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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Intravital imaging and immuno-regulatory functions of mast cells in cutaneous immune responses / Imagerie intravitale et fonctions immuno-régulatrices des mastocytes dans les réponses immunitaire cutanées

Msallam, Rasha 18 May 2015 (has links)
La peau est un « avant poste » fascinant du système immunitaire. Elle forme une barrière entre l'environnement extérieur et l’organisme. Elle est aussi le point d'entrée pour les agents pathogènes, contre lesquels le système immunitaire organise des réponses adaptatives. Les acteurs de l'immunité innée de la peau contrôlent l'invasion des pathogènes et perçoivent également des changements environnementaux physiques et chimiques directs. Plusieurs composants du système immunitaire, tels que des cellules dendritiques (DCs), les macrophages (MΦ) et les mastocytes (MCs), participent à l'éradication des pathogènes et à l'initiation des réponses mémoires adaptatives. Ce qui permet une mobilisation rapide des cellules T effectrices ainsi que la sécrétion des anticorps par les cellules B à la suite d’une seconde exposition aux agents pathogènes. Les MCs qui sont des cellules résidentes du derme, jouent un rôle déterminant dans la libération de signaux d’alertes et sont classiquement considérés comme des cellules effectrices de la réaction allergique cutanée liée à l'IgE. Plusieurs observations récentes indiquent que les MCs seraient aussi impliqués dans les processus immunorégulateurs lors de l'initiation des réponses immunitaires adaptatives, dans le maintien de la tolérance périphérique aux composants de la peau et dans la régénération de la peau au cours des processus de cicatrisation. Cependant, les interactions entre les MCs et d'autres cellules immunitaires innées et adaptatives recrutées dans des conditions inflammatoires cutanées n'ont pas été élucidées en détail. Dans ce travail, nous décrivons l'utilisation d'une nouvelle souris possédant des MCs fluorescents (RMB), dans laquelle nous avons marqué les MCs FcεRI+ avec un marqueur fluorescent rouge tomato (TdT) et avec un système d'ablation conditionnelle basé sur l'expression concurrente du récepteur de la toxine diphtérique (DTR). Avec ces souris RMB, nous avons visualisé la dynamique des MCs et nous avons suivi les interactions entre les MCs et les lymphocytes T régulateurs (Tregs) après l'activation des MCs par l'IgE, dans une réaction inflammatoire typique de l'anaphylaxie cutanée passive (PCA). Dans un second volet d’étude, nous avons évalué le rôle des MCs lors d'un modèle expérimental de la greffe de peau de l'oreille, afin de révéler leur influence dans la cinétique de rejet ou prise de greffe du transplant. Nous avons constaté que 1) l'activation et la dégranulation des MCs induites par le pontage du récepteur FcεRI via des IgE couplées à un antigène multivalent sont les seules responsables de la réaction de PCA, et induisent le recrutement de Tregs ayant une grande motilité sur le site de l'inflammation. Nous avons constaté dans ces conditions, que les MCs restent immobiles, et que les Tregs établissent des contacts dynamiques avec les MCs dans le derme. 2) En outre, nous avons mis en place un modèle pour identifier les paramètres moléculaires de l'interaction MC-Treg et avons constaté que le complexe de l'antigène avec l'IgE peut être présenté aux Tregs en association avec les molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II, permettant la formation des contacts stables MC-Treg. 3) En utilisant un modèle de transplantation de la peau in vivo, nous avons montré que l'ablation conditionnelle des MCs conduit à une accélération du rejet du greffon dans le cas d'une transplantation en présence d’une disparité d’antigènes d’histocompatibilité mineurs depuis une souris mâle sur une souris femelle. Nous avons