A atuação das mulheres senhoriais, proprietárias de escravarias indígenas, na formação da vila de São Paulo de Piratininga durante os anos de 1554 e 1640 é o objetivo do presente trabalho. Para o tratamento deste tema, foram escolhidas como fontes as Cartas Jesuíticas, as Ordenações Filipinas, as Atas da Câmara e os Testamentos e Inventários desta região. Nota-se, por meio da análise documental que, as senhoras paulistas auxiliavam os cônjuges nas atividades econômicas da família. Também ajudavam na pecuária, no comando da produção de gêneros alimentícios, na indústria caseira de algodão e nas extensas redes de créditos e débitos. Na viuvez, com freqüência, negociavam com as autoridades do juizado de órfãos para se tornarem tutoras e curadoras dos filhos. Habitualmente, as senhoras contraíam matrimônio novamente e mesmo assim continuavam a liderar a mão-de-obra cativa, cuidar da prole e a realizar pequenos negócios. Devido à ausência dos esposos por motivo de morte, ou das saídas da população masculina para o sertão e o litoral, as mulheres passavam a ter maior autonomia na administração do patrimônio familiar. A principal idéia desse mestrado é a de que as mulheres senhoriais paulistas faziam parte de um grupo sócio-econômico muito diversificado. No entanto, algumas delas conseguiam constituir excedentes econômicos e formavam um poder intermediário entre a população escrava indígena e os senhores. Dessa forma, torna-se fundamental, para compreender, explicar e interpretar a participação e condição feminina na economia e na sociedade, a abordagem das relações de gênero / The goal of this work is analyze the actuations of seigniorials women, owners of Indian\'s slaves, in São Paulo\'s village formation in 1554 until to 1640. For the development of this theme, the sources are Jesuit\'s Letters, Filipinas Legislations, Minutes of Village\'s Council, Testaments and Inventories of this region. When the seigniorials women are married, they helped yours husbands in economic activities of the family. The ladies have worked in cattle breeding, in production of foodstuffs, in command of domestic industry of cotton, in extensive network of credits and debts, which operate along the South Atlantic economy. Frequently, wisdoms negotiated with authorities of Orphans Judgeship for they become tutors and curators of hers daughters and sons. Wisdoms, usually, married again and had maintained liberating slaves and business. Because of husband\'s absentees, explicated for the death and exits of men population for the country-side or coast, the ladies had been more autonomy in familiar patrimony administration. The central idea of this work is the social and economic diversity and heterogeneity of seigniorals women groups. However, some have intermediate power, localized until the lords and gentiles. For explanation, comprehension and interpretations of the participation and condition of paulistas seigniorials women in economy and society is fundamental the gender relationships approach

