Les travaux présentés au sein de cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la mesure de la masse du quark top dans le canal de désintégration électron-muon. Cette mesure expérimentale est réalisée à l'aide de la méthode des éléments de matrice et à partir des événements produits par le LHC à une énergie dans le centre de masse de 8 TeV et enregistrés par le détecteur ATLAS en 2012. Après une introduction du contexte phénoménologique associé au modèle standard et à la physique du quark top, une description du détecteur ATLAS, de la simulation et de la reconstruction des événements de collisions est donnée. La première analyse présentée a été réalisée en début de thèse et estime l'impact qu'a l'installation d'une nouvelle couche de pixels dans le détecteur ATLAS, au plus proche du point de collision, sur les performances d'étiquetages des jets de b lors de prises de données à une énergie dans le centre de masse de 13 TeV enregistrées à partir de 2015. La seconde partie est consacrée à la mesure de la masse du quark top. Après avoir décrit la sélection à laquelle cette analyse est liée, l'étalonnage de la méthode des éléments de matrice est présenté. La masse du quark top mesurée est :m_top = 172,40 ± 0,35 (stat.) ± 1,12 (syst.) GeV.Cette mesure est obtenue avec une précision de 0,64% et est compatible à la fois avec la combinaison mondiale de la masse du quark top et avec les mesures récentes publiées par la collaboration ATLAS. / The work presented in this thesis lies within the scope of the measurement of the top quark mass in the decay channel electron-muon. This experimental measurement is achieved by the use of the matrix element method with events produced at LHC at a centre of mass energy of 8 TeV and collected by the ATLAS detector in 2012. After introducing the theoretical context of the Standard Model and the physics of the top quark, a detailed description of the ATLAS detector design and of both the event simulation and reconstruction is given. The first analysis presented was done during the beginning of the thesis and focuses on the impact of the insertion of an innermost new pixel layer in the ATLAS detector on the b-tagging performance during the data taking starting in 2015 with an centre of mass energy of 13 TeV. The second part of the thesis is dedicated the top quark mass measurement. After reviewing the selection procedure to which the analysis is linked, the calibration of the matrix element method is presented. The top quark mass is measured as :m_top = 172,40 ± 0,35 (stat.) ± 1,12 (syst.) GeV.This measurement is obtained with a precision of 0.64% and is compatible with both the World combination of the top quark mass and with recent measurements published by the ATLAS collaboration.

This thesis presents an analysis of inclusive semileptonic $B \to X_u e \nu$ decays using approximately 454 million $\Upsilon(4S) \to B \bar{B}$ decays collected during the years 1999 to 2008 with the BABAR detector. The electron energy, $E_e$, and the invariant mass squared of the electron-neutrino pair,$ q^2$, are reconstructed, where the neutrino kinematics is deduced from the decay products of both B mesons. The final hadronic state,$ X_u$, consists of a sum of many hadronic channels, each of which contains at least one $u$ quark. The variables $q^2$ and $E_e$ are then combined to compute the maximum kinematically allowed invariant mass squared of the hadronic system, $s_h^{max}$. Using these kinematic quantities, the partial branching fraction, $\Delta BR(B \to X_u e \nu)$, unfolded for detector effects, is measured to be $\Delta BR(E_e>2.0 GeV, s_h^{max}<3.52 GeV^2) = (3.33 \pm 0.18 \pm 0.21) \times 10^{-4} in the $\Upsilon(4S)$ and \Delta \tilde{\BR}(\tilde E_e>1.9 GeV, \tilde {s}^{max}_{h} < 3.5 GeV^2) = (4.57 \pm 0.24 \pm 0.32) \times 10^{-4} in the $B$ meson rest frames. The quoted errors are statistical and systematic, respectively. The CKM matrix element $|V_{ub}|$ is determined from the measured $\Delta \tilde{\BR}$ using theoretical calculation based on Heavy Quark Expansion. The result is $|V_{ub}| = (4.19 \pm 0.18{}^{+0.26}_{-0.20} {}^{+0.26}_{-0.25}) \times 10^{-3}, where the errors represent experimental uncertainties, uncertainties from HQE parameters and theoretical uncertainties, respectively.

