O presente trabalho procura analisar a polêmica judaico-cristã em relatos de martírio durante a perseguição romana aos cristãos até o século IV. Abordaremos as principais temáticas que compunham essa polêmica em outras fontes cristãs e judaicas para indicar um cenário possível que pudesse alimentar conflitos entres os dois grupos religiosos. Defenderemos que essa rivalidade presente no discurso dos líderes servia para demarcar a alteridade religiosa e que não necessariamente era vivenciada pelo conjunto dos fiéis em conformidade com os textos, sobretudo, quando a identidade judaica e a identidade cristã estavam em construção. Mesmo em um momento crítico de perseguição religiosa, a multiplicidade de manifestações religiosas tanto no judaísmo quanto no cristianismo, contribuiu para a circulação de práticas, de crenças e para um contato mais estreito entre judeus e cristãos nesses primeiros séculos. Defenderemos que apesar da concepção de martírio judaico ser diferente da concepção cristã é possível estabelecer relações entre os dois martirológios. As Atas dos Mártires dão alguns indícios de que o conceito de martírio cristão desenvolvido pelo cristianismo gentio estabeleceu essa afirmação de alteridade diante de sua matriz judaica. / The aim of this work is to analyze the Judeo-Christian polemics in martyrdom reports produced during the Roman persecution of Christians until the fourth century. We will cover the main themes that made up this controversy in other Christian and Jewish sources to indicate a possible scenario that could fuel conflicts between both religious groups. We will defend that this rivalry in the discourse of leaders served to demarcate the religious otherness and that it was not necessarily experienced by all the faithful according to the texts, especially when Jewish identity and Christian identity were under construction. Even at a critical time of religious persecution, the multiplicity of religious manifestations in both Judaism and Christianity contributed to the circulation of practices, beliefs and to a closer contact between Jews and Christians in those early centuries. We will argue that despite the difference between the Jewish and the Christian conception of martyrdom, it is possible to establish relations between the two martyrologies. The Acts of the Martyrs give some evidence that the concept of Christian martyrdom developed by Gentile Christianity stated the otherness from its Jewish mother.

Cette thèse étudie le rôle de la reine Katherine Parr (c. 1512-1548) et de son proche entourage féminin dont l’aristocrate Elizabeth Tyrwhit (c. 1519-1578) dans l’instauration de la Réforme. En effet, la dernière épouse d’Henri VIII, auteur de deux manuels de dévotion et première reine anglaise à voir ses écrits publiés, s’entourait des Protestants de la cour. La situation confessionnelle complexe de la fin du règne d’Henri VIII fut marquée par un retour au catholicisme strict, avec des restrictions concernant les pratiques, notamment la lecture de la Bible. Cependant, un certain nombre de personnalités acquises aux idées de la Réforme parvinrent à rester en place. Alors que les femmes n’avaient qu’un accès très limité à la Bible (The Act for the Advancement of True Religion and for the Abolishment of the contrary de 1543 le leur interdisait, sauf si elles étaient de très haut rang), une jeune femme, Anne Askew (1521-1546), quitta le domicile familial et intégra les réseaux protestants de Londres où elle prêcha ce qui lui valut d’être condamnée pour hérésie. La faction conservatrice, la sachant en contact avec les dames de la cour, la tortura lors de son second interrogatoire dans le but d’obtenir des noms de Protestants mais elle resta silencieuse et fut condamnée à brûler vive en juillet 1546. Le règne d’Édouard VI permit au protestantisme de s’imposer comme religion d’État puis, après l’intermède catholique romain du règne de Marie Ière, Élisabeth Ière rétablit le Protestantisme ce qui permit à Elizabeth Tyrwhit de publier librement son manuel de dévotion en 1574. Ce travail explore les démarches des trois femmes, leurs témoignages de foi et leur influence auprès de leurs contemporains et au-delà. / This thesis examines the role of Queen Katherine Parr (c.1512-1548) and her close female entourage, including the aristocrat Elizabeth Tyrwhit (c.1519-1578) in the establishment of the Reformation. Indeed, Parr, Henry VIII’s last wife, author of two manuals of devotion and the first English queen to see her writings published, surrounded herself with the Protestants of the court. The complex confessional situation at the end of Henry VIII's reign was marked by a return to strict Catholicism, with restrictions on practices, including reading of the Bible. However, a certain number of courtiers already won over to the ideas of the Reformation managed to keep their positions at court. While women had very limited access to the Bible (the 1543 Act for the Advancement of True Religion and for the Abolishment of the contrary forbade them access to the Scriptures, unless they were of very high birth), a young woman, Anne Askew (1521-1546), left the family home and integrated the Protestant networks of London where she preached, which caused her to be condemned for heresy. The conservative faction, knowing she was in contact with the ladies of the court, tortured her during her second interrogation in order to obtain the names of Protestants but she remained silent and was condemned to burn alive in July 1546. The reign of Edward VI allowed Protestantism to establish itself as the official religion, and after the Roman Catholic interlude of Mary I, Elizabeth I re-established Protestantism, which enabled Elizabeth Tyrwhit to freely publish her devotional manual in 1574. This work explores the attitudes of the three women through their testimonies of faith and their influence with their contemporaries and beyond.

