The process for assessing the condition of a composite bridge via strain measurements is detailed in this thesis. Field measurements were utilized to conduct the assessment of a bridge located in the northern region of Sweden. The bridge is constructed with a trough and two beams, and its structure is supported by two retaining walls that enclose a 21.8-meter-long compartment. A one hundred and sixty kilo Newton vehicle cargo of trains passes the bridge. The objective is to measure and assess the bridge in the event that the axial load increases to 300 kN. Testing commenced in February of 2023. The measurement of strain was conducted using test cases. To determine the bridge's behaviour, modelling was conducted in accordance with the measurements. For this thesis, a set of models with finite elements was established and analysed. Models are made using data taken in the field and the properties of the materials. With these models as guides, he was able to make a model that is 97% accurate of how the bridge really is. The retaining walls were left out of the models because measurements showed that they were very rigid.  The influence line was also created to find the positions of the axial loads, resulting in the largest value of bending moment. After that, those positions were used for a new model with 350 KN of axial loads. Next, the stresses resulting from the actual axial loads are computed and validated using Eurocode criteria. The last step was to compare the results of the calculation with the results of the finite element analysis. The modelling results showed values that were similar to the test results, so these were used to compare the results. The modelling results serve by measuring strain interactions d as an evaluation of the bridge's condition. The assessment shows that the bridge is stronger than when standard methods are used. / Detta examenarbete beskriver i detalj hur töjningsmätningar används för att bedöma en kompositbros tillstånd. En bro i den norra regionen av Sverige bedömdes med hjälp av fältmätningar. Bron är konstruerad med ett tråg och två balkar. Två stödmurar omsluter utrymmet på 21,8 meter. En godsvagn som väger 160 kN går över bron. Målet är att mäta och utvärdera bron i händelse av att den axiella belastningen stiger till 300 kN.  Testningen började i februari 2023. Det användes testfall för att mäta töjning. Modellering utfördes i enlighet med mätningarna för att avgöra brons beteende. En uppsättning modeller med ändliga element konstruerades och analyserades för denna avhandling. Data från fältet och materialegenskaper användes för att skapa modellerna. En modell som är 97 % korrekt av brons verkliga form kan skapas med hjälp av dessa modeller som vägledning. Modellerna inkluderade inte stödmurarna eftersom mätningar visade att de var extremt styva. Det största böjningsmomentet uppnåddes genom att använda inflytelselinjen för att hitta axiella belastningspositioner. En ny studie använde dessa positioner för 350 kN axiella belastningar. Nästa steg var att beräkna och verifiera spänningarna från de verkliga axiella belastningarna med hjälp av Eurocode-standarderna.  Det sista steget var att göra en jämförelse mellan resultaten från den ändliga elementanalysen och beräkningen. Värden som visades i modellresultaten var liknande de värden som visades i testet, så dessa användes för att jämföra resultaten. Modelleringsresultaten använder töjningsinteraktioner för att bedöma brotillståndet. Undersökningen visar att bron är starkare än med standardmetoder.

xv, 298 p. ; ill. (chiefly col.), maps (chiefly col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: AAA F868.Y6 G47 2004 / This study describes existing conditions, evaluates significance and historic integrity, and recommends treatment strategies to preserve historic elements of the Nevada Fall Corridor cultural landscape in Yosemite National Park. It reports findings from field investigation that examined and inventoried landscape features such as stone retaining walls, treadway material, bridges and causeways, and water features on both current-use and abandoned trail segments. The site was examined numerous times over a three-month period, with a followup visit one year later. Libraries and other archives were consulted for written and photographic historic documentation, which were analyzed against current conditions. The process also involved review of comparison documents as well as national guidelines set forth by the National Park Service. / Adviser: Melnick, Robert Z.