A measurement of the mass of the top quark is presented, using top-antitop pair (t-tbar) candidate events for the lepton+jets decay channel. The measurement makes use of Tevatron proton-antiproton collision data at centre-of-mass energy 1.96 TeV, collected at the CDF detector. The top quark mass is measured by employing an unbinned maximum likelihood method where the event probability density functions are calculated using signal (t-tbar) and background (W+jets) matrix elements, as well as a set of parameterised jet-to-parton mapping functions. The likelihood function is maximised with respect to the top quark mass, the fraction of signal events, and a correction to the jet energy scale (JES) of the calorimeter jets. The simultaneous measurement of the JES correction (ΔJES) provides an in situ jet energy calibration based on the known mass of the hadronically decaying W boson. Using 578 lepton+jets candidate events corresponding to 3.2 inverse femtobarns of integrated luminosity, the top quark mass is measured to be 172.4 ± 1.4(stat+ΔJES) ± 1.3(syst) GeV/c², one of the most precise single measurements to date.

Deux analyses de physique des particules à hautes énergies sont présentées dans ce manuscrit de thèse, utilisant des événements avec deux leptons de charges opposées et de l'énergie transverse manquante. Ces événements sont sélectionnés parmi 9.7 fb-1 de données totales de collisions pp enregistrées par le détecteur DØ auprès du collisionneur TeVatron du Fermilab à √s=1.96 TeV.La première analyse est la recherche du boson de Higgs se désintégrant en H→WW→μνμν. Aucun excès significatif au-dessus de l'attente pour le bruit de fond n'est observé.Des limites supérieures sur la section efficace de production du boson de Higgs sont donc calculées dans le cadre du modèle standard mais aussi dans l'hypothèse de l'existence d'une quatrième génération de fermions et dans le contexte de couplages fermiophobiques du boson de Higgs.Pour valider la méthodologie de cette recherche, la section efficace de production de la paire de bosons W est mesurée.La seconde analyse est la mesure de l'asymétrie avant-arrière de production de la paire tt. Il s'agit de la première mesure dans le canal dileptonique de l'expérience DØ. Dans ce contexte, une méthode inédite de reconstruction de la cinématique de la paire est utilisée (méthode des éléments de matrice) pour donner une mesure brute de l'asymétrie avant-arrière. A l'aide d'une méthode de calibration dédiée, nous donnons une mesure finale de AFB=18.0 ± 6.0 (stat) ± 3.3 (syst). / Two high energy particle physics analyses are presented in this PhD report using events with two leptons oppositely charged and with missing transverse energy. These events are selected using 9.7 fb-1 of total pp collisions data collected with the DØ detector at the TeVatron at √s=1.96 TeV.The first analysis is the research of the Higgs boson decaying in the H→WW→μνμν channel. No significant excess above the background prediction is observed.Upper limits on Higgs boson production cross-section are computed in the standard model framework but also in the 4th generation of fermions and in the fermiophobic coupling to Higgs boson hypotheses. In order to validate the research methodology, the W boson pair production cross-section is measured.The second analysis is the measurement of the forward-backward asymmetry of the tt pair production. This is the first measurement in the dileptonic channel at DØ experiment. In this context, a new tt pair kinematic reconstruction is used (matrix element method) to give a raw measurement of the forward-backward asymmetry. Thanks to a dedicated calibration method, we give a final measurement of AFB=18.0 ± 6.0 (stat) ± 3.3 (syst).

