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Moderni demokratija ir žiniasklaida yra iš esmės susijusios: kaip pastebi Jesper Strömbäck, jų santykį būtų galima apibūdinti kaip socialin�� sutartį. Žiniasklaidai reikalinga demokratinė santvarka, nes tai vienintelė valdymo forma, kuri gerbia žodžio, nuomonės (įsitikinimų), informacijos laisvę bei žiniasklaidos organizacijų nepriklausomybę nuo valstybės. Kita vertus, demokratijai taip pat reikalinga žiniasklaida, nes tai – pagrindinė priemonė, per kurią piliečiai ir jų išrinkti politiniais atstovai dalyvauja abipusiame informavimo ir įtakos darymo procese Žiniasklaida aprūpina piliečius informacija, padedančia jiems susiformuoti individualią nuomonę ir apsispręsti, už ką balsuoti; tuo tarpu valdžiai ji suteikia informacijos apie visuomenės nuomonę, kuri svarbi priimant politinius sprendimus. Kaip pastebi kritikai, tikrasis žiniasklaidos indėlis į demokratijos palaikymą vargiai atitinka jai keliamus normatyvinius reikalavimus. Teoretikai įvardija nemažai struktūrinių žiniasklaidos pokyčių, turinčių įtakos jos veiklai. Tai komercializacija, koncentracija, globalizacija, reguliacijos silpnėjimas. Agner Fog taip pat pabrėžia komercinę įtaką (kai reklamos užsakovai ir savininkai daro įtaką redakciniams sprendimams) ir turinio banalėjimą. Taigi, atsižvelgiant į visus pokyčius, kurie paveikė ir toliau daro įtaką žiniasklaidai, svarbu analizuoti, kaip žiniasklaida iš tiesų tarnauja demokratijos poreikiams dabartinėje aplinkoje, ir kuriose srityse ji šių poreikių neišpildo. Vienas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Modern democracies and the media are intrinsically related. As Jesper Strömbäck notes, their relationship could be described as a social agreement. Media need democracy as it is the only political system which respects freedom of speech, of opinion, of information and the independency of media organizations form the state control. On the other hand, democracy also needs the media as it is the basic means for citizens and their elected representatives to participate in the mutual process of informing and influence making. The media give citizens information which helps them to form individual opinion and to decide whom to vote for during the election time. As for the government, the media give it information about public opinion which is important for making political decisions. As scholars observe, the real contribution of contemporary media to the support of democracy barely fit into the requirements described in theory. Many structural changes, such as commercialization, concentration, globalization and weekness of regulation have effect on the media performance. The internal and external pressures towards media organizations also have severe effects. Considering all the changes that are happening in the media sector nowadays, it is therefore important to analyze how much the media serve for the needs of contemporary democracy and where it fails to meet these expectations. One of the newest attempts in this field is the project “Media for Democracy Monitor”. This... [to full text]

A pesquisa analisa o papel de dois debates televisivos centrais na eleição presidencial de 2006, o debate da “Cadeira Vazia” organizado pela TV Globo, no primeiro turno, e o “Duplo Combate” debate promovido pela TV Bandeirantes, no segundo turno. A disputa presidencial, em 2006, foi marcada por crises, denúncias e escândalos políticos. Apesar de todos os acontecimentos, que envolveram sua candidatura, o presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) foi reeleito. Nesse sentido, o estudo parte da concepção de que os debates políticos televisivos são espaços estratégicos de visibilidade política intermediados pela estética televisiva, objetivando-se a busca por credibilidade junto ao eleitor, além disso apresentam-se como elementos importantes da disputa eleitoral em uma eleição presidencial. O estudo procura entender o que faz dos debates televisivos formatos estratégicos para o processo eleitoral brasileiro. A metodologia utilizada nesta dissertação contempla pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, análise histórico-descritiva e estudos de discurso combinados a referências da semiótica utilizados nas análises dos debates e sua respectiva repercussão. O objetivo geral deste estudo é identificar quais são os elementos que tornam os debates televisivos centrais para a campanha eleitoral brasileira, em 2006. O debate político televisivo, apesar de ser um evento de curta duração, envolve um complexo processo de preparação técnica e investimento por parte dos promotores, emissoras de TV, e demanda um indispensável planejamento de estratégias por parte das candidaturas. Para os eleitores, é um momento único para observar os candidatos no embate direto configurando-se, assim, em importante fonte de informação. / This research analyses the role of two main television debates in the 2006 presidential elections. The “Empty Chair” debate, organized by Globo TV networks, during the first round, and the “Double Debate”, promoted by Bandeirantes TV networks, during the second one. The presidential competition was punctuated by crises, denouncement and political scandals. Despite all events surrounding his candidacy, the president Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) was reelected. This way, this study starts from the point that the television political debates are strategic spaces of political visibility mediated by the television esthetics, focusing on the voters credibility. Besides that, they also represent important elements in the electoral scene in a presidential election. The study searches for an understanding of what makes the television debates strategic frameworks for the Brazilian electoral process. The methodology used in this dissertation includes bibliographic research, documental research, historicaldescriptive analysis and discourse studies combined to semiotics references used in the analysis of the debates and their repercussion. The general aim of this study is to identify which elements are the ones which make the television debates fundamental for the Brazilian electoral campaign, in 2006. The television political debate, despite being a short-term event, involves a complex process of technical preparation and investment by the promoters, TV broadcasters, and demands a fundamental strategies planning by the candidacies. As to the voters, it is a unique opportunity to observe the candidates in a direct confront, becoming, this way, an important source of information.