Indonesia is a developing country that suffers from earthquakes and windstorms and where at least 60% of houses are non-engineered structures, built by unskilled workers using masonry and timber. The non-engineered housing units developed in urban region are also vulnerable to seismic hazard due to the use of low quality of material and constructions method. Those structures are not resistant to extreme lateral loads or ground movement and their failure during an earthquake or storm can lead to significant loss of life. This thesis is concerned with the structural performance of Indonesian low-rise buildings made of masonry and timber under lateral seismic load. The research presented includes a survey of forms of building structure and experimental, analytical and numerical work to predict the behaviour of masonry wall and traditional timber frame buildings. Experimental testing of both masonry and timber have been carried out in Indonesia to establish the quality of materials and to provide material properties for numerical simulations. The experimental study found that the strength of Indonesia-Bali clay brick masonry are below the minimum standard required for masonry structures built in seismic regions, being at least 50% lower than the requirement specified in British Standard and Eurocode-6 (BS EN 1996-1-1:2005). In contrast, Indonesian timber materials meet the strength classes specified in British Standard/Eurocode- 5 (BS EN 338:2009) in the range of strength grade D35-40 and C35).Structural tests under monotonic and cyclic loading have been conducted on building components in Indonesia, to determine the load-displacement capacity of local hand-made masonry wall panels and timber frames in order to: (1) evaluate the performance of masonry and timber frame structure, (2) investigate the dynamic behaviour of both structures, (3) observe the effect of in-plane stiffness and ductility level, and (4) examine the anchoring joint at the base of timber frame that resists the overturning moment. From these tests, the structural ductility was found to be less than two which is below the requirement of the relevant guidelines from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA (FEMA-306). It was also observed that the lateral stiffness of masonry wall is much higher than the equivalent timber frame of the same height and length. The experimental value of stiffness of the masonry wall panel was found to be one-twelfth of the recommended values given in FEMA-356 and the Canadian Building code. The masonry wall provides relatively low displacement compared to the large displacement of the timber frame at the full capacity level of lateral load, with structural framing members of the latter remaining intact. The weak point of the timber frame is the mechanical joint and the capacity of slip joint governs the lateral load capacity of the whole frame. Detailed numerical models of the experimental specimens were setup in Abaqus using three-dimensional solid elements. Cohesive elements were used to simulate the mortar behaviour, exhibiting cracking and the associated physical separation of the elements. Appropriate contact definitions were used where relevant, especially for the timber frame joints. A range of available material plasticity models were reviewed: Drucker-Prager, Crystalline Plasticity, and Cohesive Damage model. It was found that the combination of Crystalline Plasticity model for the brick unit and timber, and the Cohesive Damage model for the mortar is capable of simulating the experimental load-displacement behaviour fairly accurately. The validated numerical models have been used to (1) predict the lateral load capacity, (2) determine the cracking load and patterns, (3) carry out a detailed parametric study by changing the geometric and material properties different to the experimental specimens. The numerical models were used to assess different strengthening measures such as using bamboo as reinforcement in the masonry walls for a complete single storey, and a two-storey houses including openings for doors and windows. The traditional footing of the timber structures was analysed using Abaqus and was found to be an excellent base isolation system which partly explains the survival of those structures in the past earthquakes. The experimental and numerical results have finally been used to develop a design guideline for new construction as well as recommendations for retrofitting of existing structures for improved performance under seismic lateral load.

This work deals with a new building – block of flats on land no. 1799/1, 1800/1 cadastral Újezd u Brna, region Brno - venkov. This building contains 15 individual flats. The object is geometrically divided on central part with gabled roof and 2 side parts with hip roof. Slopes of roofs 10°. Building is designed as three-storey object without a cellarage, whence all three storeys are residential . The building is accessible from local road and it is possible to park a car next to the object in new-build parking place. Residential rooms are positively rotated to south and ventilated naturally. All the residential rooms are exposed to direct day light. Sidewalk and hard surface are treated as concrete and scrubbed pavement. Construction peripheral bearing masonry, interior bearing masonry and cross buntons effected from ceramic breeze-block POROTHERM. Ceilings plates are made of reinforced concrete. Staircase are made of reinforced concrete as well.

Subject of this work is pursuance technology of above-standard family house. This diploma thesis contains construction and technology report, technological prescriptions for important parts of buildings, technology report of plant building site, concepts of mechanical assembly, inspection and test plan, technology report of health and safety on the construction site. Budget, calculation and time planning, a drawing of the facilities of the construction site, description of transport relations is included in addendum. Work also contains part about use of Calcium silicate masonry and its comparation.

