Les ondes internes de gravité jouent un rôle essentiel dans la dynamique océanique. La relation de dispersion anisotrope de ces ondes conduit à des lois de réflexion qui sont différentes de celles dont nous avons l'habitude avec les ondes acoustiques ou les rayons lumineux. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous nous intéressons aux structures créées par ces ondes en deux dimensions puis en trois dimensions. Dans la plupart des géométries 2D, le parcours des ondes va converger vers un attracteur. Nous étudions d'abord expérimentalement, dans une géométrie trapézoïdale, l'aspect énergétique d'un de ces attracteurs d'ondes. Nous examinons ensuite expérimentalement la transformation de ces attracteurs dans des géométries tridimensionnelles. Dans certaines géométries, la réflexion des ondes conduit à un phénomène de piégeage dans un plan 2D. Ce phénomène, d'abord étudié à l'aide de tracés de rayons, a été reproduit dans une géométrie trapézoïdale ainsi que dans une géométrie de canal. Cette mise en évidence expérimentale du piégeage pourrait expliquer certaines mesures in-situ réalisées dans l'estuaire du Saint Laurent où la propagation des ondes internes est encore mal comprise. Cette thèse est enrichie par deux études expérimentales portant sur la propagation et la réflexion d'un faisceau d'ondes interne : d'une part, l'instabilité créant un courant moyen dans le cas d'un faisceau se propageant dans une géométrie tridimensionnelle et d'autre part la génération d'ondes rétro-réfléchies lors de la réflexion sur des surfaces courbes. / Internal waves play a critical rôle in the ocean dynamics. The anisotropic dispersion relation of these waves leads to reflexion law which are different from what we are used to with acoustic waves or light rays. In the PhD thesis, we are interested in structures generated by these waves, in two dimensions then in three dimensions. In most of the 2D geometries, wave path will converge onto an attractor. We firstly study experimentally, in a trapezoidal geometry, the energy aspect of one of these attractors. Then, we survey experimentally the future of these attractors in tridimensional geometries. In some of them, reflexion leads to a trapping event in a 2D plan. This phenomenon was firstly studied by means of ray tracing, and was reproduced in both a trapezoidal and a canal geometry. The experimental obtainment of trapping could explain some in-situ measurements done in the Saint Laurent estuary, where internal wave propagation is still under scrutiny. This thesis is enhanced by two experimental studies on propagation and reflexion of an internal wave beam. Firstly, the instability generating a mean flow from a beam propagating in a three-dimensional geometry. Secondly, the generation of back-reflected waves from beam reflexion on a curved surface.

Although the austenitic stainless steels 304 and 321 are often treated nominally as equivalents in their hot rolling characteristics, the question remains whether any subtle differences between the two allow further optimisation of their respective hot rolling schedules. The hot workability of these two types of austenitic stainless steels was compared through single-hit Gleeble simulated thermomechanical processing between 800℃ and 􀀄􀀅00℃ while the strain rate was varied between 0.00􀀄s􀀈􀀉 and 5s􀀈􀀉. It was found that the constants for the hyperbolic sinh equation for hot working of AISI 321 steel are Q = 465 kJ/mol, 􀀖􀀗 = 􀀘.􀀙6 􀀚 􀀄0􀀉􀀛 􀀜􀀝􀀞􀀈􀀉􀀟􀀈􀀉, 􀀠 = 0.00􀀘 􀀜􀀝􀀞􀀈􀀉 and 􀀡 = 6.􀀄 while for 304 steel the constants are Q = 446 kJ/mol, 􀀖􀀗 = 􀀅.􀀄4 􀀚 􀀄0􀀉􀀛 􀀜􀀝􀀞􀀈􀀉􀀟􀀈􀀉, 􀀠 = 0.008 􀀜􀀝􀀞􀀈􀀉and 􀀡 = 6.