A atuação das mulheres senhoriais, proprietárias de escravarias indígenas, na formação da vila de São Paulo de Piratininga durante os anos de 1554 e 1640 é o objetivo do presente trabalho. Para o tratamento deste tema, foram escolhidas como fontes as Cartas Jesuíticas, as Ordenações Filipinas, as Atas da Câmara e os Testamentos e Inventários desta região. Nota-se, por meio da análise documental que, as senhoras paulistas auxiliavam os cônjuges nas atividades econômicas da família. Também ajudavam na pecuária, no comando da produção de gêneros alimentícios, na indústria caseira de algodão e nas extensas redes de créditos e débitos. Na viuvez, com freqüência, negociavam com as autoridades do juizado de órfãos para se tornarem tutoras e curadoras dos filhos. Habitualmente, as senhoras contraíam matrimônio novamente e mesmo assim continuavam a liderar a mão-de-obra cativa, cuidar da prole e a realizar pequenos negócios. Devido à ausência dos esposos por motivo de morte, ou das saídas da população masculina para o sertão e o litoral, as mulheres passavam a ter maior autonomia na administração do patrimônio familiar. A principal idéia desse mestrado é a de que as mulheres senhoriais paulistas faziam parte de um grupo sócio-econômico muito diversificado. No entanto, algumas delas conseguiam constituir excedentes econômicos e formavam um poder intermediário entre a população escrava indígena e os senhores. Dessa forma, torna-se fundamental, para compreender, explicar e interpretar a participação e condição feminina na economia e na sociedade, a abordagem das relações de gênero / The goal of this work is analyze the actuations of seigniorials women, owners of Indian\'s slaves, in São Paulo\'s village formation in 1554 until to 1640. For the development of this theme, the sources are Jesuit\'s Letters, Filipinas Legislations, Minutes of Village\'s Council, Testaments and Inventories of this region. When the seigniorials women are married, they helped yours husbands in economic activities of the family. The ladies have worked in cattle breeding, in production of foodstuffs, in command of domestic industry of cotton, in extensive network of credits and debts, which operate along the South Atlantic economy. Frequently, wisdoms negotiated with authorities of Orphans Judgeship for they become tutors and curators of hers daughters and sons. Wisdoms, usually, married again and had maintained liberating slaves and business. Because of husband\'s absentees, explicated for the death and exits of men population for the country-side or coast, the ladies had been more autonomy in familiar patrimony administration. The central idea of this work is the social and economic diversity and heterogeneity of seigniorals women groups. However, some have intermediate power, localized until the lords and gentiles. For explanation, comprehension and interpretations of the participation and condition of paulistas seigniorials women in economy and society is fundamental the gender relationships approach

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Esta tese tem como foco o Maranhão colonial, especificamente entre 1755 1822, anos que o caracterizaram como grande centro produtor e exportador de algodão e arroz. Tomando como marco a instalação da Companhia de Comércio do Grão Pará e Maranhão, interessou-nos investigar a atuação das mulheres naquela dinâmica sócioeconômica como proprietárias de escravarias, jóias, imóveis etc., na agricultura e pecuária, solicitando sesmarias para instalarem lavouras, criando gados e legando seus bens a herdeiros, dos quais a documentação revelou ser em maior número outras mulheres. O aporte teórico e metodológico da pesquisa assenta-se no campo de estudos relativo à História das Mulheres, dentro da qual emergem a economia maranhense e nela as vivências femininas. Já o núcleo documental, constituído de Testamentos e Cartas de Sesmarias, trouxe informações detalhadas sobre o exposto e permitiu criar um quadro de maior visibilidade acerca do objeto e do período. Assim, nossa intenção é evidenciar que muitas mulheres participaram da vida econômica maranhense como senhoras donas de patrimônios, disponibilizados a partir de suas determinações, e ou adentrando o interior do Maranhão como sesmeiras integrantes da marcha do povoamento. / This doctor thesis explores Maranhãos Colonial period, specifically between 1755 and 1822; years that illustrate the great cotton productive and exporter age in Maranhão. Theres a specific interest of investigate the women action on social and economical field as slaveries owners, jewelries owners, properties owners, land and cattle owners and their very specific actuation at Maranhão and Grão-Parás Company of Trade. The methodological and theoretical support lies on Womens History studies field, in which also explores the Maranhãos economy and the dynamic of women action on it. The testaments and the letters of land grant are the main sources of this doctor thesis, and as it, they provide us of a great board of information that may possibly make us to understand the period and the problem of our investigation itself. Finally, the main object of this thesis lays on a discussion about the idea that those women were not only fitting their holes as wives or mothers, but they were as well, participating intensively at economical field as ladies of great heritages, and as so, giving their important contribution to the settling of Maranhãos inside country areas.

