Les analyses par canaux auxiliaires exploitent les fuites physiques des systèmes embarqués. Ces attaques représentent une réelle menace; c’est pourquoi différentes contre-mesures ont été développées. Cette thèse s’intéresse à la sécurité fournie par ces contre-mesures. Nous étudions leur sécurité dans le contexte où de multiples fuites sont présentes. Il arrive que plusieurs fuites de plusieurs variables puissent être exploitées lors d’analyses par canaux auxiliaires. Dans cette thèse nous présentons la méthode optimale pour exploiter les fuites d’une unique variable. Nous étudions ensuite comment de telles méthodes de réduction de dimensionnalité peuvent être appliquées dans le cas d’implémentations protégées. Nous montrons que ces méthodes voient leur efficacité augmentée avec le niveau de sécurité de l’implémentation. Nous montrons dans cette thèse comment exploiter les fuites de multiples variables pour améliorer les résultats d’analyses par canaux auxiliaires. Nous améliorons en particulier les attaques contre les schémas de masquage avec recalcul de table. Dans ce contexte nous présentons l’attaque optimale. Dans le cas où les schémas avec recalcul de table sont protégés nous montrons que le principal paramètre pour évaluer la sécurité des schémas de masquage, c’est-à-dire l’ordre n’est pas suffisant. Pour finir nous étudions de façon théorique la meilleure attaque possible en présence de masquage et de « shuffling » ce qui généralise le précédent cas d’étude. Dans ce cas nous montrons que l’attaque optimale n’est pas calculable. Pour y remédier, nous présentons une version tronquée de l’attaque optimale avec une meilleure efficacité calculatoire. / Side Channel Attacks are a classical threat against cryptographic algorithms in embedded systems. They aim at exploiting the physical leakages unintentionally emitted by the devices during the execution of their embedded programs to recover sensitive data. As such attacks represent a real threat against embedded systems different countermeasures have been developed. In thesis we investigate their security in presence of multiple leakages. Indeed there often are in the leakage measurements several variables which can be exploited to mount Side Channel Attacks. In particular we show in this thesis the optimal way to exploit multiple leakages of a unique variable. This dimensionality reduction comes with no loss on the overall exploitable information. Based on this result we investigate further how such dimensionality reduction methodscan be applied in the case of protected implementations. We show that the impact of such methods increases with the security “level” of the implementation. We also investigate how to exploit the leakages of multiplevariables in order to improve the results of Side Channel Analysis. We start by improving the attacks against masking schemes, with a precomputed table recomputation step. Some protections have been developed to protect such schemes. As a consequence we investigate the security provided by these protections. In this context we present results which show that the main parameter to evaluate the security of the masking schemes is not sufficient to estimate the global security of the implementation. Finally we show that in the context of masking scheme with shuffling the optimal attack is not computable. As a consequence we present a truncated version of this attack with a better effectiveness.