􀀄. It is shown that the occurrence of dynamic recrystallisation starts when the Zener-Hollomon parameter 􀀢 􀀣 6.4 􀀚 􀀄0􀀉􀀛s􀀈􀀉 for both steels but that the differences in the values of Q and A3 (the structure factor) between the two steels does lead to consistently lower steady state stresses for the steel 321 than is found in the steel 304 at the same Z values. This may, therefore, offer some scope for further optimisation of the hot rolling schedules and in particular in the mill loads of these two respective steels. A modelled constitutive equation derived from hot working tests to predict hot rolling mill loads is proposed and validated against industrial hot rolling data for AISI 321 stainless steel. Good correlation is found between the predicted Mean Flow Stress, the Zener-Hollomon Z parameter and actual industrial mill load values from mill logs if allowances are made for differences in Von Mises plane strain conversion, friction and front or back end tension. The multipass hot working behaviour of this steel was simulated through Gleeble thermomechanical compression testing with the deformation temperature varying between 1200℃ down to 800℃ and the strain rate between 0.001s-1 and 5s-1. At strain rates greater than 0.05s-1, dynamic recovery as a softening mechanism was dominant, increasing the dynamic recrystallisation to dynamic recovery transition temperature DRTT to higher temperatures. This implies that through extrapolation to typical industrial strain rates of about 60s-1,most likely no dynamic recrystallisation in plant hot rolling occurs in this steel but only dynamic recovery. Grain refinement by DRX is, therefore, unlikely in this steel under plant hot rolling conditions. Finally, mill load modelling using the hot working constitutive constants of the near-equivalent 304 instead of those specifically determined for 321, introduces measurable differences in the predicted mill loads. The use of alloy-specific hot working constants even for near-equivalent steels is, therefore, recommended. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / PhD / unrestricted

This thesis is concerned with the role of internal gravity waves (IGWs) in the stratospheric dynamics and variability demonstrating the effect of spatiotemporal distribution of their activity on the stratospheric dynamics and transport. The first part introduces a theoretical overview of the most recent as well as classical approaches used for description of the wave-mean interaction in the middle atmosphere. Methodology for an IGW analysis from the GPS radio occultation density data is described in the next chapter and the advantages of utilization of density data are listed. The third chapter presents results describing the peculiar dynamics and anomalous IGW activity in the Eastern Asia/Northern Pacific region. An important part is dedicated to a discussion of accuracy limits and usability of different IGW activity proxies. The possible impact of the localized IGW activity is investigated using a mechanistic middle and upper atmosphere model in the last chapter. Sensitivity simulations are used to demonstrate an important role of the spatial distribution of IGW activity for a formation of planetary waves and for the longitudinal variability of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Implications for the middle atmospheric and climate change research are discussed along with consequences for parameterizations of...

The thesis deals with the manifestation of coupling processes of various timescales in the middle atmosphere. Longer and shorter timescales are represented here by the 11-year solar cycle (SC) and orographic gravity waves (oGWs) considered on the intraseasonal timescale of the north hemisphere winter, respectively. The first two chapters deal with the application of rigorous attribution the variability of temperature, ozone and circulation characteristics in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere with regard to the SC using multiple nonlinear techniques (support vector regression and neural networks) besides the multiple linear regression approach. The aliasing of the SC with volcanic eruptions or the El Niňo Southern Oscillation is qualitatively assessed and its impact on conclusions about the top-down coupling mechanisms discussed. The last chapter examines the role of parametrized oGWs in the lower stratosphere. The Himalayan hotspot reveals common features with sudden stratospheric warmings such as the residual circulation amplification leading to a warming and ozone enrichment in the polar latitudes of the lower stratosphere.

