’immuabilité de surface et renouvellements du matériau musicochorégraphique, mais aussi de l’instrumentarium.La présente étude démontre que le Bèlè peut s’entendre comme art, avec les déclinaisons nécessaires pouvant s’inscrire dans le classicisme, autant que comme tradition sous-tendant et nourrissant la modernité. Afin de répondre aux enjeux de pouvoir, tenir compte des rapports de force dans les antagonismes ou modalités d’intégration sociales, entre l’Europe et la Martinique, le Bèlè contemporain privilégie sa définition en tant que tradition en masquant, au point de l’occulter, sa véritable acception en tant qu’Art. Cette occultation de la dimension artistique du Bèlè marginalise par conséquent la modernité de l’art bèlè / This research questions the artistic dimensions of Bèlè and its inscription in modernity. This inscription originated from colonial expansion with the renewal of thought and ideals in the European world. The modernity of Bèlè resonates with the permanent upheaval of the slave period, the impetus for the discoveries and technological, scientific and philosophical advances that have followed over time. This progress is formulated in the paradoxes of conceptions of the relations with the human between the ideal of the enlightenment and the liberalism of the moderns, especially in the modes of economic exploitation. Thus, economic and geopolitical expansion combine humanist ideals, those of Christian religious piety contrasting with servility and dehumanization. It is in this context that European domination of the world would be exercised in America, from the extermination of the Amerindians and the slave trade of Africans. All these reasons underlie the reaction of African deportees and their descendants in Martinique. This reaction would be part of a construction and a permanent quest for (re) humanization and progress, in the human relations symbolized and materialized by the Calenda music and dance of the slave era (from 1635), and would spread to the contemporary era of the Bèlè renewal, initiated at the beginning of 1980.This reality is part of a consubstantiality between music and modernity, where the structuring principles Chantè, Répondè, Bwatè, Tanbou, Lawonn, and Kadans are formalized, with a margin of sharp analogy between figuralism and abstraction, through mediums of formalization. This gap of analogy between principle and formalization implies the Wèlto, the false semblance, which induces the muted duality by feint, cunning and detour. This is realized in formal modalities, permanently elaborated between the immutability of surface and renewal of the musicochoregraphic material, but also of the instrumentarium.The present study shows that Bèlè can be understood as art, with the necessary variations that may fit within classicism, as much as a tradition underlying and nourishing modernity. In order to respond to the stakes of power, to take into account the balance of power in the antagonisms or modalities of social integration between Europe and Martinique, contemporary Bèlè privileges its definition as a tradition by masking, to the point of obscuring, its true acceptation as Art. This concealment of the artistic dimension of Bèlè therefore marginalizes the modernity of the art of bèlè.