La détection des exoplanètes et de l’environnement d’étoiles jeunes tel que les disques de débris fait face à deux difficultés majeures : d’une part, la faible distance angulaire entre le compagnon (ou le disque) et son étoile hôte, et d’autre part, le contraste élevé entre les deux composantes en terme de flux. L’interférométrie est une des techniques permettant de palier ces deux problématiques en apportant une détection à la fois à haute résolution angulaire et à haute dynamique. C’est tout particulièrement le cas dans la mise en oeuvre de l’interférométrie annulante, aussi appelée interférométrie en frange noire, lors de laquelle on vient éteindre le flux de l’étoile principale grâce aux propriétés de cohérence de la lumière.On recombine la lumière issue de deux télescopes ou plus de sorte à faire interférer destructivement les photons provenant de l’étoile principale et constructivement pour les photons venant du compagnon ou du disque environnant. Mon travail de thèse s’inscrit dans ce cadre, avec l’étude de données observationnelles de huit disques de débris réalisées au Very Large Telescope, grâce à la technique interférométrique de masquage de pupille. Lors de cette étude j’ai réalisé la réduction des données interférométriques et une analyse des termes de clôtures de phase. Puisque aucun compagnon n’a été détecté dans les données, j’en ai déduit les limites de détection en termes de luminosité et de masse estimée à l’aide d’isochrones issue de modèle d’évolution.Ma thèse à également consisté en une composante expérimentale, avec la conception et l’étalonnage de l’instrument FIRST-IR (Fibered Imager foR a Single Telescope InfraRed) en laboratoire, à l’Observatoire de Meudon. Cet instrument est un interféromètre qui associe la technique de réarrangement de pupille fibré et la recombinaison de la lumière paroptique intégrée. Le type d’optique intégrée étudié ici est un composant optique planaire sur lequel des guides d’ondes ont été gravés. l’optique intégrée est de type nuller et prend en entrée le flux de quatre sous-pupilles. Les guides sont agencés selon une certaine architecture permettant de réaliser dans un premier temps une fonction annulante sur trois bases puis une mesure des franges d’interférence sur les trois voies annulées. J’ai réalisé un étalonnage complet de cette optique intégrée ainsi que des mesures de clôture de phase.En conclusion, j’ai pu montrer la viabilité de l’instrument FIRST-IR avec ce nouveau concept d’optique intégrée de type nuller. En particulier j’ai démontré que la mesure de la clôture de phase reste stable pour une cible point source, quel que soit le taux d’annulation interférométrique appliqué. / The detection of exoplanets and young stars environment such as debris disks deals with two major difficulties: on one hand, the low angular distance between companion (or disk) and its host star, and on the other hand, the high contrast of flux between the two components. Interferometry is one of the techniques that solves these two issues. It is particularly the case in the application of nulling interferometry, in which we extinguish the flux from the main star thanks to coherence properties of the light.My thesis work takes part in this context, with the study of eight debris disks observationnal data made at the Very Large Telescope, using the Sparse Aperture Maskig interferometric technique. I achieved the data reduction and the analysis of closure phases. As no companion was found in the data, I derived detection limits in terms of luminosity and estimated mass.My thesis also consisted in an instrumental part, with the conception of the FIRST-IR (Fibered Imager foR a Single Telescope InfraRed) instrument in laboratory. This instrument is an interferometer which associates fibered pupil remapping technique and integrated optic based recombination of light.To conclude, I have shown the viability of FIRST-IR instrument using this new integrated optic based nuller architecture. Particularly, I demonstrated that closure phase remains stable for a source point target, regardless of the nulling level applied.

No description available.

Candida auris, a recently emergent fungal pathogen, has caused invasive infections in health care settings worldwide. Mortality rates approach 60% and hospital spread poses a public health threat. Compared to other Candida spp., C. auris avoids triggering the antifungal activity of neutrophils, innate immune cells that are critical for responding to many invasive fungal infections, including candidiasis. However, the mechanism underpinning this immune evasion has been largely unknown. Here, we show that C. auris cell wall mannosylation contributes to the evasion of neutrophils ex vivo and in a zebrafish infection model. Genetic disruption of mannosylation pathways (PMR1 and VAN1) diminishes the outer cell wall mannan, unmasks immunostimulatory components, and promotes neutrophil engagement, phagocytosis, and killing. Upon examination of these pathways in other Candida spp. (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata), we did not find an impact on neutrophil interactions. These studies show how C. auris mannosylation contributes to neutrophil evasion though pathways distinct from other common Candida spp. The findings shed light on innate immune evasion for this emerging pathogen. IMPORTANCE The emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris presents a global public health threat. Therapeutic options are often limited for this frequently drug-resistant pathogen, and mortality rates for invasive disease are high. Previous study has demonstrated that neutrophils, leukocytes critical for the antifungal host defense, do not efficiently recognize and kill C. auris. Here, we show how the outer cell wall of C. auris promotes immune evasion. Disruption of this mannan polysaccharide layer renders C. auris susceptible to neutrophil killing ex vivo and in a zebrafish model of invasive candidiasis. The role of these mannosylation pathways for neutrophil evasion appears divergent from other common Candida species.