Au cours des dernières décennies, la théorie de la stabilité a été intensivement utilisée pour caractériser le comportement instationnaire d'écoulements. Cela a donné naissance à un grand nombre d'approches, mais malheureusement chacune d'entre elles semble présenter ses propres limitations. De plus, leurs conditions de validité sont encore très mal connues, ce qui soulève la question de la fiabilité de ce genre de méthodes dans un cas général.Cette problématique est traitée dans cette thèse en s'intéressant dans un premier temps aux approches classiques de stabilité, qui étudient l'évolution de petites perturbations autour d'une solution stationnaire -- un champ de base -- des équations de Navier-Stokes. Pour cela, le phénomène du screech -- un bruit tonal que peuvent causer les jets sous-détendus -- est étudié d'un point de vue de la stabilité linéaire. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la dynamique non-linéaire du phénomène est correctement prédite par une analyse linéaire de stabilité du champ de base. Une confrontation avec d'autres analyses similaires montre qu'un tel résultat n'est pas toujours observé. Cependant, lorsque les oscillations auto-entretenues d'un écoulement sont provoquées par un bouclage acoustique, comme c'est le cas entre autres pour le screech, l'écoulement de cavité ou encore les jets impactants, alors les non-linéarités ont une faible influence sur le phénomène de sélection de fréquence. Cela explique la capacité d'une analyse linéaire à caractériser ces écoulements, même dans le régime non-linéaire.Une autre approche, consistant à étudier la stabilité linéaire du champ moyen, a montré de bons résultats dans certaines configurations qui ne peuvent être correctement étudiées par une analyse linéaire du champ de base. Cela est justifié dans cette thèse en mettant en évidence le rôle que joue la résolvante autour du champ moyen dans la dynamique d'un écoulement. Il est montré que lorsque cet opérateur présente une forte séparation de valeurs singulières, ce qui correspond à l'existence d'un mécanisme d'instabilité fort, alors les modes de Fourier de l'écoulement sont proportionnels aux modes de résolvante dominants. Ce résultat fournit des conditions mathématiques et physiques pour l'utilisation et le sens de diverses méthodes d'analyse du champ moyen, telles qu'une analyse d'équations de stabilité parabolisées (Parabolised Stability Equations). De plus, cela permet de mettre en place un modèle de prédiction du spectre fréquentiel en tout point d'un écoulement, à partir d'une ou de quelques mesures ponctuelles et du champ moyen. L'ensemble de ces résultats est illustré et validé sur un cas de marche descendante turbulente. Enfin, cela est exploité dans un cadre expérimental, afin de reconstruire le comportement instationnaire d'un jet rond transitionnel, à partir de la seule connaissance du champ moyen et d'une mesure ponctuelle. L'étude montre que, sous certaines précautions expérimentales, la reconstruction est très précise et robuste. / Linear stability theory has been intensively used over the past decades for the characterization of unsteady flow behaviors. While the existing approaches are numerous, none has the ability to address any general flow. Moreover, clear validity conditions for these techniques are often missing, and this raises the question of their general reliability.In this thesis, this question is addressed by first considering the classical stability approach, which focuses on the evolution of small disturbances about a steady solution -- a base flow -- of the Navier-Stokes equations.To this end, the screech phenomenon -- a tonal noise that is sometimes generated by underexpanded jets -- is studied from alinear stability point of view. The results reveal that the nonlinear dynamics of this phenomenon is well-predicted by a linear base flow stability analysis. A confrontation with other similar analyses from the literature shows that such a satisfactory result is not always observed. However, when a self-sustained oscillating flow is driven by an acoustic feedback loop, as it is the case for the screech phenomenon, cavity flows and impinging jets for instance, then the nonlinearities have a weak impact on the frequency selection process, explaining the ability of a linear analysis to characterize the flow, even in the nonlinear regime.Another alternative approach, based on a linearization about the mean flow, is known to be successful in some cases where a base flow analysis fails. This observation from the literature is explained in this thesis by outlining the role of the resolvent operator, arising from a linearization about the mean flow, in the dynamics of a flow. The main finding is that if this operator displays a clear separation of singular values, which relates to the existence of one strong convective instability mechanism, then the Fourier modes areproportional to the first resolvent modes. This result provides mathematical and physical conditions for the use and meaning of several mean flow stability techniques, such as a parabolised stability equations analysis of a mean flow.Moreover, it leads to a predictive model for the frequency spectrum of a flow field at any arbitrary location, from the sole knowledge of the mean flow and the frequency spectrum at one or more points. All these findings are illustrated and validated in the case of a turbulent backward facing step flow. Finally, these results are exploited in an experimental context, for the reconstruction of the unsteady behavior of a transitional round jet, from the sole knowledge of the mean flow and one point-wise measurement. The study shows that, after following a few experimental precautions, detailed in the manuscript, the reconstruction is very accurate and robust.

