Pasaulio ekonomika vyksta ekonomikos ciklais, po kiekvieno pakilimo seka nuosmukis, o po nuosmukio – pakilimas. Keičiantis ekonominio ciklo fazėms, skiriasi šalių priimami sprendimai, vyriausybių vykdomos politikos, priemonės, tikslai. Tyrimo objektas – finansinių krizių poveikis ekonomikai, darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti finansinių krizių poveikį ekonomikai ir sukurti ekonomikos atsigavimo po krizės prognozavimo sistemą. Šiam tikslui pasiekti iškelti šie svarbiausi uždaviniai: ištirti pagrindines priežastis, dėl kurių kilo pasaulinės krizės, išanalizuoti pagrindines priemones, kurių buvo imtasi, norint sumažinti finansinių krizių poveikį ekonomikai, išnagrinėti ir apibendrinti užsienyje atliktų tyrimų apie finansines krizes rezultatus, atlikti ekonomikos atsigavimo po finansinės krizės prognozę Lietuvoje ir palyginti su pasaulio atsigavimu po pasaulinės finansinė krizės. Darbe pateikiamos pagrindinės finansinės ekonominės krizės nuo 1636 metų. Jos skirstomos pagal savo pradinę ar pagrindinę priežastį. Pateikiamas finansinių krizių poveikis ekonomikai bei priemonės, kurių imasi skirtingos valdžios, kad padėtų šalims greičiau atsigauti po patirtų nuosmukių. Nors teoriškai yra nesunku suvokti atitinkamas priemones, kurių reikėtų imtis užklupus ekonominiam nuosmukiui, tačiau tos pačios priemonės skirtingai reaguoja atitinkamomis aplinkybėmis ir atskirais laikotarpiais, todėl gali neduoti laukiamų ar tikėtinų rezultatų. Atlikta prognozė dažniausiai su 1-3 % paklaida atitiko... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The global economics goes cycle after cycle. After every boom follow recession, after every recession follow boom. Governments made different sollutions of their politics for every cycle of economics. The subject of research is the impact of financial crises on economics, the objective of the work – to sift the impact of financial crises on economics and to make the system of recovery of economics. In order to achieve this goal, are set these basics tasks: to analyse basic consequences of financial crises, to analyze basic means, which were made to recover economics, to analyze results of a few researchs, to make a forecast of recovery of economics in Lithuania and to compare with the recovery of the world. In this paper are presented basic financial crises from 1636. These financial crises are allocated related to their main reason. There are written the impact of financial crises and means, which were made by governments to help for countries and people. In theory, it is simple to know all the best means for economics, but it is difficult to practise them in specific country and situation. All means can affect economics not like it is necessary. The forecast confirm actual values with error of 1-3%. Because of this, the conclusion is made, that predictive values in 2010 happened in the world and in Lithuania too. The paper consists of three parts. The size of this paper is 45 pages. There are 6 tables and 14 pictures in this paper. 52 sources of literary are used.

<p>Background: The use of reward systems can be of strategic importance as well as an affective mean of control for the organization in its work to achieve its goals. The municipal sector is characterized by its transparency and its responsibility for the taxpayer’s money. We therefore wonder which possibilities the municipal sector has to use reward systems as a men of control. Purpose: We intend to research the possibilities that the reward system offer as a mean of control for employees at the higher municipal level, with a special focus on commitment and motivation. </p><p>Procedure: We have chosen to collect our material through twenty interviews. Each interview has taken place in the respondent’s office and they have been of an open sort. The respondents are anonymous. </p><p>Delimitations: This thesis focuses on employees at the higher level in the municipal sector and we have chosen to conduct our research in the municipalities Linköping and Norrköping. </p><p>Result: We have identified difficulties using individual salary as an incentive in the municipal sector. The reason for this is that the salaries do not differ much between employees. There is also a difficulty measuring the individual’s performance which leads to problems motivating differences in salary. We have identified a number of means of control which can work motivating for employees at the higher level in the municipal sector. The means of control we have identified are: offering interesting tasks of work, letting the employees have influence over there situation and to use non monetary forms of rewards.</p>

Background: The use of reward systems can be of strategic importance as well as an affective mean of control for the organization in its work to achieve its goals. The municipal sector is characterized by its transparency and its responsibility for the taxpayer’s money. We therefore wonder which possibilities the municipal sector has to use reward systems as a men of control. Purpose: We intend to research the possibilities that the reward system offer as a mean of control for employees at the higher municipal level, with a special focus on commitment and motivation. Procedure: We have chosen to collect our material through twenty interviews. Each interview has taken place in the respondent’s office and they have been of an open sort. The respondents are anonymous. Delimitations: This thesis focuses on employees at the higher level in the municipal sector and we have chosen to conduct our research in the municipalities Linköping and Norrköping. Result: We have identified difficulties using individual salary as an incentive in the municipal sector. The reason for this is that the salaries do not differ much between employees. There is also a difficulty measuring the individual’s performance which leads to problems motivating differences in salary. We have identified a number of means of control which can work motivating for employees at the higher level in the municipal sector. The means of control we have identified are: offering interesting tasks of work, letting the employees have influence over there situation and to use non monetary forms of rewards.