IDEOLOGICAL AMBIVALANCE OF MOTHERHOOD IN THE CASE OF &ldquo / MOTHERS OF MARTYRS&rdquo / IN TURKEY Gedik, Esra M.S. Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycioglu Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cem Deveci February 2008, 169 pages The main objective of this thesis is to understand how mothers who lost their sons during the conflicts in East and Southeast of Turkey articulate martyrdom of their sons with nationalism, religion and motherhood / how these women who lost their sons, as a woman and a mother define and express themselves and their experiences after martyrdom. Before their sons are martyrized, these women were ordinary housewives, with the death of their sons, they get a new identity: being a mother of a martyr. In this thesis, it is examined that what being a mother of a martyr means for these women. Moreover, this study attempts to examine certain perceptions and assumptions of these women about nationalism, the state, religion, war and peace after martyrdom. For this aim, this study is based on interviews with mothers who do not realize that they virtually live in a war, on motherhood, war, politics, and peace. Therefore, this research is the study to grasp how discourses of nationalism and religion shape this new identity: being a mother of a martyr. While these women were ordinary housewives before martyrdom, after their sons&rsquo / death, their narratives as mothers of martyrs are cultivated by discourses of nationalism and religion. Consequently, is it possible for these mothers to develop an anti-war discourse as happened for examples in the world?

Philos.-Theol. Hoschule, Diss. u.d.T.: Robben, Andreas: Die Theologie der Märtyrer nach Erik Peterson--Frankfurt am Main, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 265 - 270.

The fortuitous discovery of early Christian images adorning the catacombs on Via Salaria in 1578 enabled scholars to address urgent, contemporary problems concerning the Catholic tradition of image veneration, which had been attacked by Protestant iconoclasts. Although the catacombs had been important devotional sites for the cult of martyrs and relics throughout the Middle Ages, the 1578 catacomb discovery was the first time that Romans connected the catacombs with the early Christian cult of images. Only after 1578 did scholars and antiquarians begin to collect and study early Christian frescoes and antiquities found in Rome’s numerous catacomb sites. Their research culminated in the publication of Antonio Bosio’s Roma sotterranea (1635), the first treatise on the Roman catacombs. After the Council of Trent (1545–1563), Catholic scholarship on the catacombs defended the early Christian origins of the cult of martyrs, relics, and images. I argue that the Tridentine Church’s claim of continuity motivated the study of early Christian art in the catacombs in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. By critically evaluating images and archeological sources to support an interpretation of the Church as semper eadem (ever the same), Bosio and his sixteenth-century predecessors contributed to the development of modern historical and archeological methods. This dissertation explores the juxtaposition of imaginative and analytical interpretations of the Roman catacombs in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Early modern descriptions of the catacombs characterize these burial sites as emotive worship spaces for the early Church that evoked Christian suffering, martyrdom, and devotion to the cult of saints. I argue that the gruesome martyrdom imagery commissioned to decorate S. Stefano Rotondo and SS. Nereo e Achilleo in the last two decades of the sixteenth century imaginatively recreated what contemporaries thought early Christian worship would have been like in the catacombs. As the first in-depth study to consider the relationship between the exploration of the catacombs and the first large-scale martyrdom cycles in the late sixteenth century, this dissertation demonstrates how vivid pictorial imagination of the Christian past inspired the early Christian revival movement in post-Tridentine Rome. / text