Background noise is ubiquitous and can impair acoustic communication and influence signaling behavior in animals. Despite evidence demonstrating myriad effects of anthropogenic noise on animal communication, precisely how natural background noise influences communication and behavior remains unclear. Yet, natural sources of background noise, such as rushing rivers or crashing ocean surf, share similar power spectra to sources of anthropogenic noise and can occur at high amplitudes, potentially masking acoustic signals. To investigate the effects of water-generated noise on songbird behavior, we experimentally broadcast landscape-level playbacks of ocean surf and river noise in coastal California, USA, and riparian habitat in Idaho, USA, respectively. In Chapter 1, we conducted a conspecific playback experiment examining how territorial defense behaviors of lazuli buntings (Passerina amoena) and spotted towhees (Pipilo maculatus) vary in response to broadcast water noise. We also incorporated cicada noise from a serendipitous Okanagana spp. emergence as a biotic source influencing lazuli bunting behavior. Both species produce songs that share substantial spectral overlap with low-frequency, water-generated noise, and lazuli bunting song shares an additional high-frequency overlap with cicada calls. Thus, there is potential for background acoustic conditions to mask conspecific signals. We found that detection and discrimination of conspecific playback occurred more slowly for both species as sound level increased. Lazuli buntings also exhibited divergent flight behaviors in response to high- and low-frequency acoustic sources, both dependent and independent of sound level. In Chapter 2, we investigated how amplitude and frequency of water-generated noise influences spectral and temporal song characteristics in six songbird species. We recorded individuals defending territories across 37 sites, with each site representing one of four acoustic environments: naturally quiet ‘controls’, naturally noisy ‘positive controls’ adjacent to the ocean or a whitewater river, ‘phantom’ playback sites with continuous broadcast of low-frequency water noise, and ‘shifted’ playback sites with continuous broadcast of high-frequency water noise. We predicted that all individuals exposed to ‘positive control’, ‘phantom’, or ‘shifted’ noise would adjust song structure, but the magnitude of signal modification would be larger in noisier locations and the type of modification would depend on the spectral profile of the acoustic environment. No two species altered songs in precisely the same way. However, song structure of all six species varied with amplitude and/or frequency of background noise. Together our results demonstrate that natural noise can impair agonistic behaviors and influence vocal structure. These findings suggest that the natural acoustic environment shapes acoustic communication, highlighting natural soundscapes as an under-appreciated axis of the environment.

Can the brain register the emotional valence of brief exposures of complex natural stimuli under conditions of forward and backward masking, and under conditions of attentional competition between foveal and peripheral stimuli? To address this question, three experiments were conducted. The first, a behavioural experiment, measured subjective valence of response (pleasant vs unpleasant) to test the perception of the valence of natural images in brief, masked exposures in a forward and backward masking paradigm. Images were chosen from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) series. After correction for response bias, responses to the majority of target stimuli were concordant with the IAPS ratings at better than chance, even when the presence of the target was undetected. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the effects of IAPS valence and stimulus category were objectively measured on nine regions of interest (ROIs) using the same strict temporal restrictions in a similar masking design. Evidence of affective processing close to or below conscious threshold was apparent in some of the ROIs. To further this line of enquiry, a second fMRI experiment mapping the same ROIs and using the same stimuli were presented in a foveal (‘attended’) peripheral (‘to-be-ignored’) paradigm (small image superimposed in the centre of a large image of the same category, but opposite valence) to investigate spatial parameters and limitations of attention. Results are interpreted as showing both valence and category specific effects of ‘to-be-ignored’ images in the periphery. These results are discussed in light of theories of the limitations of attentional capacity and the speed in which we process natural images, providing new evidence of the breadth of variety in the types of affective visual stimuli we are able to process close to the threshold of conscious perception.

