This thesis deals with the performance of the measurement accuracy in the optical measuring systems. The first part describes basic principles of metrology and the guidelines of the expression of uncertainty and the factors which influence measurement result. The second part classifies optical measuring systems and describes some measuring principles of them. The final part compares two optical gauges and the evaluation of some of their characteristics through the use of very simple experiments.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Radiographic examination is an essential facet of dental implant therapy, and the success of this therapy depends on a suitable treatment based on adequate clinical and radiographic information. International organisational bodies have published guidelines on the use of radiographic imaging during implant therapy, but since the cone beam computed tomography modality became available, a need for the development of comprehensive imaging guidelines to limit the misuse of this modality became necessary. There is a lack of stringency regarding the recommendations and guidelines on radiographic imaging modalities used during implant therapy. This is due to variations in practice, experience, and socioeconomic factors. The most recent published global guidelines and recommendations and their relevance to dental implant therapy are described in this chapter.

Bakgrund. En gyllene standard för att bestämma noggrannheten för intraorala scannrarexisterar inte. Intraorala scannrars prestanda som ges av olika leverantörer är inte fulltjämförbara. Det finns ett behov att standardisera och ta fram oberoende försöksupplägg för att kunna jämföra intraorala scannrar.Mål. Målet med studien var att beskriva och utvärdera en ny metod för att bestämmanoggrannheten av intraorala scannrar genom ett standardiserat in vitro testförsök och attanvända metoden för att beräkna noggrannheten på en kommersiell intraoral scanner.Material och metod. SP Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut definierade dimensionerna avett sfäriskt testobjekt. Sfären besprutades med titanoxid och skannades 12 gånger med enkommersiell intraoral scanner. Scanningarna utvärderades med två metoder. Manuell metod: sfärens diameter uppmättes 12 gånger i ett första mjukvaruprogram för varje scanning genom att justera ett tvärsnittsplan. Automatisk metod: 12 nominella diametrar beräknades från ett andra mjukvaruprogram. Noggrannheten beräknades för varje testmetod och jämfördes.Resultat. Referensmätning: den definierade diameter var 4,9991±0,0001mm. Manuell metod: riktigheten var 25μm och precisionen var 10μm. Medelprecisionen inom scanningar var 4μm. Automatisk metod: Riktigheten var 26μm och precisionen var 11μm. Alla testvärden uppvisade stark statistisk deviation från referensvärdet, men väl inom ett kliniskt acceptabelt intervall.Slutsatser. Inom den här in vitro-studiens begränsningar, kan den beskrivna,standardiserade metoden användas manuellt eller med den automatiska funktionen Fittingsphere för att beräkna noggrannheten för intraorala scannrar. Fler studier på mer komplexa objekt behöver utföras. Dessutom uppvisade den intraorala scannern (TRIOS) hög riktighet och precision, jämförbar eller bättre än traditionella avtrycksmetoder inom tandvården. / AbstractBackground. There is no gold standard for determining the accuracy of intraoral scanners. The performances of intraoral scanners given by different manufacturers are not fully comparable. There is a need for standardized and independent test setups to enable the comparison of intraoral scanners.Objectives. The study’s aims were to describe and evaluate a new method for determining the accuracy of any intraoral scanner by means of a standardized geometrical in vitro test and to use this method for determining the accuracy of a commercial intraoral scanner.Material and methods. The Technical Research Institute of Sweden defined the dimensions of a spherical test object. The sphere was spray-coated with TiO2 and scanned 12 times with a commercial intraoral scanner. The scans where evaluated using two methods. Manual method: The diameter of the sphere was measured 12 times for each scan in a software application by adjusting a cross-sectional plane. Automatic method: 12 nominal diameters were obtained with a software application. The accuracy was calculated for each test method and compared. Results. Reference measurement: The defined diameter was 4.9991±0.0001mm. Manual method: Trueness was 25 µm and precision was 10 µm. Mean precision within scans was 4 µm. Automatic method: Trueness was 26 µm and precision was 11 µm. All test values showed sharp significant deviations from the reference value but were well within range of clinical acceptance.Conclusions. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the standardized in vitro test described can be used manually or with the automatic function Fitting Sphere for determining the accuracy of intraoral scanners. Further studies need to be performed on more complex objects. The commercial intraoral scanner (TRIOS) demonstrates a high level of trueness and precision which is comparable with or better than that shown with traditional impression methods.