S. Andrea al Quirinale, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is undoubtedly one of the great achievements of the Italian Baroque. No less spectacular is its message, though art historians have generally regarded it as simply a Jesuit church housing the glorious scene of the martyrdom and apotheosis of St. Andrew. This view, however, is clearly misleading since a closer examination of the building and its contents shows that the devout and learned Bernini intended to suggest a number of other important related themes. / This thesis focuses on the concept of martyrdom through a thorough analysis of not only the dominant religious event above the high altar area, but the entire iconographic scheme of the church, which is reinforced by the architectural setting. This Jesuit building is further examined in the light of several artistic influences. The most obvious, yet most overlooked of these is the literary source of the Spiritual Exercises by St. Ignatius of Loyola. S. Andrea al Quirinale is also considered in terms of the architectural heritage of early Christian churches and martyria. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Divining the Martyr is a project developed in order to achieve the Master of Arts (Research) degree. This is composed of 70% creative work displayed in an exhibition and 30% written work contained in this exegesis. The project was developed through practice-led research in order to answer the question “In what ways can creative practice synthesize and illuminate issues of martyrdom in contemporary makeover culture?” The question is answered using a postmodern framework about martyrdom as it is manifested in contemporary society. The themes analyzed throughout this exegesis relate to concepts about sainthood and makeover culture combined with actual examples of tragic cases of cosmetic procedures. The outcomes of this project fused three elements: Mexican cultural history, Mexican (Catholic) religious traditions, and cosmetic makeover surgery. The final outcomes were a series of installations integrating contemporary and traditional interdisciplinary media, such as sound, light, x-ray technology, sculpture, video and aspects of performance. These creative works complement each other in their presentation and concept, promoting an original contribution to the theme of contemporary martyrdom in makeover culture.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KellenAraujo.pdf: 1529695 bytes, checksum: 095167119ba0c9624180097471cad0ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this research is to analyze the work the Acts of Paul and Thecla, focusing on the importance of sexual abstinence for womens leadership. A topic that was essential for women to conquer their space and power in society and this way get to make their voice heard, even though not as considerable. By examining the Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla, its main characteristics and composition can be observed, also with its origin and interpretation by communities and leaders in the beginning of Christianity. Sought to portray this research, justifying the Greek romance, presenting their similarities with the Acts of Paul and Thecla and thus highlight the influence of Greek writing on the apocryphal text in its way of structuring. It was presented the definitions of sexual abstinence, leadership and martyrdom always stressing themes with the figure of the woman, addressing the issue of the body and society and demonstrating how these themes inspired speeches in early Christianity. Referring to the writings of Acts Apocrypha, we present the origin of communities of celibate women who influenced the writing of texts, reporting why the Acts were written and how they were disseminated in other communities. About martyrdom it was described its origins and how Christians saw in this action an approach to God and how martyrdom prepared Theclas life to become an agent of Gods word. / O propósito desta pesquisa é analisar a obra os Atos de Paulo e Tecla, focando na importância da renúncia sexual para a liderança da mulher. Tema este que se tornou fundamental para que as mulheres conseguissem conquistar seu espaço e poder diante da sociedade e assim conseguir fazer com que sua voz fosse ouvida, mesmo que de forma não tão considerável. Ao examinar os Apócrifos Atos de Paulo e Tecla, pôde-se observar suas principais características e composição, apresentando sua origem e interpretação pelas comunidades e pelos líderes do início do cristianismo. Buscou-se nesta pesquisa retratar e fundamentar o romance grego, apresentando suas similaridades com os Atos de Paulo e Tecla, e desta maneira destacar a influência do escrito grego sobre o texto apócrifo em sua forma de estruturação. Apresentamos as definições sobre a renúncia sexual, liderança e martírio sempre destacando os temas com a figura da mulher, abordando a questão do corpo e a sociedade e demonstrando como estes temas inspiraram os discursos no início do cristianismo. Referente aos escritos dos Atos Apócrifos, apresentamos a origem das comunidades de mulheres celibatárias, que influenciaram a escrita dos textos, relatando o motivo pelo qual os Atos foram escritos e como foram disseminados nas outras comunidades. Sobre o martírio, descrevemos suas origens e como os cristãos viam nessa ação uma aproximação com Deus, e como o martírio preparou a vida de Tecla para que ela se tornasse uma anunciante da palavra de Deus.