The linear instability of laterally diverging/converging flows is an important aspect towards understanding the laminar-transition process in many viscous flows. In this work the linear instability of constant pressure laterally diverging/converging flow has been investigated. The laminar velocity field for laterally diverging/converging flows, under the source/sink approximation, has been reduced to two-dimensional flows. This reduction is alternative to the Mangier transformation used earlier. For a constant pressure laterally strained flow, the laminar velocity is found to be governed by the Blasius equation for flow over a flat plate. The non-parallel linear instability of constant pressure laterally strained flows has been examined. The instability equation is found to be same as that for the Blasius flow. This implies that the stability is same as that for the Blasius flow. A lateral divergence/convergence is shown to alter the Reynolds number from that in a two-dimensional flow. The instability of a laterally converging/diverging flow thus can be obtained from the available results for the Blasius flow by scaling the Reynolds numbers. This leads to the result that while a diverging flow is more unstable than the Blasius flow, a converging flow is more stable. Some additional relevant results are also presented.

L'Océan Austral est une zone clef pour la circulation océanique tant à cause de l'intensité du courant circumpolaire antarctique qu'en tant que région de formation des masses d'eaux abyssales de l'océan global. Pour modéliser l'océan et prévoir les changements climatiques futurs, il est important de comprendre les processus de mélange diapycnal qui lient ces eaux abyssales aux couches supérieures. Dans l'Océan Austral, des courants profonds et intenses s'écoulent sur une topographie accidentée, ce qui génère des ondes internes de relief très énergétiques. Actuellement, la dissipation de l'énergie induite par ces ondes de relief est la candidate principale pour expliquer les forts taux de mélange observés à ces latitudes. L'objet du présent travail de thèse est de comprendre comment les ondes internes de relief sont dissipées et affectent la circulation et le mélange diapycnal dans l'océan abyssal. Nous examinons l'impact de ces ondes sur le mélange profond au moyen d'une combinaison d'expertise de terrain, de simulations non hydrostatiques bi-dimensionnelles et de calculs théoriques. Sur la gamme de paramètres étudiés, nous montrons, en présence des ondes de relief, une intensification du taux de dissipation d'énergie cinétique turbulente sur une profondeur de 1000 m au-dessus de la topographie, atteignant typiquement ~20 mW/m2. Nous montrons également comment les ondes participent à des interactions triadiques impliquant des oscillations inertielles qui sont amplifiées par intéractions résonantes contrôlées par les ondes de relief. Finalement, nous préparons de futures études tri-dimensionnelles en concevant un cadre numérique et en décrivant des outils théoriques adaptés à ce problème. Nos résultats préliminaires en trois dimensions montrent qui le confinement méridien de la topographie réduit significativement l'émissions d'ondes internes de relief. / The Southern Ocean plays a key role in global ocean circulation by connecting the major ocean basins with the intense Antarctic Circumpolar Current and as a formation region for abyssal water masses of the global ocean. Understanding the diapycnal mixing processes that link these abyssal waters to the overlying layers is essential both for ocean modelling and for predicting future climate change. In the Southern Ocean, deep reaching currents impinge on rough topography and create highly energetic internal lee waves. The dissipation of the energy of these internal lee waves is the main candidate for explaining the high mixing rates between waters of different densities observed at these latitudes. The purpose of this study is to understand the fate of the internal lee wave energy and how it affects the circulation and diapycnal mixing in the abyssal ocean. We first study the impact of internal lee waves on deep mixing with the combination of field expertise, two-dimensional non hydrostatic numerical simulations and theoretical developments. Over the range of parameters studied, an enhanced bottom turbulent kinetic energy dissipation is observed in the bottom 1000 m, typically reaching $sim$ 20 mW.m$^{-2}$. We further show that internal lee waves undergo non-dissipative wave-wave interactions that can be rationalized as resonant triad interactions between the bottom emitted internal lee waves, inertial oscillations and linear combinations of these two waves. We then build a three-dimensional model configuration and specific diagnostic methods that pave the way for future investigations in three dimensions. Preliminary results with the three-dimensional numerical configuration show that the meridional confinement of the topography notably reduces the emission of internal lee waves.