Världen står inför en klimatkris som kräver omedelbara åtgärder. Byggnader är Europas största konsument av energi och står för över 30% av växthusgasutsläppen. För att förbättra detta har EU kommit ut med direktivet om byggnaders energiprestanda (EPBD) som står inför officiell publicering inom en snar framtid. Direktivet består av en rad riktlinjer om bland annat energiprestandanivåer, ekonomiska incitament och solcellsutveckling som medlemsstaterna kommer behöva anpassa sig till. Statlig styrning är inte någonting nytt för fastighetsbranschen men EPBD är det mest omfattande för branschen som har kommit från EU någonsin. Denna studie syftar till att reda ut vad EPBD kommer att innebära för svenska fastighetsbolag och dess intressenter. I första hand vilka styrmedel direktivet innehåller. Sedan till vilken grad fastighetsföretagen kommer behöva anpassa sig efter dessa styrmedel samt vad de tycker om direktivet. För att se till detta undersöks även tidigare styrmedel tillika EPBD för att se ifall det finns likheter eller olikheter och hur väl de har fungerat i verkligheten. Vidare intervjuas fastighetsföretag och kringliggande intressenter för att besvara frågeställningarna. Slutligen kom vi fram till att delar av direktivet kan anses svagt där fastighetsföretagen ofta har mer ambitiösa interna mål än riktlinjerna EPBD ställer på dem. Konsensus var dock att direktivet välkomnas av fastighetsbranschen och trots sina svagheter finns delar om energideklarationer och minimikrav som anses nyttigt för branschen. / The world is facing a climate crisis which requires immediate action. Buildings are Europe's largest energy consumers and account for over 30% of greenhouse gas emissions. To address this, the EU has introduced the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), which is set for official publication in the near future. The directive includes a range of guidelines on energy performance levels, economic incentives, and solar energy development that member states will need to adapt to. Government regulation is not new to the real estate industry, but the EPBD is the most comprehensive regulation the sector has ever received from the EU. This study aims to clarify what the EPBD will mean for Swedish real estate companies and their stakeholders. Primarily, it examines what means of control the directive entails. Secondly, it assesses the extent to which real estate companies will need to adjust to these means of control and their opinions on the directive. Additionally, the study investigates previous regulatory measures similar to the EPBD to identify similarities or differences and evaluate their effectiveness in practice. Interviews with real estate companies and related stakeholders are conducted to answer the research questions. It is concluded that parts of the directive may be considered weak, as real estate companies often have more ambitious internal goals than those set by the EPBD. Consensus was however that the directive is welcomed by the industry, and despite its weaknesses, elements such as harmonization of energy performance certificates and minimum standards are deemed beneficial for the sector.

<p>This study focuses on the politics around ecological sustainable development in Sweden today, with emphasis on urban development, building and living. The starting-point for this study is the environmental adapted city district of Stockholm, Hammarby Sjöstad. The primary focus of the study is to investigate what means of control the environmental investment in Hammarby Sjöstad is expressing, and to elucidate their ideological, political and social implications. The empirical material is primarily based up on the local Hammarby Sjöstad environmental program along with qualitative in-depth interviews with citizens of this district. The study is based on critical discourse analysis </p><p>The result of this study is that the ecological investment in Hammarby Sjöstad partly constitutes a hidden exercise of power, taking shape as built-in physical measures in the dwellings and the neighbouring surroundings. Hidden means of control transform political and ideological environmental targets in to practical factual matters. Hidden means of control makes ideological and political environmental issues non-political and reduces them in to technical issues.</p>

This study focuses on the politics around ecological sustainable development in Sweden today, with emphasis on urban development, building and living. The starting-point for this study is the environmental adapted city district of Stockholm, Hammarby Sjöstad. The primary focus of the study is to investigate what means of control the environmental investment in Hammarby Sjöstad is expressing, and to elucidate their ideological, political and social implications. The empirical material is primarily based up on the local Hammarby Sjöstad environmental program along with qualitative in-depth interviews with citizens of this district. The study is based on critical discourse analysis The result of this study is that the ecological investment in Hammarby Sjöstad partly constitutes a hidden exercise of power, taking shape as built-in physical measures in the dwellings and the neighbouring surroundings. Hidden means of control transform political and ideological environmental targets in to practical factual matters. Hidden means of control makes ideological and political environmental issues non-political and reduces them in to technical issues.