Šio darbo tikslas yra ištirti mažų koncentracijų matavimų vandeniniuose tirpaluose tikslumą, ypač monoizotopiniams elementams, taikant Element2 indukciniu būdu kuriamos plazmos masių spektrometrijos metodą, nustatyti pagrindines matavimų tikslumą ribojančias priežastis ir pabandyti sumažinti jų įtaką, įvertinti tokių matavimų taikymo galimybes medžiagų kilmės atpažinimui. / High resolution sector field ICP MS measurements of concentrations are widely used in modern analytical chemistry and applications. Two problems are concerned in the present work: improvement of accuracy of measurements of concentration of monoisotopic elements (As) and analysis of applicability of the multielement analytical data for classification of samples according to their origin. 66Zn, 77Se and 94Mo were used as internal standards to measure the concentration of As in water by the method of additions. Application of 77Se as internal standard resulted in the best accuracy of analysis. Drift of the measured signal ratios was identified as the main source of uncertainty limiting the accuracy of the mass fraction measurements at relative expanded uncertainty of 2% (k=2). The information as well as the level of inherent noise characterizes the quality of application of the multivariate analysis of multielement data for classification of samples. The role of noise increases if large number of parameters is needed. Stepwise approach is tested dividing the wine origin classification test into some steps to simplify the problem. Outcomes of the approach in comparison to the straightforward test are studied on the basis of the chemical analytical data obtained for 25 elements in 65 wines from 8 countries. Bivariate Gaussian distribution is used to evaluate the reproducibility of the discrimination between countries of origin and reliability of classification of the samples. In... [to full text]

A rupturing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has a mortality rate of 50% while an elective repair has a mortality rate of 3-8%. Screening programmes with ultrasound are used in some countries to detect AAA at an early stage. Ultrasound is however very observer bias and dependent on the observer's experience. The study was performed in Vietnam, a country that have experienced exceptional economic growth with increasing risk factors for cardiovascular diseases but has no national screening programme. The aim of this study was to examine the interobserver variability when measuring the abdominal aorta with ultrasound on young adults in Vietnam. The abdominal aorta was measured in the longitudinal and the transverse axis by two different observers using the leading edge to leading edge method. Participants in this study were 31 voluntary students, 16 men and 15 women in the ages 18-26 years, from the Da Nang university of medical technology and pharmacy and the design was a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. The study showed a significant difference between the longitudinal measurements but not between the transverse measurements. Despite this statistical significance, the observers' differences were within the recommended limit of 5 mm. / Ett rupturerande bukaortaaneurysm har en dödlighet på 50% medan förebyggande vaskulär kirurgi har en dödlighet på 3-8%. Screeingprogram med ultraljud används i vissa länder för att upptäcka bukaortaaneurysm i ett tidigt skede innan de rupterar. Ultraljudsundersökningen är dock väldigt beroende på utövarens erfarenhet och utbildning. Studien genomfördes i Vietnam, ett land som genomgått stor ekonomisk tillväxt men även en ökning av riskfaktorer för kardiovaskulära sjukdomar. Vietnam har dock inget nationellt screeningprogram för bukaortaaneurysm. Syftet med studien var att undersöka observatörsvariationen vid mätning av bukaortan med ultraljud på unga vuxna i Vietnam. Populationen var ung för att minska patologiska fynd. Bukaortan mättes med metoden leading edge to leading edge, både i det longitudinella och i det transversella snittet av två olika utövare. Observatörerna var två studenter från Biomedicinska analytikerprogrammet med inriktning klinisk fysiologi, Jönköpings Universitet. Deltagare i studien var 31 frivilliga studenter, 16 män och 15 kvinnor i åldrarna 18-26 år, från Da Nang University of medical technology and pharmacy och designen var en tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Studien visade en signifikant skillnad i de longitudinella mätningarna men inte i de transversella mätningarna. Trots denna statistiska signifikans var observatörernas differenser inom den rekommenderade gränsen på 5 mm.