La franc-maçonnerie apparaît être, dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe, un élément essentiel du développement intellectuel et culturel du Bilâd al-Shâm. Ses membres sont impliqués dans le mouvement de renaissance intellectuelle Nahda, qui profite de l’ère politique nouvelle de l’Empire ottoman ouverte par les tanzimat. Dans ce contexte, les conflits religieux continuent d’agiter une société confessionnalisée, que les francs-maçons entraînent dans la voie du progrès, de la modernité et de la laïcité. Dans la 1e partie de la thèse, on présente la franc-maçonnerie dans sa réalité concrète à Beyrouth et au Mont Liban, prenant pour modèles deux loges, Palestine et Le Liban, mais aussi dans sa dimension spirituelle. Le processus d’intégration de la franc-maçonnerie et d’inculturation dans le milieu arabe est souligné, de même que le rôle que les francs-maçons font jouer à la Société Scientifique Syrienne. L’émir Muhammad Arslan, franc-maçon et réformateur, est présentée en tant qu’exemple d’une Aufklärung arabe. La 2e partie de la thèse montre le dialogue stérile entre francs-maçons et jésuites en Syrie ottomane. Le jugement sur l’entrée des croyants en franc-maçonnerie que porte un savant musulman, est présenté à partir de l’étude du premier manuscrit en arabe qui en traite. La thèse fait appel à divers témoignages publiés de contemporains, mais aussi à des manuscrits conservés dans des archives publiques et privées. Plusieurs d’entre eux sont utilisés pour la première fois, tel le plus ancien rituel maçonnique en langue arabe, le règlement intérieur de la première loge de Beyrouth ou les statuts inédits de la Société Scientifique Syrienne fondée par les francs-maçons. La recherche conduit ainsi à relever de quelle manière la franc-maçonnerie au cœur de débats, a proposé un modèle de société qui apparaît davantage méta-religieux qu’areligieux ou antireligieux. Cette société est celle où peut vivre désaliéné quiconque aspire au progrès et à la modernité. / Freemasonry appears to be in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, an essential part of the cultural development of Bilâd al-Shâm. Its members were involved in the intellectual movement revival "Nahda", which itself has been able to take advantage of the new political era of the Ottoman Empire opened by the Tanzimat. Religious conflicts continued to wave a confessional society. The Freemasons led it in the path of progress, modernity and secularism. In the 1st part of the thesis, we present Freemasonry in its concrete reality in Beirut and Mount Lebanon, through two lodges, Palestine and Le Liban, but also in its spiritual dimension. The integration and the Arabization process is emphasized by Freemasonry through the use of the ritual, and in the role that Freemasons played in the constitution of the Syrian Scientific Society in Beirut. A personality of rare diplomacy and knowledge, Emir Muhammad Arslan, Freemason and reformer, is presented as an example of an Arab intellectual. The 2nd part shows the fruitless dialogue between the Freemasons and the Jesuits in Ottoman Syria. The case of the Wandering Jew is an emblematic episode in the struggle for secularism led by Freemasons. Also we present the 1st manuscript written in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire by a Muslim scholar. The thesis uses various published testimonies of contemporaries, but is also based on manuscripts kept in public and private archives. Some of them, which have never been used so far, such as the oldest Masonic ritual in Arabic, provide a new light on the beginning of Freemasonry in Beirut and on its impact in the history of Ottoman Syria. The research concludes how Freemasonry at the heart of debates, was able to propose a new model of society that seems more meta-religious than non-religious or anti-religious. This is the new society, in which every human being is able to yearn for freedom and aspire to progress and modernity.