également constaté un impact inattendu de l'ablation des MCs dans la greffe de peau en l’absence de disparité antigénique d'une souris femelle sur une souris femelle, conduisant à un rejet rapide. Les MCs semblent donc être essentiels pour la cicatrisation et la régénération tissulaire après greffe. (...) / The skin is a fascinating outpost of the immune system. It performs a barrier function between the outside environment and the inner body and is also a port of entry for pathogens against which the immune system mounts adapted responses. The skin innate immune defenses control pathogen invasion and perceive also direct physical and chemical environmental changes. Several component of the immune system such as dendritic cells (DC), macrophages (MΦ) and mast cells (MC) participate in initial pathogen clearance and in initiating adaptive memory responses, allowing rapid mobilization of effector T cells and secretion of B cellderived antibodies after secondary pathogen challenge. MCs residing in the dermis exert a determinant alert function through the liberation of various factors and are classically considered as effector cells in the IgE-mediated cutaneous allergic reaction. As emerging now, MC are also involved in immunoregulatory processes during the initiation of adaptive immune responses, the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to skin components and skin regeneration during wound healing. Yet, the crosstalks between MCs and other innate and adaptive immune cells recruited during cutaneous inflammatory conditions have not been elucidated in detail. Here, we report the use of a novel Mast cell fluorescent reporter mouse (RMB), in which we tagged FcεRI+ MCs, with red fluorescence marker tomato (Tdt) and with a conditional ablation system based on concurrent diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) expression. Using these RMB mice, we visualized MC dynamics and monitored MC interactions with regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) after IgE-mediated activation of MCs, in a typical passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) inflammatory reaction. Using another setting, we further assessed the role of MC during experimental ear skin grafting to reveal their potential influence in skin grafting and rejection. We found that 1) the activation and degranulation of MCs induced by FcεRI crosslinking by multivalent IgE is solely responsible for the PCA reaction and induces the recruitment of highly motile regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the site of inflammation. In these conditions, we found that MC remain sessile and Tregs establish dynamic contacts with MC in the dermis. 2) Further we set up a model system to reveal the molecular requirement for MC-Treg interaction and found that antigen complexed with IgE were able to be presented to Treg in association with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules allowing the formation of stable MC-Treg contacts. 3) Using in vivo skin transplantation model, we showed that conditional ablation of MCs leads to an acceleration of skin transplant rejection in sex-mismatched model (male skin transplant to female). We also found an unexpected impact of MC conditional ablation in sex-matched skin graft (female skin transplant to female) leading to rapid rejection, implying that MCs are essential for the wound healing reaction and the regeneration of tissue continuity after grafting. The aforementioned results point out to an important immunoregulatory role of MC beyond their classically described activator functions in inflamed tissues. The fact that MC constantly interact with Treg during inflammatory processes suggest that MCs could participate in skin homeostasis by exerting tolerogenic functions. These functions remain to be elucidated at the molecular level as presented in the discussion.
92