The noise propagating through the truck exhaust system is often attenuated by after treatment systems including truck silencers. The acoustic simulation of the truck silencers is usually based on pressure acoustics which does not include the influence of background flow. However, background flow can affect the acoustic attenuation ability of the truck silencers a lot. This thesis presents a simulation method for investigating the influence of the background mean flow on the silencers. In this method, the fluid information is first simulated with CFD software STAR-CCM+. The fluid data is then imported into COMSOL to conduct acoustic simulation using Linearized Navier-Stokes modulus. Flow noise is not simulated in this method in order to well capture the background mean flow's effect on the performance of silencer in a relatively short calculation time. Two simple silencer model groups are studied to validate this method. The first is a Helmholtz resonator. Another model group is expansion chambers with different setups. The sensitivity of the model towards different model setup is also studied. In the last part of the work, the method is applied to a common truck silencer model CAS1 F1gen, when this method counters challenge of high calculation load. A hybrid method is then developed, combining pressure acoustics and Linearized Navier-Stokes study, to simplify the method, reduce calculation time and at the same time capture the background mean flow's influence on silencers. / Bullret som fortplantar sig genom lastbilens avgassystem dämpas ofta av efterbehandlingssystem inklusive lastbilsljuddämpare. Den akustiska simuleringen av lastbilens ljuddämpare baseras vanligtvis på tryckakustik som inte inkluderar påverkan av bakgrundsflödet. Bakgrundsflödet kan dock påverka lastbilsljuddämparnas akustiska dämpningsförmåga mycket. Denna avhandling presenterar en simuleringsmetod för att undersöka påverkan av bakgrundsmedelflödet på ljuddämparna. I den här metoden simuleras vätskeinformationen först med CFD-programvaran STAR-CCM+. Vätskedata importeras sedan till COMSOL för att genomföra akustisk simulering med linjär Navier-Stokes modul. Flödesbrus simuleras inte i denna metod för att väl fånga bakgrundsmedelflödets effekt på ljuddämparens prestanda på en relativt kort beräkningstid. Två enkla ljuddämparmodellgrupper studeras för att validera denna metod. Den första är en Helmholtz-resonator. En annan modellgrupp är expansionskammare med olika inställningar. Modellens känslighet mot olika modellupplägg studeras också. I den sista delen av arbetet tillämpas metoden på en vanlig lastbilsljuddämpare modell CAS1 F1gen, då denna metod motverkar utmaning med hög beräkningsbelastning. En hybridmetod utvecklas sedan, som kombinerar tryckakustik och linjäriserad Navier-Stokes-studie, för att förenkla metoden, minska beräkningstiden och samtidigt fånga bakgrundsmedelflödets påverkan på ljuddämpare.

[EN] This Thesis is focused on the development and implementation of efficient numerical methods for the acoustic modelling and design of noise control devices in the exhaust system of combustion engines. Special attention is paid to automotive perforated dissipative silencers, in which significant differences are likely to appear in their acoustic behaviour, depending on the temperature variations within the absorbent material. Also, material heterogeneities can alter the silencer attenuation performance. Therefore, numerical techniques considering all these features are required to guarantee the accuracy of the results. A literature review is carried out, mainly related to one-dimensional models, as well as to acoustic models for absorbent materials and perforated surfaces. However, plane wave model limitations make indispensable using alternative multidimensional methods. In addition, the possibility of using new acoustic elements is explored. These elements have as an objective being a potential alternative to the fibrous absorbent materials, which can have a negative impact on health. The Thesis considers the use of microperforated and sintered surfaces. The latter have, in some cases, a nearly constant acoustic impedance, whose value depends, among others, on the thickness and porosity of the plates. To avoid the limitations of plane wave models, a finite element (FE) approach is proposed for the acoustic analysis of dissipative silencers including a perforated duct with uniform axial mean flow and an outer chamber with a heterogeneous distribution of the absorbent material. On the other hand, property variations can be also produced by temperature gradients. In this case, a hybrid FE model has been derived for perforated dissipative silencers including: (1) Thermal gradients in the central duct and the chamber; (2) A perforated passage carrying non-uniform axial mean flow. A FE approach has been implemented to solve the pressure-based wave equation for a non-moving heterogeneous medium, associated