Stimuli that cannot be perceived (i.e., that are subliminal) can still elicit neural responses in an observer, but can such stimuli influence behavior and higher-order cognition? Empirical evidence for such effects has periodically been accepted and rejected over the last six decades. Today, many psychologists seem to consider such effects well-established and recent studies have extended the power of subliminal processing to new limits. In this thesis, I examine whether this shift in zeitgeist is matched by a shift in evidential strength for the phenomenon. This thesis consists of three empirical studies involving more than 250 participants, a simulation study, and a quantitative review. The conclusion based on these efforts is that several methodological, statistical, and theoretical issues remain in studies of subliminal processing. These issues mean that claimed subliminal effects might be caused by occasional or weak percepts (given the experimenters’ own definitions of perception) and that it is still unclear what evidence there is for the cognitive processing of subliminal stimuli. New data are presented suggesting that even in conditions traditionally claimed as “subliminal”, occasional or weak percepts may in fact influence cognitive processing more strongly than do the physical stimuli, possibly leading to reversed priming effects. I also summarize and provide methodological, statistical, and theoretical recommendations that could benefit future research aspiring to provide solid evidence for subliminal cognitive processing. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

Faire le lien entre la morphologie d'un signal sonore et certains de ses attributs perceptifs est une étape capitale dans l'élaboration d'un synthétiseur proposant un contrôle intuitif. Certains aspects de cette morphologie peuvent être caractérisés au moyen de "descripteurs acoustiques". Lorsqu'ils sont choisis judicieusement, ces descripteurs permettent de classer des signaux dans des catégories ayant un sens perceptif ; ceci permet d'établir un lien entre morphologie et perception. Dans le travail présenté ici, on s'intéresse en particulier à la catégorisation perceptive de sons d'impact.La plupart des descripteurs considérés ici se construisent à partir d'une modélisation paramétrique du signal. Dans notre cas, la modélisation la plus appropriée semble être la décomposition en somme de sinusoïdes amorties. Une estimation stable et rigoureuse des paramètres du modèle étant essentielle au calcul des descripteurs, on se penche sur la comparaison de plusieurs méthodes de décomposition. Il ressort que la méthode à haute résolution ESPRIT semble la plus indiquée, mais qu'elle ne peut pas être utilisée sous sa forme classique. On propose donc différentes adaptations. En particulier, on s'intéresse à l'application d'ESPRIT dans des repères de Gabor. En outre, on propose des méthodes pour maximiser le caractère parcimonieux de la décomposition.On étudie finalement un cas d'application concret : à partir d'une banque de sons enregistrés en chambre anéchoïque résultant d'impacts sur divers objets du quotidien, on évalue la pertinence d'un ensemble de descripteurs pour la catégorisation en fonction du matériau perçu. / Linking an audio signal morphology with some of its perceptual attributes is a key step when elaborating a intuitively controlled synthesizer. Some of these morphology aspects can be characterized using "acoustical descriptors". When chosen wisely, descriptors can allow a classification of audio signals in categories which are perceptually relevant ; in such cases, this approach establishes a link between morphology and perception. The present work focuses on the perceptual categorization of impact sounds.Most of the descriptors proposed here are computed using a parametrized description of the signal. Here, the most appropriate parametrization seems to be a decomposition in exponentially damped sinusoids. A robust and stable estimation of the model parameters being essential to the computation of relevant descriptors, different parametrization methods are described and compared. From these comparisons, it appears that the high-resolution method ESPRIT is the most appropriate, but that it cannot be applied in its classical form. Several adaptations are therefore investigated. In particular, the application of ESPRIT in Gabor frames is considered. Besides, a method is proposed in order to minimize the number of components necessary for a satisfactory decomposition.Finally, a concrete application is addressed : from an impact sounds bank recorded in an anechoic chamber, elaborated with a wide range of everyday-life objects, the relevance of several acoustical descriptors for the perceptual categorization of the perceived material is investigated.