Identification de BRD4 comme nouvelle cible thérapeutique dans le traitement des mastocytoses systémiques agressives (ASM) et des leucémies à mastocytes (MCL) / Identification of Bromodomain-Containing Protein 4 (BRD4) as a Novel Marker and Epigenetic Target in Systemic Mastocytosis and Mast Cell Leukemia

Wedeh, Ghaith 29 January 2016 (has links)
Les mastocytes humains (MC) sont des cellules tissulaires d’origine hématopoïétique impliquées dans une série de processus physiologiques et pathologiques. Les recherches sur les MC ont été entravées pendant longtemps en raison de l'accès limité à des populations pures de ces cellules. Nous avons établi une nouvelle lignée humaine de MC, ROSAKIT WT, dont les propriétés sont similaires à celles des MC primaires, constituant un nouvel outil pour la recherche sur les fonctions des MC humains, et permettant le criblage à haut débit de thérapies anti-allergiques. Les MC sont impliqués dans les mastocytoses, où ils s’accumulent pathologiquement dans divers tissus. Bien que la plupart des cas de mastocytoses systémiques (SM) sont chroniques et indolents, les patients atteints de SM avancée (SM agressive; ASM, et leucémie à mastocytes; MCL) ont un mauvais pronostic, car la plupart des thérapies disponibles ne sont pas curatives. Afin de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie des formes avancées de SM et pour trouver de nouvelles approches pour le traitement, nous avons profité de la disponibilité des cellules ROSAKIT WT pour établir un nouveau sous-clone, la lignée cellulaire ROSAKIT D816V, représentant un équivalent des cellules néoplasiques s’accumulant dans les SM. L'utilisation de cette lignée et de cellules des patients nous a permis d’identifier BRD4 comme une nouvelle cible thérapeutique dans les ASM et les MCL. Nous avons démontré que les MC néoplasiques de patients avec ASM expriment des quantités substantielles de BRD4. Fait intéressant, nous avons aussi démontré que les lignées cellulaires HMC-1 et ROSAKIT D816V expriment aussi BRD4, et que leur prolifération est inhibée par un shRNA BRD4-spécifique. En outre, nous avons montré que le médicament JQ1, inhibiteur de BRD4, induit une inhibition de la croissance et une apoptose dose-dépendante dans les mêmes cellules. De plus, nous avons démontré que JQ1 supprime également la prolifération des MC néoplasiques primaires de patients atteints d’ASM ou de MCL à de faibles concentrations. Enfin, nous avons observé que la midostaurine (PKC412) et l’acide rétinoïque tout-trans (ATRA) coopèrent avec JQ1 pour induire des effets inhibiteurs synergiques sur l’inhibition de la survie des mêmes cellules. En conclusion, nos résultats représentent une avancée sur ce qui était précédemment connu sur l’implication de BRD4 dans les mastocytoses et nous ont permis d'identifier cette protéine comme cible thérapeutique prometteuse dans le traitement des formes avancées de SM. / Human mast cells (MCs) are hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived, tissue-resident, multifaceted cells involved in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes. Researches on MCs have been hampered for a long time, due to limited access to pure populations of these cells. We have established a new human MC line, ROSAKIT WT, whose properties are similar to those of primary HSC-derived MCs, providing a novel tool for research on human MC functions, and enabling the high-throughput screening of anti-allergic therapies. Among others, MCs are involved in a group of diseases termed mastocytosis, where they accumulate pathologically in various tissues. Although most cases of systemic mastocytosis (SM) are chronic with an indolent course, patients with advanced SM (aggressive SM; ASM, and mast cell leukemia; MCL) have a reduced life expectancy and a poor prognosis, since most of the therapies already available are not curative. In order to better understand the pathophysiology of advanced SM and to. find new approaches for treatment, we took advantage of the availability of the ROSAKIT WT cells to establish a new subclone, the ROSAKIT D816V cell line, representing a paradigm of the neoplastic cells accumulating in SMUsing these malignant cell line and patients’ cells, we identified the epigenetic reader bromodomain-containing protein-4 (BRD4) as a novel drug target in ASM and MCL. Indeed, we demonstrated that neoplastic MCs from ASM patients expressed substantial amounts of BRD4. Interestingly, we then demonstrated that HMC-1 and ROSAKIT D816V cell lines express BRD4, and that their proliferation is inhibited by a BRD4-specific shRNA. Moreover, we showed that the BRD4-targeting drug JQ1 induced a dose-dependent growth inhibition and apoptosis in the same cells. In addition, we demonstrated that JQ1 suppressed also the proliferation of primary neoplastic MCs of patients with ASM or MCL at low concentrations. Finally, we reported that midostaurin (PKC412) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) cooperated with JQ1 in producing synergistic inhibitory effects on the survival of HMC-1 and ROSA cells. Together, our data represent a significant advance over what was previously known on the involvement of BRD4 in mastocytosis and identify this epigenetic reader bromodomain-containing protein as a promising drug target in advanced SM
93

Úloha proteinů ORMDL v signalizaci žírných buněk / The role of ORMDL proteins in mast cell signaling

Paulenda, Tomáš January 2020 (has links)
1. Abstract (EN) This thesis is collection of work focused mainly on the understanding of mast cell activation and its regulation by Orm1-like (ORMDL) proteins. ORMDL family is a group of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane resident proteins that are highly conserved amongst mammalian species. ORMDL proteins can be found in diverse range of organisms from plants through fungi to animals. ORMDL proteins were first discovered in yeasts and the interest in these proteins skyrocketed after the discovery that ORMDL3 is associated with childhood onset asthma in genome wide association studies. Following research connected ORMDL3 also with allergic inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. Since mast cells are mainly known for their role in allergy and allergen induced inflammation, we decided to investigate the role of ORMDL proteins in regulation of mast cell activation and signaling. In our first study we focused on the role of ORMDL3 in mast cell activation via the high affinity IgE receptor 1 (FcεRI). We prepared bone marrow-derived mast cells with decreased (ORMDL3-KD) or increased (ORMDL3-OE) ORMDL3 expression. We showed that ORMDL3 is a negative regulator of mast cell activation events like degranulation, cytokine release and migration, without any effect on calcium mobilization. ORMDL3 was previously...
94