La conservación del patrimonio cultural esta considerado como un principio fundamental en la vida cultural de las sociedades modernas. En los últimos años, se han realizado extensas investigaciones en torno a esta área, conduciendo a desarrollos en la inspección, ensayos no destructivos, monitorización y análisis estructural de monumentos.Por otra parte, el análisis de construcciones antiguas formula importantes desafíos dada la complejidad de su geometría, la variabilidad de las propiedades de los materiales tradicionales, las diferentes técnicas de construcción, la ausencia de conocimiento sobre los daños existentes, y de cómo afectan determinadas acciones a las construcciones a lo largo de su vida.Dichos desafíos suponen que las construcciones del patrimonio arquitectónico estén sometidas a una serie de dificultades de diagnóstico y restauración, que limitan la aplicación de las disposiciones normativas y las pautas vigentes en el ámbito general de la construcción. Y es por todo ello que la comprensión, el análisis y la reparación de construcciones históricas se establece como uno de los desafíos más importantes de los técnicos modernos.¿Sería razonable operar a un enfermo sin tener constancia objetiva del mal que adolece?, en ese caso ¿porqué intervenimos en nuestra herencia cultural sin tener conocimiento contrastado de las causas desencadenantes de sus procesos patológicos?Respondiendo a la cuestión formulada, las intervenciones en las construcciones antiguas, dada su fragilidad, requieren precisión, detalle y formación especial en el desarrollo de un estudio previo riguroso de diagnóstico que de soporte a las decisiones sobre las técnicas de intervención que deben adoptarse.En este proceso es fundamental la fase de reconocimiento - análisis, dado que es en esta etapa en la que se plantean hipótesis y se comprueban, de forma objetiva, a través de cálculos y ensayos. Dentro de la fase referida, debe prestarse especial atención al reconocimiento experimental, dado que dicha inspección además de contribuir a la obtención de parámetros de entrada de los modelos de análisis, tiene como misión el contribuir a calibrarlos mediante la comprobación experimental de los resultados obtenidos analíticamente en determinados puntos de control.Por su parte, es deseable que dicho reconocimiento experimental se realice de la forma menos intrusiva posible para con la construcción, sobremanera en el caso de bienes de carácter monumental.En línea con lo argumentado, la investigación que se presenta incide, dentro del proceso metodológico general de intervención en una construcción antigua, en la fase del reconocimiento experimental, in situ, ligeramente destructivo, y a su vez, dentro de éste, en las técnicas orientadas a obtener información útil desde un punto de vista de la caracterización mecánica de elementos estructurales de fábrica.En este sentido, se pretende contribuir a la puesta a punto, en España, de métodos para la evaluación in situ de la fiabilidad de los elementos estructurales existentes en construcciones históricas de obra de fábrica. Para ello, se van a focalizar los esfuerzos en el calibrado, en laboratorio, de las técnicas de gatos planos, hole drilling y mini-presurometría de fábricas, y posteriormente se aplicarán a casos reales in situ. / Cultural heritage conservation is considered as a fundamental principle of modern societies' cultural life. In recent years, extensive research has been done on this area, leading developments on inspection, non-destructive testing, monitoring and monument structural analysis.In other hand, old buildings analysis implies significant challenges due to the complexity of its geometry, variability of traditional materials properties, different construction techniques, lack of knowledge about existing damage, and how certain actions affect throughout their life to buildings.These challenges mean that architectural heritage buildings are subject to diagnosis and refurbishment difficulties, which limit the application of standards and construction guidelines. That is why the understanding, the analysis and the historic buildings' repair, are considered as one of the most important challenges of modern technicians.Would it be reasonable to operate a patient without objective evidence of the illness that suffers? In that case, why do we intervene in our cultural heritage without knowing the causes that have initiated its pathological processes?Answering to this question, interventions in old buildings, because of its fragility, require accuracy, detail and a special education in the development of a previous diagnostic study, in order to give support to decisions to be adopted on intervention techniques.In this process, it is essential the phase survey - analysis, because it is at this stage where the hypothesis are set out and verified with calculations and tests. Within this phase, it should pay special attention to experimental survey, since such inspection contributes to both obtaining input parameters of the model analysis, and contributes to calibrate it using the experimental verification of the results obtained analytically at certain checkpoints.Moreover, it is desirable that such experimental survey is performed of the least intrusive way as possible for the construction, greatly in the case of monumental constructions.Within the general process of intervention on old constructions, the research presented insists on the on-site experimental survey stage, slightly destructive, and within it, on the techniques aimed to obtain useful information for the mechanical characterization of masonry structural elements.In this sense, it aims to contribute to the development in Spain of methods for on-site evaluation of the structural elements' reliability in masonry historical buildings. For this, efforts will focus on the calibration, in laboratory, of the techniques of flat jacks, hole drilling and masonry mini-pressurometer, and then its application to real on-site cases.