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de classificação de imagens multiespectrais aplicada a análise e mapeamento da evolução do uso da terra/cobertura vegetal em São Félix do Xingu, Sul do Pará. Imagens frações representando as proporções de sombra, vegetação e solo foram estimadas a partir das bandas 1 a 5 e 7 do Landsat-5 TM e relacionadas com as estruturas das classes de uso da terra/cobertura vegetal. As imagens frações geradas do modelo linear de mistura espectral foram importantes para reduzir a massa de dados e ao mesmo tempo realçar alvos de interesse na imagem. A banda do infravermelho próximo (TM-4) foi importante para realçar áreas de queimadas. A classificação adotada foi divida em etapas combinando técnica de segmentação por crescimento de regiões e uso de máscaras. Por meio da máscara foi possível restringir o processo de segmentação em regiões pré-estabelecidas com o intuito de adquirir um melhor particionamento da imagem. Adotando este procedimento, ao invés de realizar uma única segmentação para mapear todas as classes em uma única vez, foram realizadas várias segmentações ao longo das etapas. As regiões segmentadas foram agrupadas com um classificador não-supervionado batizado de ISOSEG. Os resultados mostram que a metodologia é bastante eficiente. A matriz de erro gerada para a classificação de 2008 apontou que as confusões mais freqüentes ocorreram entre as classes que apresentaram em certas localidades proporções de misturas parecidas: Capoeira e Campo/Pastagem-2; Campo/Pastagem-1 e Campo/Pastagem-2; Queimada-1 e Queimada-2; Solo Exposto e Campo/Pastagem-1. Considerando nove classes, o índice Kappa atingiu 0,58, o que representa um valor de concordância classificada como moderada. Quando o numero de classes foi reduzido para 6, agrupando as classes que apresentaram as maiores confusões, o índice Kappa subiu para 0,80, atingindo um valor de concordância quase perfeita. A comparação dos resultados das classificações de 1987, 1992, 2000 e 2008 juntamente com a analise de dados auxiliares permitiu traçar um modelo de evolução do desmatamento e do uso da terra para São Félix do Xingu. O intenso desmatamento observado principalmente a partir de 2000 foi relacionado com o incremento da atividade pecuária, sendo São Félix do Xingu o município que detém atualmente o segundo maior rebanho bovino do País. / In this work we present a methodological procedure for multi-spectral images classification to evaluate and map land-use and land-cover changes in São Félix do Xingu, Southern Pará (Brazilian Amazon). Fraction images representing shade, vegetation and soil abundance at the pixel scale were estimated using all six reflective bands of Thematic Mapper sensor (TM-1 to TM-5 and TM-7) and related to different types of land-use and land-cover classes. The linear spectral mixing analysis method was an alternative approach adopted to reduce the data-dimensionality while at the same time enhancing targets of interest. Also, the near-infrared band (TM-4) was employed to separate areas affected by burns (Queimadas in Portuguese). The classification routines were performed in stages by combining region-growing segmentation and use of masking techniques. For each stage, the segmentation process was directed to preselected areas by masking techniques in order to obtain a better image partitioning. This procedure resulted in more than one segmentation thereby reducing confusing errors during the classification routine. An unsupervised classifier by region named ISOSEG was employed to classify the segmented images. The analysis of classification results was mainly qualitative and visual except for the 2008 classification which was assessed through an error matrix. According to the error matrix analysis, misclassifications arose more frequently when a set of classes with similar mixture proportions were involved, such as: Capoeira and Campo/Pastagem-2; Campo/Pastagem-1 and Campo/Pastagem- 2; Queimada-1 and Queimada-2, and finally Bare Soil and Campo/Pastagem-1. As a robust measure of concordance for dichotomous data, the kappa statistic reached a value of 0.62 by considering nine land types of classes and it rose to 0.80 when the mapping classes were diminished to six. Theses kappa values represent moderate and strong agreements between the remotely sensed classification and the reference data, respectively. Making use of the classification results from 1987, 1992, 2000 and 2008 and auxiliary data, we tried to design a simple land evolution model to São Félix do Xingu. The deforestation process notably intensified since 2000 has been driven mainly by a continuous increase in cattle breeding, for wich São Félix do Xingu has the second-largest cattle herd of all Brazilian municipalities.