Orientador: Lidia Parsekian Martins / Resumo: OBJETIVO: Identificar e quantificar diferenças nas propriedades mecânicas de quatro resinas para impressão por estereolitografia em função do tempo de exposição à luz ultravioleta pós impressão e quantificar diferenças dimensionais em modelos odontológicos produzidos por estereolitografia em relação à inserção de barra estabilizadora transversal na região posterior, à orientação de impressão, vertical ou horizontal, tipo de modelo, oco ou maciço, e pós cura com luz ultravioleta ou não, por meio de medições lineares. MÉTODOS: 140 espécimes foram impressos em impressoras 3D do tipo SLA (estereolitografia a laser) e DLP (estereolitografia por processamento digital de luz) para cada teste mecânico realizado e foram divididos em 28 grupos, de acordo com a resina (4 tipos: Blue, Gray, Surgical Guide, Standard) e o tempo de pós cura com luz ultravioleta (7 tempos: 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 e 120 minutos). Foram realizados os testes de microdureza Vickers, tração diametral e flexão três pontos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a uma ANOVA de dois níveis e ao pós teste de Tukey. Para a avaliação das alterações dimensionais de modelos odontológicos foram realizados dois experimentos distintos. No primeiro, 56 modelos odontológicos do arco maxilar em formato de ferradura foram impressos na impressora MoonRay S100 (SprintRay) com a resina Gray (SprintRay), variando a orientação de impressão, a presença de barra e o processo de pós cura. Depois de impressos foram escaneados em escâner de mesa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify differences in the mechanical properties of four resins for stereolithography printing varying time of exposure to ultraviolet light and to quantify dimensional differences in dental models produced by stereolithography regarding the insertion of a transverse stabilizer bar in the posterior region, the printing orientation, vertical or horizontal, model type, hollow or solid, and post-cure with ultraviolet light or not, by means of linear measurements. METHODS: 140 specimens were printed by SLA (laser stereolithography) and DLP (digital light processing stereolithography) printers for each mechanical test performed and were divided into 28 groups, according to the resin (4 types: Blue, Gray, Surgical Guide, Standard) and the post-cure time with ultraviolet light (7 times: 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes). Vickers microhardness tests, diametrical traction and three point flexion were performed. The data obtained were submitted to a two-way ANOVA and the Tukey post-test. To evaluate the dimensional changes of dental models, two different experiments were carried out. In the first, 56 horseshoe-shaped dental models of a maxillary arch were printed on the MoonRay S100 (SprintRay) with Gray resin (SprintRay), varying the printing orientation, the presence of a bar and the post-curing process. After printing, they were scanned on a R700 table scanner (3Shape) and then measurements between canines, first and second premolars and molars and ar... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The aim of my dissertation work was to create an application for pocket PC with operating system Windows Mobile and touch screen, an application that would enable to position the current location of the pocket PC based on the GPS data, on distance measurement between two and more points of which the location is obtained from GPS, and on measurement of territory surface defined by certain number of points obtained from the GPS. The application also enables to display the characteristics of the received GPS signal, information about the number of visible satellites and also information about maximum deviation from positioning. In order to increase the accuracy of the positioning, an averaging function has been implemented. As additional function, a possibility of route location has been created. It measures the passed distance and records some other route characteristics. The application has been successfully tested on pocket PC E-ten M600+ and GPS receiver Navilock but it has been designed with general-purpose and should be compatible with all devices working with operating system Windows Mobile and touch screen. The text section of my dissertation work describes the positioning principle on the basis of satellites with known position, deals with the accuracy of these systems and describes few possibilities how to increase their accuracy. It also discusses the NMEA 0183 Protocol that is used by the majority of GPS modules for communication. The text section also describes several mathematic and cartographic calculations needed for realization of the application. In the end of the text section there is a detailed description of the created application.