Les structures en maçonnerie représentent une proportion importante des maisons individuelles et sont plus vulnérables notamment lorsqu'elles sont soumises à des mouvements de terrain. Pour faire face aux conséquences de ce problème, une plate-forme d'essais a été développée pour simuler des mouvements de terrain et leur effet sur des modèles de structure en surface. Ce travail de thèse s'appuie sur un modèle physique réduit et développe des méthodes d'évaluation des dommages des structures maçonnées à l'aide de l'expérimentation physique. Dans un premier temps, un modèle physique à échelle réduite sous gravité terrestre (1g) a été conçu pour reproduire ce phénomène. Ce modèle d'interaction sol-fondation-maçonnerie est à l'échelle de 1/40. Le sol analogique est constitué d'un sable de Fontainebleau. La fondation de la structure est fabriquée à partir de silicone liquide, et les murs en maçonnerie sont constitués de petits blocs en bois. Pour mesurer les champs de déplacement du sol et de la structure, une technique de corrélation d'images numériques (DIC) est utilisée. Des discussions à propos de l'usage de cette technique lors de la réalisation d'un essai, notamment la prise en compte des erreurs de mesures, ont été également abordées. Dans un deuxième temps, on évalue les dommages par les méthodes conventionnelles basées sur des indicateurs de dommages et des abaques. Ensuite, des nouveaux outils basés sur la technique DIC sont proposés pour réaliser une évaluation de dommages plus efficace, et plus aisée. Le premier outil se basant sur le modèle d'interaction sol-structure de Winkler permet d'identifier les modes de rupture dans la structure. Pour cela, le problème inverse de l'interaction sol-structure a été résolu et les modes de rupture du mur, basés sur les efforts internes, ont été identifiés. Ensuite, un modèle DIC-M est proposé pour reproduire les fissures dans la maçonnerie. Le point clé de ce modèle concerne les mouvements des blocs qui sont simulés par un système d'éléments distincts. Par ce moyen, la reproduction des fissures, puis l'identification et la quantification des fissures deviennent aisées. Plus précisément, un nouvel indicateur de dommages lié à la longueur des fissures permet de mieux quantifier les dommages et de cartographier les fissures. L'incertitude de mesure est déterminée par une simulation de Monte-Carlo des erreurs de déplacements. Dans un troisième temps, la performance des outils développés est évaluée au travers d'un exemple d'évaluation des dommages potentiels. Une maison individuelle en maçonnerie soumise aux mouvements de terrain a été étudiée à l'aide de l'expérimentation physique. Une campagne d'essais considérant les positions les plus sensibles par rapport à la cuvette d'affaissement est réalisée. L'évaluation du niveau de dommage a été réalisée à l'aide des mesures de déformations et des caractéristiques de fissures observées. La comparaison entre les méthodes conventionnelles et la méthode développée montre la pertinence de l'indicateur longueur des fissures, et cet indicateur peut être considéré comme un nouvel outil lors d'évaluation des dommages dans la pratique. Pour conclure, des recommandations opérationnelles ont été suggérées afin d'obtenir une meilleure estimation du niveau de dommages de la structure. / Masonry structures present a significant proportion of individual houses and are especially more vulnerable when subjected to ground movements. To deal with consequences of this problem, a test-platform has been developed in order to simulate ground movements and their effect on structure models on the surface. This thesis is based on a reduced physical model and develops damage assessment methods for masonry structures using physical modelling. Firstly, a small-scaled physical model under Earth's gravity (1g) has been developed to reproduce this phenomenon. This model of soil-foundation-masonry interaction has a scale factor of 1/40. The analogue soil consists of the Fontainebleau sand. The foundation part of the structure is made of liquid silicon and masonry walls are made from small wooden blocks. To measure displacements fields of the soil and the structure, a digital image correlation (DIC) technique is used. Discussions about the use of this technique when performing a test, especially the consideration of measurement errors, are also addressed. Secondly, we first assess the damage through conventional methods based on damage indicators and graphs. Then, new easy to use tools based on the DIC technique are proposed to carry out a more effective damage assessment. The first tool helps identify failure modes in the structure, based on the Winkler soil-structure interaction model. To do this, the inverse problem of soil-structure interaction is resolved, and the failure modes, based on internal forces, are identified. Then, a DIC-M model is proposed to reproduce the crack propagation in the masonry wall. The key point of this model consists in the simulation of the block movements in a discrete element system (DES). Consequently, cracks can appear easily, and then the crack identification and quantification become easier. More precisely, a new damage indicator related to the cumulated length of cracks allows to better quantify the damage and the cartography the cracks. The measurement uncertainty is determined by Monte-Carlo simulation. Thirdly, the performance of proposed tools is discussed through an example of assessing potential damages. An individual house in masonry subjected to ground movements was studied using physical experimentation. A test campaign related to the most sensitive positions of the structure with respect to the subsidence centre is performed. Damage assessment is conducted using deformation measurement and crack characteristics. The comparison between conventional and developed methods shows the relevance of the damage indicator related to the cumulated length of cracks, and this indicator can be considered as a new tool for damage assessment in practice. Finally, operational recommendations are suggested in order to obtain a better estimation of the damage level of the structure.