Os peixes são organismos plásticos em relação às alterações de ciclos ambientais como o ciclo claro/escuro e ciclo de disponibildade alimentar, zeitgebers comprovadamente fortes para outros organismos vertebrados. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi verificar se o ciclo claro /escuro (CE) e o ciclo de disponibilidade alimentar (AJ) promovem sincronização da atividade locomotora em exemplares de robalos juvenis das espécies Centropomus parallelus e C. undecimalis coletados na região do Sistema Cananéia-Iguape (SP). Foi verificada uma possível relação hierárquica entre estes ciclos ambientais, e também foram observadas diferenças inter e intraindividuais de sincronização. Depois de coletados os peixes permaneceram em aquários do Laboratório de Ritmos Biológicos do GMDRB (Grupo Multidisciplinar de Desenvolvimento e Ritmos Biológicos) com temperatura da água entre 25 e 30oC, salinidade entre 20 a 30‰ e ciclos claro/escuro de 11:13h e 13:11h. A alimentação foi administrada manualmente, a intensidade luminosa da fase clara foi de 90lux e da fase escura foi de 10lux. A atividade locomotora dos peixes foi registrada individualmente através das interrupções nos feixes de luz infra-vermelha. Os feixes foram gerados por emissores de luz e detectados por fotocélulas; os pares emissor-fotocélula foram distribuídos na superfície e fundo dos aquários. A interrupção foi convertida em pulso elétrico por uma interface digital. Os dados foram processados através do programa “El Temps"(Diez-Noguera, 1999); foram confeccionados actogramas, periodogramas de Lomb-Scargle e plexogramas. Foram calculadas as porcentagens de alocação da atividade locomotora em cada fase (claro, escuro, jejum e alimentação) baseadas no número total de horas da fase correspondente. As porcentagens foram então comparadas em todas as condições experimentais, para todos os indivíduos. As comparações foram feitas através do teste Z com correção de Yates, com o auxílio do programa estatístico “SigmaStat" versão 3.11. Diante dos resultados obtidos pôde-se concluir que somente o ciclo claro /escuro foi capaz de sincronizar alguns dos exemplares testados neste estudo. O mascaramento promovido por este ciclo ambiental possivelmente é responsável pela plasticidade temporal e reflete a complexidade do ambiente costeiro repleto de ciclos ambientais. / Fish are generally adaptable to changes in environmental cycles such as the light/dark cycle (LD) and food availability cycle (EF). These cycles are the most common and considered strong zeitgebers for vertebrates. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LD and EF cycles were able to synchronize the locomotor activity of juvenile snooks (Centropomus undecimalis and C. parallelus) collected at Cananéia estuary (São Paulo – Brazil). Juvenile fish were kept in a laboratory lightproof room (Laboratório de Ritmos Biológicos do GMDRB-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Desenvolvimento e Ritmos Biológicos), water temperature between 25 and 30oC, salinity between 20 and 30‰. Feeding was performed manually. A bulb of a blue light was located at the top of aquaria (90lx in the light phase and 10lx in the dark phase). Locomotor activity was detected by six (eight, depending on aquaria) pairs of infrared sensors distributed on the surface and at the bottom of aquaria. Data collected from the infrared sensors were analyzed through the program “El Temps". Actograms, Lomb-Scargle periodograms, and plexograms were drawn. Locomotor activity percentages were calculated for the different phases of the cycles and compared in all experimental manipulations for all indivuduals. The comparisions were calculated using the software “SigmaStat" version 3.11 through the test Z with Yates correction. We concluded that the LD cycle syncronized (probably masking) the locomotor activity in some juvenile fish studied whereas the EF cycle did not. We discuss the temporal plasticity observed in the context of the complexity of coastal environmental.