Esta tese tem como foco o Maranhão colonial, especificamente entre 1755 1822, anos que o caracterizaram como grande centro produtor e exportador de algodão e arroz. Tomando como marco a instalação da Companhia de Comércio do Grão Pará e Maranhão, interessou-nos investigar a atuação das mulheres naquela dinâmica sócioeconômica como proprietárias de escravarias, jóias, imóveis etc., na agricultura e pecuária, solicitando sesmarias para instalarem lavouras, criando gados e legando seus bens a herdeiros, dos quais a documentação revelou ser em maior número outras mulheres. O aporte teórico e metodológico da pesquisa assenta-se no campo de estudos relativo à História das Mulheres, dentro da qual emergem a economia maranhense e nela as vivências femininas. Já o núcleo documental, constituído de Testamentos e Cartas de Sesmarias, trouxe informações detalhadas sobre o exposto e permitiu criar um quadro de maior visibilidade acerca do objeto e do período. Assim, nossa intenção é evidenciar que muitas mulheres participaram da vida econômica maranhense como senhoras donas de patrimônios, disponibilizados a partir de suas determinações, e ou adentrando o interior do Maranhão como sesmeiras integrantes da marcha do povoamento. / This doctor thesis explores Maranhãos Colonial period, specifically between 1755 and 1822; years that illustrate the great cotton productive and exporter age in Maranhão. Theres a specific interest of investigate the women action on social and economical field as slaveries owners, jewelries owners, properties owners, land and cattle owners and their very specific actuation at Maranhão and Grão-Parás Company of Trade. The methodological and theoretical support lies on Womens History studies field, in which also explores the Maranhãos economy and the dynamic of women action on it. The testaments and the letters of land grant are the main sources of this doctor thesis, and as it, they provide us of a great board of information that may possibly make us to understand the period and the problem of our investigation itself. Finally, the main object of this thesis lays on a discussion about the idea that those women were not only fitting their holes as wives or mothers, but they were as well, participating intensively at economical field as ladies of great heritages, and as so, giving their important contribution to the settling of Maranhãos inside country areas.

The demand for pollution-free and recyclable engineering materials has been increased as the cost of energy and environmental concerns have risen. Green material design can lead to better environmental quality and sustainability of civil infrastructure. Road construction is one of the largest consumers of natural resources. Beneficial utilization of recycled materials can result in an important opportunity to save the mining and use of virgin materials, to preserve energy, and to save landfill space. Two main research questions addressed in this study are: (1) How much pollution, energy, natural resources, time and money can be salvaged by applying recycling materials to Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA)?, (2) What are the optimum mix designs for those recycled materials in HMA?, and (3) Can multiple recycled materials be used at the same time to compensate each other*s drawbacks? This study evaluates the structural performance and environmental-economical cost and benefit by substituting one or a combination of three recycled materials in HMA. The three recycled materials are Recycled Asphalt Shingle (RAS), Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom Ash, and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA). Performance evaluation of the HMA including those recycled materials has been performed by a series of laboratory experimental tests while the environmental impact was investigated by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In addition, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) method has been employed to evaluate the benefit of the aforementioned recycled materials. In 2008, the Florida Legislature established a new statewide recycling goal of 75% to be achieved by the year 2020. The impact of this research aligns with this policy as it introduces a sustainable HMA that reduces the necessity of virgin aggregate and asphalt binder to 50% and 20%, respectively. In terms of environmental and economic impacts, in comparison with the regular HMA, it generates 25% less greenhouse gas emission, and for a period of 20 years, the cost of construction and maintenance would be 65% less.

The diploma thesis deals with the development of a new masonry system, for the production of which recycled brick could be used as a secondary raw material. In the field of literary research, the work deals with the methods of construction of vertical structures, the possibilities of lightening concrete, the life cycle of building materials and the use of secondary raw materials in construction. In the practical part, a masonry system was designed based on market research in the field of internal non-load-bearing masonry structures and requirements for these structures. In order to achieve these properties, concrete was chosen as the material for its production, where recycled brick was used as an alternative aggregate. As it is supposed to be a system for precise masonry, the material was compacted by vibrocompression. At the beginning, recipes were designed to verify the basic properties of concrete: density of hardened concrete, compressive strength and tensile bending strength, then other properties such as thermal conductivity and sound absorption coefficient were tested on improved recipes. Lightening and dimensional modules have been modified to achieve optimal properties. This was followed by a proposal for the method of masonry and surface treatment of a wall. Finally, the economic and environmental aspects of the masonry system were evaluated.