Les structures en maçonnerie représentent une proportion importante des maisons individuelles et sont plus vulnérables notamment lorsqu'elles sont soumises à des mouvements de terrain. Pour faire face aux conséquences de ce problème, une plate-forme d'essais a été développée pour simuler des mouvements de terrain et leur effet sur des modèles de structure en surface. Ce travail de thèse s'appuie sur un modèle physique réduit et développe des méthodes d'évaluation des dommages des structures maçonnées à l'aide de l'expérimentation physique. Dans un premier temps, un modèle physique à échelle réduite sous gravité terrestre (1g) a été conçu pour reproduire ce phénomène. Ce modèle d'interaction sol-fondation-maçonnerie est à l'échelle de 1/40. Le sol analogique est constitué d'un sable de Fontainebleau. La fondation de la structure est fabriquée à partir de silicone liquide, et les murs en maçonnerie sont constitués de petits blocs en bois. Pour mesurer les champs de déplacement du sol et de la structure, une technique de corrélation d'images numériques (DIC) est utilisée. Des discussions à propos de l'usage de cette technique lors de la réalisation d'un essai, notamment la prise en compte des erreurs de mesures, ont été également abordées. Dans un deuxième temps, on évalue les dommages par les méthodes conventionnelles basées sur des indicateurs de dommages et des abaques. Ensuite, des nouveaux outils basés sur la technique DIC sont proposés pour réaliser une évaluation de dommages plus efficace, et plus aisée. Le premier outil se basant sur le modèle d'interaction sol-structure de Winkler permet d'identifier les modes de rupture dans la structure. Pour cela, le problème inverse de l'interaction sol-structure a été résolu et les modes de rupture du mur, basés sur les efforts internes, ont été identifiés. Ensuite, un modèle DIC-M est proposé pour reproduire les fissures dans la maçonnerie. Le point clé de ce modèle concerne les mouvements des blocs qui sont simulés par un système d'éléments distincts. Par ce moyen, la reproduction des fissures, puis l'identification et la quantification des fissures deviennent aisées. Plus précisément, un nouvel indicateur de dommages lié à la longueur des fissures permet de mieux quantifier les dommages et de cartographier les fissures. L'incertitude de mesure est déterminée par une simulation de Monte-Carlo des erreurs de déplacements. Dans un troisième temps, la performance des outils développés est évaluée au travers d'un exemple d'évaluation des dommages potentiels. Une maison individuelle en maçonnerie soumise aux mouvements de terrain a été étudiée à l'aide de l'expérimentation physique. Une campagne d'essais considérant les positions les plus sensibles par rapport à la cuvette d'affaissement est réalisée. L'évaluation du niveau de dommage a été réalisée à l'aide des mesures de déformations et des caractéristiques de fissures observées. La comparaison entre les méthodes conventionnelles et la méthode développée montre la pertinence de l'indicateur longueur des fissures, et cet indicateur peut être considéré comme un nouvel outil lors d'évaluation des dommages dans la pratique. Pour conclure, des recommandations opérationnelles ont été suggérées afin d'obtenir une meilleure estimation du niveau de dommages de la structure. / Masonry structures present a significant proportion of individual houses and are especially more vulnerable when subjected to ground movements. To deal with consequences of this problem, a test-platform has been developed in order to simulate ground movements and their effect on structure models on the surface. This thesis is based on a reduced physical model and develops damage assessment methods for masonry structures using physical modelling. Firstly, a small-scaled physical model under Earth's gravity (1g) has been developed to reproduce this phenomenon. This model of soil-foundation-masonry interaction has a scale factor of 1/40. The analogue soil consists of the Fontainebleau sand. The foundation part of the structure is made of liquid silicon and masonry walls are made from small wooden blocks. To measure displacements fields of the soil and the structure, a digital image correlation (DIC) technique is used. Discussions about the use of this technique when performing a test, especially the consideration of measurement errors, are also addressed. Secondly, we first assess the damage through conventional methods based on damage indicators and graphs. Then, new easy to use tools based on the DIC technique