A confecção de trabalhos protéticos em um fluxo digital é possível a partir do escaneamento intra-oral e confecção da Prótese via CAD/CAM. A tecnologia atual de impressão 3D permite a obtenção de um modelo impresso, para a realização de determinados procedimentos. Entretanto, é necessário analisar e comparar estes modelos com os modelos de gesso, uma vez que existe uma diferença significativa na forma de obtenção, assim como, nos custos de cada tipo de modelo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma análise da acurácia entre modelos impressos, obtidos por meio de escaneamento intra-oral e impressão 3D, e modelos de gesso obtidos pelo método de moldagem convencional. Foi utilizado um manequim odontológico como modelo mestre e foram confeccionados dez modelos de gesso (n= 10), pela técnica de moldagem da dupla impressão com silicone de adição. Foram utilizados dois tipos de escâneres intra-orais e dois tipos de impressoras 3D, que formaram quatro grupos experimentais com dez modelos por grupo (n= 10). Os modelos físicos de gesso e impressos foram comparados com o modelo mestre por meio de análises de medições lineares em seis sítios de medições, com o uso de uma máquina de medição por imagem (Quick Scope, Mitutoyo®). A análise dos modelos impressos incluiu as possíveis interações entre os fatores principais tipo de impressora, tipo de escâner e sítios de medições. Os resultados mostraram que em relação ao modelo mestre, no geral, as discrepâncias dos modelos de gesso foram menores que as discrepâncias dos modelos impressos. A análise das interações dos fatores principais indicou que o tipo de impressora exerceu a maior influência na acurácia dos modelos impressos, seguido do fator sítio de medição e tipo de escâner. Pôde-se concluir que os modelos de gesso apresentaram uma acurácia superior quando comparados com os modelos impressos. O acabamento superficial dos modelos impressos exerceu influência na sua acurácia. / The preparation of prosthetic restoration in a digital flow is possible using intraoral scanning and confection of the prosthesis via CAD/CAM. The current 3D printing technology allows the making of a printed cast, for performing certain laboratory procedures. However, it is necessary to analyze and compare these casts with the gypsum casts, since there is a significant difference in the form of obtaining, as well as, in the costs of each type of cast. The objective of the present study was to perform a comparative study of the accuracy of printed casts, obtained through intraoral scanning and 3D printing, and gypsum casts, obtained through the conventional impression. A dental mannequin was used as the master model and ten gypsum casts (n=10) were obtained, using double impression technique with polyvinyl siloxane. Two types of intraoral scanners and two types of 3D printers were used, which formed four experimental groups with ten models per group (n=10). The real gypsum and printed casts were compared to the master model by linear measurements in six sites, using an image-measuring machine (Quick Scope, Mitutoyo®). The analysis of the printed models included possible interactions between the factors type of printer, type of scanner and measurement sites. The results showed that, in relation to the master model, in general, the discrepancies of the gypsum casts were smaller than the discrepancies of the printed casts. The interactions of the factors analysis indicated that the type of printer exerted the greatest influence on the accuracy of the printed casts, followed by the site measurement and type of scanner. It was conclude that the gypsum casts presented superior accuracy when compared to the printed casts. The surface finish of the printed casts exerted influence in its accuracy.