with the chamber. Also, the governing equation in the central duct has been written and solved in terms of an acoustic velocity potential to allow the presence of an axially inhomogeneous flow. The coupling between both regions has been carried out by means of a perforated duct and its acoustic impedance, adapted here to include absorbent material heterogeneities and mean flow effects. It has been found that the presence of non-homogeneities can have a significant influence on the acoustic attenuation of a silencer and should be included in the theoretical models. Optimization techniques for industrial noise control devices are relevant, since they lead to the production of elements with better characteristics. Evolutionary algorithms are emergent techniques able to obtain a solution, even in those problems in which the traditional optimization have difficulties. Optimization techniques are combined with the FE method to achieve the maximum attenuation in the frequency range of interest. A multichamber silencer optimization problem is defined and several analyses are carried out to obtain the most suitable configuration for each application. Under certain assumptions of axial uniformity, several techniques have been considered to reduce the computational effort of a full 3D FE analysis for dissipative silencers with temperature gradients and mean flow. These are based on a decomposition of the acoustic field into transversal and axial modes within each silencer subdomain, and a matching procedure of the modal expansions at the silencer area changes through the continuity conditions of the acoustic fields. The relative computational efficiency and accuracy of predictions for the matching techniques are studied, including point collocation at nodes and Gauss points and also mode-matching with weighted integration. All of them provide accurate predictions of the attenuation and improve the computational cost of a FE calculation / [ES] Esta Tesis se centra en el desarrollo e implementación de métodos numéricos eficientes para el diseño y modelado de componentes de la línea de escape en motores de combustión interna. Merecen especial atención los silenciadores disipativos perforados de automóviles, ya que su comportamiento acústico puede sufrir variaciones importantes debidas a las variaciones de temperatura en el material absorbente, así como a las heterogeneidades de la fibra. Por tanto, se requieren técnicas numéricas que consideren estos casos para garantizar la precisión de los resultados. Se lleva a cabo una revisión bibliográfica que recoge los modelos de onda unidimensionales, así como modelos acústicos de materiales absorbentes y superficies perforadas. Sin embargo, las limitaciones de los primeros hacen indispensable el uso de modelos multidimensionales. Además se explora la posibilidad de usar nuevos elementos acústicos, cuyo objetivo es ser una alternativa potencial a los materiales absorbentes, que pueden tener un efecto negativo sobre la salud. La Tesis considera el uso de superficies microperforadas y sinterizadas. Estas últimas en algunos casos presentan una impedancia casi constante, cuyo valor depende, entre otras cosas, del espesor y la porosidad de las placas. Para evitar las limitaciones de los modelos de onda plana, se propone un enfoque en elementos finitos (EF) para el análisis acústico de silenciadores disipativos que incluyen un conducto con flujo medio axial uniforme y una cámara externa con una distribución heterogénea de material absorbente. Por otro lado, la variación de las propiedades también puede producirse por gradientes térmicos. En este caso, se propone una formulación híbrida de EF para silenciadores disipativos perforados que incluye: (1) Gradientes térmicos en el conducto central y la cámara; (2) Un conducto perforado que canaliza flujo medio axial no uniforme. Se ha implementado una formulación de EF para resolver la ecuación de ondas en términos de presión para el medio estacionario heterogéneo asociado a la cámara. Además, la ecuación asociada al conducto central, expresada en términos de potencial de velocidad acústica, permite la presencia de flujo axial no uniforme. El acoplamiento entre ambas regiones se ha realizado mediante un conducto perforado y su impedancia acústica y se ha adaptado para incluir la citada falta de homogeneidad. Se ha visto que las heterogeneidades pueden influir notablemente en la atenuación acústica de un silenciador, debiéndose incluir en los modelos teóricos. Las técnicas de optimización para componentes industriales de control de ruido son importantes, ya que producen elementos con mejores características. Los algoritmos evolutivos son técnicas emergentes capaces de obtener una solución, incluso cuando la optimización tradicional tiene dificultades. Las técnicas de optimización se combinan con el MEF para conseguir la máxima atenuación posible en el rango de frecuencias de interés. Se ha definido un problema de