are proposed to carry out a more effective damage assessment. The first tool helps identify failure modes in the structure, based on the Winkler soil-structure interaction model. To do this, the inverse problem of soil-structure interaction is resolved, and the failure modes, based on internal forces, are identified. Then, a DIC-M model is proposed to reproduce the crack propagation in the masonry wall. The key point of this model consists in the simulation of the block movements in a discrete element system (DES). Consequently, cracks can appear easily, and then the crack identification and quantification become easier. More precisely, a new damage indicator related to the cumulated length of cracks allows to better quantify the damage and the cartography the cracks. The measurement uncertainty is determined by Monte-Carlo simulation. Thirdly, the performance of proposed tools is discussed through an example of assessing potential damages. An individual house in masonry subjected to ground movements was studied using physical experimentation. A test campaign related to the most sensitive positions of the structure with respect to the subsidence centre is performed. Damage assessment is conducted using deformation measurement and crack characteristics. The comparison between conventional and developed methods shows the relevance of the damage indicator related to the cumulated length of cracks, and this indicator can be considered as a new tool for damage assessment in practice. Finally, operational recommendations are suggested in order to obtain a better estimation of the damage level of the structure.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:18:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Paulo Francisco.pdf: 4045114 bytes, checksum: 8738bedf378cfe88c98e7e3880fd9007 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-06 / Structural masonry is one of the oldest building systems used by man. With technological advance, its use has become more and more frequent for providing rationality and economy to the building. For that reason, the research centers have tried to get to know it more precisely, especially in Brazil, where the system differs from other countries, prevailing the use of not armed or partially armed masonry. The studies conducted aim to know, primarily, the materials used and the analysis of their structural behavior. Even though, there are still masonry structural aspects that haven t been totally clarified. Based on that principle, the purpose of this work was to accomplish an investigation about the influence of grouting segments in the interaction between walls, with the utilization of isolated panels of three, five and seven walls and a multiple pavement structure, developed by computational modeling in finite elements. For the analysis of the results, check the profile of the distribution of normal vertical tensions and the absorption of applied loading. In this way, it is realizable that in some cases the grout causes significant interference, as in the holes of the bricks, while in others, its participation is almost despicable. An example is the grouting of the braces. / A alvenaria estrutural é um dos sistemas construtivos mais antigos usado pelo homem. Com o avanço tecnológico, o seu uso passou a ser cada vez maior por proporcionar racionalidade e economia para a construção. Por isso, os centros de pesquisas têm buscado conhecê-la de maneira precisa, principalmente no Brasil, onde o sistema utilizado difere de outros países, prevalecendo o uso da alvenaria não armada ou parcialmente armada. Os estudos feitos visam conhecer, primordialmente, os materiais empregados e a avaliação do seu comportamento estrutural. Mesmo assim, ainda há aspectos estruturais da alvenaria que ainda não foram totalmente esclarecidos. A partir deste princípio, a proposta do trabalho foi realizar uma investigação sobre a influência de segmentos grauteados na interação entre paredes, com a utilização de painéis isolados de três, cinco e sete paredes e uma estrutura de múltiplos pavimentos, desenvolvido por modelagem computacional em elementos finitos. Para análise dos resultados, avaliou-se o perfil da distribuição de tensões verticais normais e absorção do carregamento aplicado, que é transferido às paredes. Nesse sentido, percebe-se que em alguns casos o graute causa interferência significativa, como nos furos dos blocos, enquanto que em outros, a sua participação é praticamente desprezível. Exemplo disso são os grauteamentos das cintas.