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-03-26T17:47:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danielamaralalvesmarliere.pdf: 4530634 bytes, checksum: 35c631563d509dbd177ef9d06c96497b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T19:15:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danielamaralalvesmarliere.pdf: 4530634 bytes, checksum: 35c631563d509dbd177ef9d06c96497b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T19:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danielamaralalvesmarliere.pdf: 4530634 bytes, checksum: 35c631563d509dbd177ef9d06c96497b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-12 / Objetivo: este estudo retrospectivo avaliou a acurácia entre os resultados obtidos e o planejamento assistido por computador (PAC) em cirurgia ortognática por meio do uso de modelos de superfície tridimensionais (3D) para aplicação em algoritmo de proximidade iterativa de pontos (PIP) e produção de mapas de cores por meio de programa computacional de engenharia reversa. Material e Métodos: a partir de arquivos de tomografia computadorizada cone-beam (TCFC) de 25 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia ortognática bimaxilar, foram gerados modelos 3D do PAC e pós-operatório em formato de arquivos STL (M0 e M1, respectivamente). Os M0 e M1 foram importados para programa computacional Geomagic Wrap, sendo aplicada a função de registro por meio do algoritmo PIP para alinhamento automático e cálculos dos desvios médios (MD, MD +, MD -, SD) e quadrado médio da raiz (RMS). Os mapas de cores foram gerados para avaliar a congruência qualitativa entre M0 e M1. A partir da análise dos desvios, os RMS(s) foram definidos como ‘3D Error’ que foi utilizado como indicador de mensuração de acurácia. As características da amostra foram apresentadas por análises de estatística descritiva. Para avaliar a reprodutibilidade do método, o fluxo de trabalho foi realizado por dois avaliadores independentes. Os testes t foram utilizados para avaliar as médias de MD, MD +, MD-, SD e ‘3D Error’, segundo a hipótese de todos os valores fossem menores ou igual a - 2 mm e maiores ou igual a 2 mm. Resultados: foram encontradas altas correlações intra e inter-avaliadores, favorecendo a reprodutibilidade do fluxo de trabalho no Geomagic Wrap. Testes t rejeitaram a hipótese de que os valores MDs e ‘3D Error’ eram menores que - 2 mm e maiores que 2 mm. Conclusão: este estudo apresentou a média de ‘3D Error’ (1,27 mm) estava dentro dos padrões de sucesso clínico inferior a 2 mm. O algoritmo PIP no Geomagic Wrap forneceu um método reprodutível para relacionar as malhas de superfície dos modelos 3D, e mapas de cores foram gerados para avaliar a congruência 3D. No entanto, não há respostas para todos os parâmetros metodológicos em relação à avaliação da acurácia em cirurgia ortognática. / Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the accuracy between actual outcomes and virtual surgical planning (VSP) in orthognathic surgery regarding the use of three-dimensional (3D) surface models for registration using ICP algorithm and color maps by reverse engineering software. Materials and Methods: Construction of planning and postoperative 3D models in STL files format (M0 and M1, respectively) from CBCTs of 25 subjects who had been submitted to bimaxillary orthognathic surgery was performed. The M0 and M1 were sent to Geomagic Wrap Software in automatic alignment surface meshes order of M0 and M1 for registration using the ICP algorithm to calculate mean deviation (MD, MD+, MD-, SD) and root mean square (RMS). Color maps were generated to assess qualitative congruence between M0 and M1. From deviation analysis, the RMS(s) were defined as 3D Error which behaved as a measurement indicator of accuracy. The sample characteristics were shown by descriptive statistics. To evaluate the reproducibility of this method, the workflow was performed by two independent evaluators multiple times. t tests were used to assess whether all means of MD, MD+, MD-, SD and 3D Error values would be lower than - 2 mm and greater than 2 mm. Results: high intra and inter evaluators correlation were found, supporting the reproducibility of the workflow in Geomagic Wrap software. t tests proved that all MD(s) and 3D Error values were greater than - 2 mm and lower than 2 mm. Conclusion: This study showed 3D error mean (1,27 mm) within the standards of clinical success lower than 2 mm. ICP algorithm in Geomagic Wrap software provided a reproducible method of alignment between 3D models (surface meshes) and generated color maps to evaluate 3D congruence, but did not answer all methodological parameters regarding the assessment of accuracy in orthognathic surgery.