optimización de un silenciador multicámara y se han llevado a cabo varios análisis para obtener la configuración más adecuada para cada caso. Bajo ciertas hipótesis de uniformidad axial, se han considerado varias técnicas para reducir el coste computacional de un análisis 3D completo para silenciadores disipativos con gradientes de temperatura y flujo medio. Éstas se basan en la descomposición del campo acústico en modos axiales y transversales dentro de cada subdominio, y un procedimiento de acoplamiento de las expansiones modales en los cambios de sección del silenciador mediante las condiciones de continuidad de los campos acústicos. Se estudia la eficiencia computacional y precisión de las predicciones de las técnicas de acoplamiento, incluyendo colocación puntual en nodos y puntos de Gauss, así como ajuste modal. Todos ellos proporcionan predicciones precisas de la atenuación mejorando el coste / [CA] Aquesta Tesi es centra en el desenvolupament i implementació de mètodes numèrics eficients per al disseny i modelatge de components de la línia d'escapament en motors de combustió interna. Mereixen especial atenció els silenciadors dissipatius perforats d'automòbils, ja que el seu comportament acústic pot patir variacions importants degudes a les variacions de temperatura en el material absorbent, així com a les heterogeneïtats de la fibra. Per tant, es requereixen tècniques numèriques que considerin aquests casos per garantir la precisió dels resultats. Es porta a terme una revisió bibliogràfica que recull els models d'ona unidimensionals, així com models acústics de materials absorbents i superfícies perforades. No obstant això, les limitacions dels primers fan indispensable l'ús de models multidimensionals. A més s'explora la possibilitat d'usar nous elements acústics amb l'objectiu que siguen una alternativa potencial als materials absorbents, que poden tenir un efecte negatiu sobre la salut. La Tesi considera l'ús de superfícies microperforades i sinteritzades. Aquestes últimes en alguns casos presenten una impedància gairebé constant. El seu valor depèn, entre altres coses, del gruix i la porositat de les plaques. Per evitar les limitacions dels models d'ona plana, es proposa un enfocament amb elements finits (EF) per a l'anàlisi acústic de silenciadors dissipatius que inclouen un conducte amb flux mig axial uniforme i una càmera externa amb una distribució heterogènia de material absorbent. D'altra banda, la variació de les propietats també es pot produir per gradients tèrmics. En aquest cas, es proposa una formulació híbrida d'EF per silenciadors dissipatius perforats que inclou: (1) Gradients tèrmics en el conducte central i la càmera; (2) Un conducte perforat que canalitza flux mig axial no uniforme. S'ha implementat una formulació d'EF per resoldre l'equació d'ones en termes de pressió per al medi estacionari heterogeni associat a la càmera. A més, l'equació associada al conducte central, expressada en termes de potencial de velocitat acústica, permet la presència de flux axial no uniforme. L'acoblament entre les dues regions s'ha realitzat mitjançant un conducte perforat i la seva impedància acústica i s'ha adaptat per incloure la esmentada falta d'homogeneïtat. S'ha vist que les heterogeneïtats poden influir notablement en l'atenuació acústica d'un silenciador i s'han d'incloure en els models teòrics. Les tècniques d'optimització per a components industrials de control de soroll són importants, ja que produeixen elements amb millors característiques. Els algoritmes evolutius són tècniques emergents capaces d'obtenir una solució, fins i tot quan l'optimització tradicional té dificultats. Les tècniques d'optimització es combinen amb el mètode d'elements finits (MEF) per aconseguir la màxima atenuació possible en el rang de freqüències d'interès. S'ha definit un problema d'optimització d'un silenciador multicàmera i s'han dut a terme diverses anàlisis per obtenir la configuració més adequada per a cada cas. Sota certes hipòtesis d'uniformitat axial, s'han considerat diverses tècniques per reduir el cost computacional d'una anàlisi 3D complet per silenciadors dissipatius amb gradients de temperatura i flux mig. Aquestes es basen en la descomposició del camp acústic en modes axials i transversals dins de cada subdomini, i un procediment d'acoblament de les expansions modals en els canvis de secció del silenciador mitjançant les condicions de continuïtat dels camps acústics. S'estudia l'eficiència computacional i precisió de les prediccions de les tècniques d'acoblament, incloent col·locació puntual en nodes i punts de Gauss, així com ajust modal. Tots ells proporcionen prediccions precises de l'atenuació millorant el cost computacional d'EF. / Sánchez Orgaz, EM. (2016). Advanced numerical techniques for the acoustic modelling of materials and noise control devices in the exhaust system of internal combustion engines [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64090