<p>The Standard Model describes all elementary particles known today, but at larger energies it will have to be complemented with new particles and interactions. To be able to distinguish new physics at proton colliders such as LHC at CERN, it is essential to have an appropriate description of the colliding protons and their interactions. The study of the proton is important also in itself, to get a better understanding of the non-perturbative aspects of the strong interaction.</p><p>In paper I-IV of this thesis, a model for the non-perturbative dynamics of quarks and gluons is developed, based on quantum fluctuations in hadrons. The parton distributions of the proton are given by momentum fluctuations, with sea quark distributions generated by fluctuations into baryon-meson pairs. This model can reproduce proton structure function data, as well as measured asymmetries between up and down valence quark distributions and between the anti-up and anti-down sea. It provides an intrinsic charm quark component as indicated by data. It also predicts an asymmetry in the strange sea of the proton, which can explain the NuTeV anomaly first attributed to new physics beyond the Standard Model.</p><p>Charged Higgs bosons are predicted by several theories for new physics, including Supersymmetry. At proton colliders, the predicted dominant production mechanism is in association with top and bottom quarks. In paper V-VII, different contributions to this production are studied, and an algorithm is developed for combining the two dominant processes gb -> tH^+/- and gg -> tbH^+/-. The algorithm gives a smooth transition from small to large transverse momenta of the b-quark, which is important when the b-quark is observed. It also gives arguments for the choice of factorisation scale in the process.</p>

The Standard Model describes all elementary particles known today, but at larger energies it will have to be complemented with new particles and interactions. To be able to distinguish new physics at proton colliders such as LHC at CERN, it is essential to have an appropriate description of the colliding protons and their interactions. The study of the proton is important also in itself, to get a better understanding of the non-perturbative aspects of the strong interaction. In paper I-IV of this thesis, a model for the non-perturbative dynamics of quarks and gluons is developed, based on quantum fluctuations in hadrons. The parton distributions of the proton are given by momentum fluctuations, with sea quark distributions generated by fluctuations into baryon-meson pairs. This model can reproduce proton structure function data, as well as measured asymmetries between up and down valence quark distributions and between the anti-up and anti-down sea. It provides an intrinsic charm quark component as indicated by data. It also predicts an asymmetry in the strange sea of the proton, which can explain the NuTeV anomaly first attributed to new physics beyond the Standard Model. Charged Higgs bosons are predicted by several theories for new physics, including Supersymmetry. At proton colliders, the predicted dominant production mechanism is in association with top and bottom quarks. In paper V-VII, different contributions to this production are studied, and an algorithm is developed for combining the two dominant processes gb -&gt; tH+/- and gg -&gt; tbH+/-. The algorithm gives a smooth transition from small to large transverse momenta of the b-quark, which is important when the b-quark is observed. It also gives arguments for the choice of factorisation scale in the process.

The Monte-Carlo simulation package APACIC++/AMEGIC++ is able to describe current and future electron-positron annihilation experiments, namely the LEP collider at CERN and the TESLA collider at DESY. APACIC++ is responsible for the complete generation of one event and AMEGIC++ deals with the exact calculation of matrix elements. The development of both programs was the major task of my thesis. / Das Monte Carlo Simulationspaket APACIC++/AMEGIC++ ist in der Lage Elektron-Positron Annihilationsexperimente wie sie bei Lep am Cern stattfanden und zukuenftig an einem Linearbeschleuniger, z.B. Tesla am Desy durchgefuehrt werden zu beschreiben. Dabei ist APACIC++ verantwortlich fuer die gesamte Generierung eines Ereignisses und AMEGIC++ ein dedizierter Matrixelement-Generator. Die Entwicklung beider Programme war das Hauptthema meiner Dissertation.

Studies of minimum bias events at colliders probe the behavior of QCD in the non-perturbative regime. The phenomenology of events in this regime is described by empirical models that take many parameters, which all need to be tuned to the observed data. Measurements based on angular correlations between the highest transverse momentum charged particle track and the other charged particle tracks in collision events can, because of their robustness against experimental and detector effects, be a component of the tuning inputs for the models. We measure such observables in a variety of pseudorapidity ranges and at many center-of-mass energies at DØ and ATLAS. We observe that such observables are poorly described by current models and tunes that are used to produce simulated event samples, making them valuable information for the tuning process. The Matrix Element method is a powerful analysis tool to extract precise measurements from data samples of limited statistics. We have investigated the potential of the Matrix Element method to measure the mass of the charged Higgs in the exclusive decay H±→τ±ν→e±+3ν when produced in top quark decays at the Tevatron, with emphasis on the construction of transfer functions in the τ decay chain. We concluded that the τ decay chain can be successfully parametrized via a transfer function and that the method has the potential to provide an accurate charged Higgs mass measurement in this channel. Triggering on τ leptons is a key component for many beyond the Standard Model searches at ATLAS, such as the search for the charged Higgs boson. Events containing Z bosons can be used to measure the efficiency of the ATLAS τ hadronic-decay trigger. We have used a tag-and-probe method on simulated Z boson decays to 2 τ leptons where one decays to a μ while the other decays hadronically. The μ is used as the tag and the τ side is probed. We demonstrated that the efficiency of the τ hadronic-decay trigger can be accurately measured with this method using the first 100 pb-1 of ATLAS data. / Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 732

Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de l'état final avec un boson Z se désintégrant en deux leptons, produit dans le détecteur CMS au LHC. Pour identifier cette topologie, des algorithmes sophistiqués d'étiquetage des jets b ont été utilisés, et la calibration de l'un d'entre eux, Jet Probability, est exposée. Une étude de la dégradation de cet algorithme à hautes énergies a été menée et une amélioration des performances a pu être notée. Cette étude est suivie par une recherche du boson de Higgs du modèle standard (MS) se désintégrant en deux quarks b, et produit en association avec un boson Z (canal ZH), à l'aide de la Méthode des Éléments de Matrice (MEM) et deux algorithmes d'étiquetage des jets b: JP et Combined Secondary Vertex (CSV). La MEM est un outil perfectionné qui produit une variable discriminante par événement, appelée poids. Pour l'appliquer, plusieurs lots de fonctions de transfert ont été produits. Le résultat final renvoie une limite observée sur le taux de production de ZH avec le rapport d'embranchement H → bb de 5.46xσMS en utilisant CSV et de 4.89xσMS en faisant usage de JP : un léger excès de données est observé seulement pour CSV. Enfin, à partir de l'analyse précédente, une recherche de nouvelle physique modèle-indépendante a été faite. Le but était de discriminer entre eux les processus du MS afin de catégoriser l'espace de phase Zbb, à l'aide d'une méthode récursive basée sur les poids de la MEM. Des paramètres libres ont été ajustés pour obtenir la meilleure limite d'exclusion pour le signal ZH. En utilisant la meilleure configuration trouvée, la limite calculée est de 3.58xσMS, proche de celle obtenue avec l'analyse précédente. / This thesis presents a detailed study of the final state with the Z boson decaying into two leptons, produced in the CMS detector at the LHC. In order to tag this topology, sophisticated b jet tagging algorithms have been used, and the calibration of one of them, the Jet Probability (JP) tagger is exposed. A study of the tagger degradation at high energy has been done and led to a small gain of performance. This investigation is followed by the search for the associated production of the standard model (SM) Higgs boson with a Z boson and decaying into two b quarks (ZH channel), using the Matrix Element Method (MEM) and two b-taggers: JP and Combined Secondary Vertex (CSV). The MEM is an advanced tool that produces an event-by-event discriminating variable, called weight. To apply it, several sets of transfer function have been produced. The final results give an observed limit on the ZH production cross section with the H → bb branching ratio of 5.46xσSM when using the CSV tagger and 4.89xσSM when using the JP algorithm: a small excess of data is observed only for CSV. Finally, based on the previous analysis, a model-independent search of new physics has been performed. The goal was to discriminate all the SM processes to categorize the Zbb phase space, with a recursive approach using the MEM weights. Free parameters had to be tuned in order to find the best exclusion limit on the ZH signal strength. For the best configuration, the computed limit was 3.58xσSM, close to the one obtained with the dedicated search.

This thesis concerns with numerical methods for a theoretical description of high energy particle scattering experiments. It focuses on fixed order perturbative calculations, i.e. on matrix elements and scattering cross sections at leading and next-to-leading order. For the leading order a number of algorithms for the matrix element generation and the numeric integration over the phase space are studied and implemented in a computer code, which allows to push the current limits on the complexity of the final state and the precision. For next-to-leading order calculations necessary steps towards a fully automated treatment are performed. A subtraction method that allows a process independent regularization of the divergent virtual and real corrections is implemented, and a new approach for a semi-numerically evaluation of one-loop amplitudes is investigated.