This dissertation quantitatively evaluates selected labor market policies in a search-matching model with skill heterogeneity where high-skilled workers can take temporary jobs with skill requirements below their skill levels. The joint posterior distribution of structural parameters of the theoretical model is obtained conditional on the data on labor markets histories of the NLSY79 respondents. The information on AFQT scores of individuals and the skill requirements of occupations is utilized to identify the skill levels of workers and complexity levels of jobs in the job-worker matches realized in the data. The model and the data are used to simulate the posterior distributions of impacts of labor market policies on the endogenous variables of interest to a policy-maker, including unemployment rates, durations and wages of low- and high-skilled workers. In particular, the effects of the following policies are analyzed: increase in proportion of high-skilled workers, subsidies for employing or hiring high- and low-skilled workers and increase in unemployment income.

Orientador: Orlando Lee / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T09:16:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sambinelli_Maycon_M.pdf: 1793287 bytes, checksum: 11aee090fa90d75328e5caf25578f7da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Problemas de emparelhamentos estáveis consistem em dividir um ou mais grupos de agentes em pares, onde cada agente possui uma lista de preferências ordenada, e deseja-se encontrar uma emparelhamento entre eles que respeite um critério de estabilidade que é baseado nas suas preferências. Estes problemas são importantes pois possuem muitas aplicações práticas, tais como associação de residentes de medicina à hospitais, alocação de recursos em comunicação sem fio e doação de rins. Devido à importância do tema, esta dissertação apresenta um survey descrevendo os problemas mais importantes junto com seus principais resultados / Abstract: Stable matching problems consist of dividing one or more groups of agents in pairs, where each agent has an ordered preference list, and one wish to find a matching between them which respects a stability criterion that is based on their preferences. These problems are important because they have many practical applications, such as association of medical residents to hospitals, resource allocation in wireless communication and kidney donation. Due to the importance of the topic, this dissertation presents a survey describing the most important problems along with its main results / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

This thesis is comprised of three chapters which discuss topics related to labor market dynamics from a macroeconomic perspective. Although each chapter is self-standing in terms of research question and methodology, they are united by a common interest for the macroeconomic implications of worker heterogeneity. The chapters vary with respect to the time horizon over which they study aggregate dynamics, covering business cycle frequency, the economy's long run steady state, and households' life cycle. Furthermore, they develop the concept of heterogeneity across different dimensions: stages of the life cycle, households' income and wealth, observed worker characteristics, and worker-firm productivity levels. The overall purpose of this thesis is therefore to contribute to the study of labor markets and labor policies through a multi-faceted approach.

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour vocation de contribuer au débat sur l'origine de la discrimination ethnique, en se focalisant sur la population des immigrés africains en France et sur celle des Afro-américains aux Etats-Unis. Spécifiquement, en analysant des données microéconomiques françaises et américaines, elle permet d'identifier l'existence de la discrimination fondée sur le principe des préférences des employeurs et des consommateurs et leur effet sur la fragilisation de la situation économique de ces deux groupes minorés. Elle établit l'importance de la discrimination indirecte de la part des consommateurs, et suggère qu'il est primordial de connaître les origines de la discrimination ethnique pour instaurer des politiques publiques à même de lutter efficacement contre ce phénomène. Le premier chapitre propose une analyse descriptive de l'accès des actifs selon leurs origines géographiques aux emplois en contact avec la clientèle en France. Celui-ci révèle le moindre accès des immigrés en France, et des immigrés africains en particulier, aux emplois en contact avec le public. Dans le but d'analyser si les consommateurs jouent un rôle dans cette sous-représentation, le deuxième chapitre formule une stratégie de test destinée à distinguer la discrimination des consommateurs de celle des employeurs. L'existence de ces deux sources de discrimination à l'encontre des immigrés africains est ensuite prouvée à travers l'utilisation du recensement de la population française. A l'aide de la stratégie de test précédente, le troisième chapitre révèle la présence de cette source de discrimination envers les Afro-américains aux Etats-Unis. / This dissertation aims at contributing to the debate on the origins of ethnic discrimination by focusing on the population of African immigrants in France, and of African-Americans in the United States. More specifically, by analyzing French and US microeconomic data, it identifies the existence of discrimination based on the principle of employers' and consumers' tastes, and their impact on the weakening of the economic situation of these two discriminated groups. It establishes the importance of consumer discrimination and suggests that it is essential to understand the origins of ethnic discrimination in order to introduce efficient public policies to overcome this phenomenon. The first chapter provides a descriptive analysis of the access to customer-contact jobs for employed individuals based on their geographic origin. It reveals a lower access for immigrants in France, and African immigrants in particular, everything else being constant. In order to analyze whether consumer discrimination plays a part in this under-representation, the second chapter builds a test strategy to disentangle consumer from employer discrimination. The existence of consumer discrimination against African immigrants is then proved using the French census. Using the aforementioned test strategy, the third chapter reveals the presence of this source of discrimination against African-Americans in the US.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / No Brasil, a busca pela reduÃÃo das ineficiÃncias observadas na alocaÃÃo de vagas em instituiÃÃes de ensino superior via o tradicional vestibular levou à formulaÃÃo e implantaÃÃo de um mecanismo alternativo de seleÃÃo para admissÃo superior: o Sistema de SeleÃÃo Unificada (SISU), criado em 2010. O mecanismo, tecnicamente falando, à um algoritmo de matching com as seguintes caracterÃsticas: i) cada estudante que recebe oferta de matrÃcula decide por aceitar ou rejeitar a oferta recebida; ii) rejeiÃÃes de ofertas provocam a realizaÃÃo de novas propostas; e iii) propostas sÃo aceitas temporariamente, podendo cada oferta aceita ser âtrocadaâ por uma oferta considerada âmelhorâ. Ou seja, o SISU à um mecanismo semelhante ao Algoritmo Deferred Acceptance (Algoritmo Gale-Shapley) com os cursos propondo. Apesar da importÃncia do SISU, a literatura econÃmica sobre o tema à basicamente inexistente. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertaÃÃo buscou, à luz da teoria dos jogos, entender e caracterizar os incentivos propiciados pelo SISU atravÃs de dois mecanismos teÃricos desenvolvidos, o SISUα e o SISUβ. Ambos sÃo modelados como mecanismos de matching dinÃmicos. Caracterizamos estratÃgias nÃo dominadas para o SISUβ e o SISUα. Utilizando o SISUα como a melhor aproximaÃÃo disponÃvel para o SISU, concluÃmos que a introduÃÃo do SISU apresentou um importante avanÃo em relaÃÃo ao vestibular em termos de ganhos de eficiÃncia do matching entre alunos e cursos. / In Brazil, the quest for reducing observed inefficiencies in the allocation of seats in higher education institutions through traditional examination (Vestibular) led to the formulation and implementation of an alternative mechanism of selection: the Unified Selection System (SISU), created in 2010. Technically speaking, the mechanism is a matching algorithm with the following characteristics: i) each student who receives an offer decides to accept or reject the received offer; ii) rejections of offers prompt new proposals; iii) proposals are accepted temporarily, and each offer can be âreplacedâ by an offer considered âbetterâ. That is, the SISU is a mechanism similar to the Deferred Acceptance Algorithm (Gale-Shapley Algorithm). Despite the importance of SISU, the economic literature on the subject is basically nonexistent. In this sense, this dissertation sought, in light of game theory, to understand and characterize the incentives provided by SISU through two developed theoretical mechanisms, the SISUα and SISUβ. Both are modeled as dynamic matching mechanisms. We characterize undominated strategies for SISUβ and SISUα. Using SISUα as the best approximation available to SISU, we conclude that the introduction of SISU showed a significant improvement on Vestibular in terms of gains of efficiency from matching between students and courses.