A pesquisa analisa o papel de dois debates televisivos centrais na eleição presidencial de 2006, o debate da “Cadeira Vazia” organizado pela TV Globo, no primeiro turno, e o “Duplo Combate” debate promovido pela TV Bandeirantes, no segundo turno. A disputa presidencial, em 2006, foi marcada por crises, denúncias e escândalos políticos. Apesar de todos os acontecimentos, que envolveram sua candidatura, o presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) foi reeleito. Nesse sentido, o estudo parte da concepção de que os debates políticos televisivos são espaços estratégicos de visibilidade política intermediados pela estética televisiva, objetivando-se a busca por credibilidade junto ao eleitor, além disso apresentam-se como elementos importantes da disputa eleitoral em uma eleição presidencial. O estudo procura entender o que faz dos debates televisivos formatos estratégicos para o processo eleitoral brasileiro. A metodologia utilizada nesta dissertação contempla pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, análise histórico-descritiva e estudos de discurso combinados a referências da semiótica utilizados nas análises dos debates e sua respectiva repercussão. O objetivo geral deste estudo é identificar quais são os elementos que tornam os debates televisivos centrais para a campanha eleitoral brasileira, em 2006. O debate político televisivo, apesar de ser um evento de curta duração, envolve um complexo processo de preparação técnica e investimento por parte dos promotores, emissoras de TV, e demanda um indispensável planejamento de estratégias por parte das candidaturas. Para os eleitores, é um momento único para observar os candidatos no embate direto configurando-se, assim, em importante fonte de informação. / This research analyses the role of two main television debates in the 2006 presidential elections. The “Empty Chair” debate, organized by Globo TV networks, during the first round, and the “Double Debate”, promoted by Bandeirantes TV networks, during the second one. The presidential competition was punctuated by crises, denouncement and political scandals. Despite all events surrounding his candidacy, the president Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) was reelected. This way, this study starts from the point that the television political debates are strategic spaces of political visibility mediated by the television esthetics, focusing on the voters credibility. Besides that, they also represent important elements in the electoral scene in a presidential election. The study searches for an understanding of what makes the television debates strategic frameworks for the Brazilian electoral process. The methodology used in this dissertation includes bibliographic research, documental research, historicaldescriptive analysis and discourse studies combined to semiotics references used in the analysis of the debates and their repercussion. The general aim of this study is to identify which elements are the ones which make the television debates fundamental for the Brazilian electoral campaign, in 2006. The television political debate, despite being a short-term event, involves a complex process of technical preparation and investment by the promoters, TV broadcasters, and demands a fundamental strategies planning by the candidacies. As to the voters, it is a unique opportunity to observe the candidates in a direct confront, becoming, this way, an important source of information.