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-03T16:47:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jaianebandolimonteiro.pdf: 2039791 bytes, checksum: c3f28c1a95fdef73d0cc0190a9dfa169 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-03T21:29:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jaianebandolimonteiro.pdf: 2039791 bytes, checksum: c3f28c1a95fdef73d0cc0190a9dfa169 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T21:29:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jaianebandolimonteiro.pdf: 2039791 bytes, checksum: c3f28c1a95fdef73d0cc0190a9dfa169 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo foi avaliar a alteração dimensional dos moldes de silicona por condensação imediatamente, 30min, 1h e 7 dias após a moldagem, com o auxílio da máquina de medição tridimensional por coordenadas. Os grupos foram divididos em: G1: Speedex Putty/Speedex Light Body (Coltene/Vigodent AS Indústria e Comércio), G2: Optosil P Plus/Xantopren L Blue (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH), G3: Zetaplus Putty/Oranwash L (Zhermack SpA) e G4: Precise SX (Dentsply Indústria e Comércio Ltda). Para a obtenção das 80 medições dos 4 materiais (n=20), foi usado um dispositivo composto por uma moldeira perfurada e uma outra parte com 3 edentações pré-estabelecidas. Para a avaliação dimensional, a máquina Crysta-Plus M 574 (Mitutoyo) realizou cada medida 3 vezes nos tempos estabelecidos e obteve-se a média aritmética. A média final das 4 distâncias I, II, III e IV do dispositivo edentado foi novamente aplicada. A análise estatística foi realizada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov que rejeitou a hipótese nula de distribuição assimétrica. Posteriormente, foi feita a ANOVA para comparar os 4 materiais simultaneamente e o teste paramétrico t de Student para comparar os materiais 2 a 2. O nível de significância global foi de p≤0,05. A maior contração linear foi observada na Speedex, mas não foi significante (p=0,08). A Zetaplus Putty/Oranwash L parece ser a mais estável (p=0,99), mas não foi significante. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre nenhuma silicona por condensação quando comparadas simultaneamente nos 4 tempos ou quando comparadas 2 a 2, à exceção, Precise SX e a Speedex (p=0,05) no tempo T3. Todas as siliconas por condensação testadas apresentam alteração dimensional clinicamente aceitável e podem ser vazadas imediatamente, 30min, 1h e 7 dias após a moldagem. / The purpose was to evaluate the dimensional changes of condensation silicone impressions by immediately, 30min, 1h and 7 days after impression, with the help of threedimensional measuring coordinate machine. The groups were divided in: G1: Speedex Putty/Speedex Light Body (Coltène/Vigodent S/A Ind and Com), G2: Optosil P Plus/Xantopren L Blue (Heraeus Kulzer GmbH), G3: Zetaplus Putty/Oranwash L (Zhermack SpA) and G4: Precise SX (Dentsply Ind and Com Ltda). To obtain 80 measurements of 4 material (n=20) was used a device consisting of a perforated tray and one another part with 3 pre-established indentations. For dimensional evaluation, the Crysta-Plus M574 machine (Mitutoyo) held each measurement 3 times at the established times and obtained the arithmetic mean. The final average of the 4 distances of I, II, III and IV the edentulous device was again applied. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to reject the null hypothesis of asymmetric distribution. Subsequently, ANOVA was performed to compare the four materials simultaneously and Student's t parametric test to compare the 2 by 2 materials. The overall significance level of p≤0,05. The higher linear contraction was observed in Speedex, but was not significant (p=0,08). The Zetaplus Putty/Oranwash L seems to be more stable (p=0,99) but was not significant. There was no significant difference between any silicone condensation compared simultaneously in 4 times or compared 2 by 2, except, Precise SX and Speedex (p=0,05) in T3 time. All tested condensation silicones exhibit clinically acceptable dimensional change and can be leaked immediately, 30min, 1h and 7 days after impression.