Investigating the Biological and Molecular Consequences of MiR-9 Dysregulation in Canine Mast Cell Tumors and Osteosarcoma

Fenger, Joelle M. 20 May 2015 (has links)
No description available.
95

Mast Cell-Intervertebral Disc Cell Interactions Regulate Inflammation, Catabolism, and Angiogenesis in Discogenic Back Pain

Wiet, Matthew G. 07 September 2017 (has links)
No description available.
96

Regulation of Eicosanoid Signaling in Airway Inflammation and Remodeling during Asthma

Al-Azzam, Nosayba Zakariya January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
97

Mast cell-mediated intestinal barrier function in homeostasis and disease

Groschwitz, Katherine R. January 2010 (has links)
No description available.
98

The world according to mast cells – the role of Kit in normal and neoplastic canine mast cells

Lin, Tzu-Yin 20 September 2007 (has links)
No description available.
99

Identification of the presence and activity of the JAK-STAT pathway in canine solid tumors

Fagan, Erin A. 22 May 2017 (has links)
Background: The JAK-STAT pathway is a cellular signaling pathway, which acts normally in humans and animals in the control of multiple important functions. Dysregulation of this pathway has been identified in human cancers, as well as a limited number of veterinary cancers. Objectives: The aims of this study were to identify the presence and tentative activity of components of the JAK-STAT pathway in selected canine tumors. Methods: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from mast cell tumors (MCT), hemangiosarcomas (HSA), thyroid carcinomas, and apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinomas (AGASACA) were obtained from the Diagnostic Histopathology Laboratory at the Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate protein levels of JAK1, phospho-JAK1, JAK2, phospho-JAK2, STAT3, and phospho-STAT3. Signalment, treatment information, and survival information was obtained from the medical record for each case. Results: Tumor samples were scored for percent positive neoplastic cells. Positive staining was seen for all antibodies in all tumor types, with expression of JAK1, STAT3, and pSTAT3 being highest overall for all tumor types. Significant associations were seen between JAK1 and survival time in MCT (p = 0.03), pJAK1 and survival time in HSA (p = 0.009) and MCT (p = 0.04), and pSTAT3 and metastasis in MCT (p = 0.0008). Conclusions: The finding of positive staining for the components of the JAK-STAT pathway in the tumor samples evaluated indicates presence and tentative activity of this pathway in the studied cancers. Further study of JAK1, pJAK1, and pSTAT3 should be pursued to evaluate their potential as therapeutic targets. / MS
100

Transkripční factor C/EBPƴ jako nový regulátor vývoje a funkce žírných buněk / The transcription factor C/EBPƴ as a novel regulator in mast cell development and function

Jedlička, Marek January 2019 (has links)
Mast cells contribute to the activities of innate and adaptive branches of the immune system. They participate in pro-inflammatory responses to a wide range of pathogens, such as parasites, bacteria, and other foreign agents. These beneficial properties are in contrast to the contribution of mast cells to certain pathologies, such as asthma, allergy, autoimmune disorders, anaphylaxis, and systemic mastocytosis. Thorough knowledge of mast cell biology in health and disease is critical for the development of new therapeutic approaches. However, molecular mechanisms that control mast cell development and function are still incompletely defined. Our preliminary data indicate that the transcription factor C/EBP is a key player in mast cell biology. Here, using in vitro and in vivo models, we determine how C/EBP regulates the commitment of hematopoietic progenitors towards mast cells, and modulates mast cells function. These efforts provide novel insights to the role of C/EBP in hematopoiesis, and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms governing mast cell biology. Key words Mast cells, C/EBP, transcription factors, bone marrow-derived mast cell cultures, mast cell development, Cebpg conditional knockout mice

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