A pesquisa analisa o papel de dois debates televisivos centrais na eleição presidencial de 2006, o debate da “Cadeira Vazia” organizado pela TV Globo, no primeiro turno, e o “Duplo Combate” debate promovido pela TV Bandeirantes, no segundo turno. A disputa presidencial, em 2006, foi marcada por crises, denúncias e escândalos políticos. Apesar de todos os acontecimentos, que envolveram sua candidatura, o presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) foi reeleito. Nesse sentido, o estudo parte da concepção de que os debates políticos televisivos são espaços estratégicos de visibilidade política intermediados pela estética televisiva, objetivando-se a busca por credibilidade junto ao eleitor, além disso apresentam-se como elementos importantes da disputa eleitoral em uma eleição presidencial. O estudo procura entender o que faz dos debates televisivos formatos estratégicos para o processo eleitoral brasileiro. A metodologia utilizada nesta dissertação contempla pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, análise histórico-descritiva e estudos de discurso combinados a referências da semiótica utilizados nas análises dos debates e sua respectiva repercussão. O objetivo geral deste estudo é identificar quais são os elementos que tornam os debates televisivos centrais para a campanha eleitoral brasileira, em 2006. O debate político televisivo, apesar de ser um evento de curta duração, envolve um complexo processo de preparação técnica e investimento por parte dos promotores, emissoras de TV, e demanda um indispensável planejamento de estratégias por parte das candidaturas. Para os eleitores, é um momento único para observar os candidatos no embate direto configurando-se, assim, em importante fonte de informação. / This research analyses the role of two main television debates in the 2006 presidential elections. The “Empty Chair” debate, organized by Globo TV networks, during the first round, and the “Double Debate”, promoted by Bandeirantes TV networks, during the second one. The presidential competition was punctuated by crises, denouncement and political scandals. Despite all events surrounding his candidacy, the president Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) was reelected. This way, this study starts from the point that the television political debates are strategic spaces of political visibility mediated by the television esthetics, focusing on the voters credibility. Besides that, they also represent important elements in the electoral scene in a presidential election. The study searches for an understanding of what makes the television debates strategic frameworks for the Brazilian electoral process. The methodology used in this dissertation includes bibliographic research, documental research, historicaldescriptive analysis and discourse studies combined to semiotics references used in the analysis of the debates and their repercussion. The general aim of this study is to identify which elements are the ones which make the television debates fundamental for the Brazilian electoral campaign, in 2006. The television political debate, despite being a short-term event, involves a complex process of technical preparation and investment by the promoters, TV broadcasters, and demands a fundamental strategies planning by the candidacies. As to the voters, it is a unique opportunity to observe the candidates in a direct confront, becoming, this way, an important source of information.

Eric Louw, Jesper Stömbäck, and W. Lance Bennett call the trend in late-20th century political journalism "mediatisation", where the televisualisation of Western elections favours episodic, dramatic, fragmented, and event-driven reporting. This "hype-ocracy" results in narrow and shallow frames that entertain rather than enlighten. This thesis, titled "Desperately Seeking Depth", examines this trend in both international and local news about South African elections. While scholarship of Western elections on TV news is blossoming, analyses of news coverage of South African elections is sparse. There is particularly little analysis of the visual dimensions of TV news coverage, which remains a methodological challenge for media and communication scholars. This thesis draws together a comprehensive analysis of South Africa's general elections on international and local television news over two decades. It develops an innovative, multimodal analysis method dedicated to television news and adds meaningful data to the overall study of South African media and politics, and international communication. It combines analysis of previous studies of each election with the original analysis of over 150 news broadcasts to uncover the news narratives about the South African general elections between 1994 and 2014. This thesis demonstrates the difference between global and local journalism about South African elections. Restricted by mediatised news values that favour episodic reporting, Western journalists present entangled, contradictory narratives over the years. The fixation on 1994's violent-turned-miracle election narrative ignored the complexities of the new democracy, while an increasingly detached approach in covering the 2009 and 2014 ANC victories left journalists perplexed and unable to explore deeper narratives. Meanwhile, South African channels become progressively more hesitant to investigate controversial topics or criticise the ruling party. Avoidance of important issues such as the 1994 election violence, the AIDS crisis in 2004, and Zuma's Nkandla fiasco in 2014 results in narrow reporting that limits the substantive information available during the election periods. All channels to some extent seek narratives that attempt to explain and explore South Africa's complex democracy, but these narratives are often contradictory. The decline in journalists' engagement with political leaders and citizens means that the full picture of the elections is reduced to a few easily digestible frames that confirm neoliberal news values. This thesis offers a new model for the analysis of TV news coverage of elections that can provide the basis for future studies. "Desperately Seeking Depth" ultimately uncovers a picture of news industry that, both locally and globally, works as an echo chamber of sound bites that focused on elite voices.

This study ”What’s does the local news contain? - an analysis of a week’s local journalism on the web in Västerbotten, Sweden” examines the different discourses in the local journalism of newspapers and public service media. The aim is to find what makes the local news with the use of a quantitative content analysis combined with a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).The study uses a theoretical framework that includes theories surrounding agenda setting, the power of the media, local journalism, news values and web based journalism. For the quantitative content analysis the online text tool Textometrica was used.The analysis found that the local news mainly consisted of news regarding sports and negative news such as crime, accidents and court cases. It also found that the local news mainly focused on a small part of the municipality of Västerbotten in its news coverage, where the biggest city in the region was of the most interest. When other parts were covered it was mostly for sport events or negative news. The qualitative analysis also found that there was a high frequency of updates on the websites and non-local news that made it into the local news due to being sensational. A difference between the newspapers and the public service media was also found where the papers focused more on local debates and public service media wasn’t as tied to earlier theories regarding news values.The study could also state that the content of the local media during the week differed from what is said to be good journalism and also what is said to be the journalistic responsibility that citizens rely on to make democratic decisions.