This thesis is the first sustained analysis of the relationship between Elizabethan theatre and the judicial practice of burning at the stake. Focusing on a five-year window of theatrical output (1587-1592), it argues that polemical literary presentations of burning are the key to understanding the stage's negotiation of this most particular form of judicial violence. Unlike other forms of penal violence, burning at the stake was not staged, and only fourteen incidences of the punishment are recorded in Elizabethan England. Its strong literary presence in Protestant historiography is therefore central to this study. Part I explores the tragic and overtly theatrical rhetoric that the widely available Acts and Monuments built around the burning of heretics in the reformation, and argues that the narrative of this drama of injustice intervened in the development of judicial semiotics over the late-sixteenth century. By the time that Tamburlaine was first performed, burning at the stake was a pressing polemical issue, and it haunts early commercial theatre. Elizabethan historiography of the stake was deeply influential in Elizabethan theatre. In Part II, I argue that Marlovian fire spectacles evoke tableaux from the Acts and Monuments to encourage partisan spectatorship, informed by the rhetoric of martyrdom. Dido's self-immolation courts this rhetoric by dismissing the sword from her death, while Tamburlaine's book burning is condemned through its emphatically papist undertones. These plays court the stake through spectacles utilizing its rhetoric. In Part III, I show that characters historically destined to face the stake required thorough criminalization to justify their sentence. Alice Arden is distinguished from female martyrs celebrated for their domestic defiance, while Jeanne d'Arc's historical heresy is forcefully rewritten as witchcraft and whoredom to condemn 1 Henry VI's Joan la Pucelle. Both women are punished offstage, and the plays focus instead on the necessary task of justifying the sentence of burning. Though rare in practice, burning at the stake was a polemical issue in Elizabethan England. Despite the stake's lack of imitation in the theatre, I argue that widely available Protestant historiography - propaganda at the heart of debates about burning and religious violence - affected both how plays were written, and how they could be viewed.

O presente trabalho procura analisar a polêmica judaico-cristã em relatos de martírio durante a perseguição romana aos cristãos até o século IV. Abordaremos as principais temáticas que compunham essa polêmica em outras fontes cristãs e judaicas para indicar um cenário possível que pudesse alimentar conflitos entres os dois grupos religiosos. Defenderemos que essa rivalidade presente no discurso dos líderes servia para demarcar a alteridade religiosa e que não necessariamente era vivenciada pelo conjunto dos fiéis em conformidade com os textos, sobretudo, quando a identidade judaica e a identidade cristã estavam em construção. Mesmo em um momento crítico de perseguição religiosa, a multiplicidade de manifestações religiosas tanto no judaísmo quanto no cristianismo, contribuiu para a circulação de práticas, de crenças e para um contato mais estreito entre judeus e cristãos nesses primeiros séculos. Defenderemos que apesar da concepção de martírio judaico ser diferente da concepção cristã é possível estabelecer relações entre os dois martirológios. As Atas dos Mártires dão alguns indícios de que o conceito de martírio cristão desenvolvido pelo cristianismo gentio estabeleceu essa afirmação de alteridade diante de sua matriz judaica. / The aim of this work is to analyze the Judeo-Christian polemics in martyrdom reports produced during the Roman persecution of Christians until the fourth century. We will cover the main themes that made up this controversy in other Christian and Jewish sources to indicate a possible scenario that could fuel conflicts between both religious groups. We will defend that this rivalry in the discourse of leaders served to demarcate the religious otherness and that it was not necessarily experienced by all the faithful according to the texts, especially when Jewish identity and Christian identity were under construction. Even at a critical time of religious persecution, the multiplicity of religious manifestations in both Judaism and Christianity contributed to the circulation of practices, beliefs and to a closer contact between Jews and Christians in those early centuries. We will argue that despite the difference between the Jewish and the Christian conception of martyrdom, it is possible to establish relations between the two martyrologies. The Acts of the Martyrs give some evidence that the concept of Christian martyrdom developed by Gentile Christianity stated the otherness from its Jewish mother.