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Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une sur représentation dans les quartiers pauvres dominés par l'habitat social ; un groupe dont l'intégration relative au marché du travail français s'est plutôt dégradée au cours des dernières décennies ; un groupe ségrégé pour lequel il est crucial de comprendre les interactions entre marché du travail et marché du logement. Dans cette thèse, je développe plusieurs modélisations microéconomiques permettant d'éclairer certains dysfonctionnements du marché du logement face à une population de consommateurs économiquement précaires, soumise aux préjugés éventuels des autres acteurs du marché et dont près de la moitié est en réalité prise en charge par une politique publique de logement social. Les prédictions issues de ces différentes modélisations sont ensuite confrontées à la situation des immigrés d'origine africaine en France, observés au cours de la période 1996-2006 à travers l'Enquête Nationale Logement. Sont établis les résultats suivants : l'existence d'une discrimination à l'encontre des immigrés d'origine africaine sur le marché locatif privé, pouvant expliquer une partie de leur sur représentation dans le parc HLM ; l'existence d'un tri spatial des locataires HLM d'origine africaine vers les logements situés dans quartiers les plus pauvres ; enfin, le rôle du marché du logement dans l'explication du surcroît de chômage frappant cette population. / African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group: a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods); a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold: first, African immigrants do suffer from customer-based discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing; second, sorting mechanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and non-immigrants in France.

This thesis investigates several macroeconomic aspects of labor markets. First chapter finds that in the US more educated individuals experience lower and less volatile unemployment due to a lower hazard rate of losing a job. A theoretical model with initial on-the-job training illustrates that accumulation of match-specific human capital can explain this empirical pattern. Second chapter develops a theoretical model with state-dependent wage setting. The model predicts that higher wage bargaining costs lead to higher and more volatile unemployment, consistent with some cross-country empirical evidence. Third chapter proposes a method to indirectly measure job-embodied technical change by using data on job tenure. The results show that job-embodied technical change has increased substantially since the midnineties. / Aquesta tesi investiga diversos aspectes dels mercats de treball. El primer capítol troba que, als Estats Units, els individus amb un nivell d'educació més elevat experimenten un nivell de desocupació més baix i menys volàtil, degut a una menor probabilitat de perdre el lloc de treball. Un model teòric que incorpora formació inicial al lloc de treball il·lustra que l'acumulació de capital humà específic pot explicar aquesta regularitat empírica. El segon capítol desenvolupa un model teòric amb un mecanisme de fixació de salaris que depèn de l'estat de l'economia. El model prediu que uns costos de negociació salarial més elevats comporten un nivell de desocupació més elevat i més volàtil, de forma consistent amb l'evidència empírica entre països. El tercer capítol proposa un mètode per mesurar, de forma indirecta, el canvi tecnològic incorporat als llocs de treball, mitjançant l'ús de dades sobre l'antiguitat al lloc de treball. Els resultats mostren que el canvi tecnològic incorporat als llocs de treball ha augmentat considerablement des de mitjans dels anys noranta.