The aim of this study is to examine the image of Judas Iscariot in popular culture with the help of two movies, The Last Temptation of Christ and Son of God. This study is based on a film analysis where a characterization is in focus. The method has also chosen to include intertextuality. This is because it is relevant to show how writers and filmmakers used the previous materials to create their own versions. Survey theory was based on a mediatisation-theory. This theory holds that the media's influence increases, so that now they can influence what religious beliefs people should have by viewing the version they want on TV. The surveys were done by transcribing parts of the movies, and describe what the character used for body language, how he looked and how he spoke. The study shows that both films chose to portray Judas in completely different ways. One chose to give a more biblical version of Judas, while the other created an alternative image. It was clear to see influences from past stories about Judas and especially the Bible, but also the Gospel of Judas. The results also show that both films chose to portray their version of Judas. This may be in relation to mediatisation creating different images of Judas with the viewers, and then also create new perceptions of him.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / For decades literature on Islam and Muslims utilised nomenclature which drew from commentary within news and mass media that perpetuated bias representations of Islam and Muslims as dangerous, violent, threats to democratic freedom, oppressors of women, oppressed women, terrorists, fundamentalists and a range of other stereotypes in society. Although Muslims have been an inherent part of South African society for nearly five hundred years, and are protected under ambit of religious freedom granted by the constitution, there is a on-going record micro-aggression and covert discrimination against Muslims from sections of society.

How do young people in Estonia experience the political, politics and citizenship? How are these civic experiences connected to young peoples’ experiences with the media? Anne Kaun’s thesis Civic Experiences and Public Connection presents a theoretical and empirical investigation of how civic experiences, particularly public connection, emerge in the context of contemporary Estonia. Employing open-ended online diaries and in-depth interviews, she aims to develop an in-depth understanding of how young people experience democracy today, and how they express themselves as citizens; expression not only through the physical performance of citizenship, but also through orientation, interest in, and reflection about issues that are of common concern or should be seen as such. The empirical investigation of public connection as critical media connection, playful public connection and historical public connection, is based on narrative analysis and embedded in a theoretical exploration of key concepts in the context of civic culture studies, namely the political, politics and citizenship. Combining Chantal Mouffe’s conflict theory with Paul Ricoeur’s narrative identity, Kaun aims to shed light on contemporary democracy from the citizens’ perspective. The author proposes a holistic approach to both civic experiences and the role that media might play in relation to them. Following a non-media- centric approach, she shows that media, despite their ubiquity, are an important but not exclusive source of the civic experiences of young adults in Estonia.

Le développement de la communication des associations de patients dans le secteur de la santé pose la question du positionnement de ces acteurs et de leurs rôles dans un secteur marqué par des acteurs dominants : les acteurs médicaux et politiques. L'analyse des stratégies de communication des acteurs associatifs montre en quoi ces dernières s'inscrivent dans les évolutions récentes qui touchent le secteur de la santé. Des évolutions relatives à la « figure » du patient et à ses rôles potentiels dans les institutions hospitalières et dans la délimitation même de la « santé ». En effet, le « savoir patient » se développe et le type d'informations produites sur les pathologies, par les acteurs associatifs, fournit un exemple de l' « expertise » des personnes malades et de leurs proches. Les associations de patients manifestent leur volonté de diversifier les acteurs de la prise en charge médicale dans le souci d'humaniser l'expérience de la maladie. Autant d'actions qui s'inscrivent dans les revendications politiques des acteurs associatifs qui interviennent dans la «démocratie sanitaire » et les dispositifs qu'elle implique. La réflexion sur les modalités d'action des associations de patients, les modes d'engagement des acteurs associatifs, leurs interventions dans les institutions hospitalières et en lien avec les acteurs médicaux, politiques et administratifs, ainsi que sur les spécificités des stratégies de communication et de mise en visibilité de ces acteurs permettent de poursuivre l'analyse de « l'espace public partiel de la santé » et de ses enjeux sociaux. / Patients' organizations are now developing communication strategies and are taking a more active role in the healthcare system. However, their functions and responsibilities need to be further defined in the medical sphere dominated by healthcare professionals and policy makers. We analyzed strategies used by patients' groups to communicate. These strategies reflect the recent changes undergone by the healthcare system. Patients can take a more active part into the system and how it is organized. Patients' insightful knowledge is more and more taken into account: patients' groups use their expertise (as well as their relatives') to create informative material for certain pathology. In order to humanize the healthcare, patients‘ groups want more diversity within the people involved in the patient-care (psychiatrists, social workers, sociologists…). These various activities are part of the lobbying strategies patients' organizations want for the “democratie sanitaire”. In order to analyze the notion of “partial healthcare public sphere” and the social issues it raises, we developed different components of this theory: patients ‘groups' involvement, their intervention methods (within the hospital, with policy makers…) as well as their communication strategies to be more present in the media.

The aim of this essay seeks to study the laestadian movements perspective on modern culture, based on what has been reported in a Swedish media context. Through a subjective perspective of the self-experienced school attendance, all the modern culture that is being discussed in this essay where being utilized. A study with this focus was of interest, based upon this reflection. The material, which is the media, consists of 53 sources, originated from 26 different media actors. The method that is primarily being used to study this phenomenon is a content analytical approach which in practical terms means that a coding scheme and a coding manual were used to study the material. Regarding the theoretical approach there where two different theories used, one to understand the material, and one to understand the results. To understand the material, mediatisation theory was used. To comprehend the results, a didactical theory was used. The result points towards a fragmented view regarding modern culture within the laestadian movement, based upon a media context. Also, seen through a didactic perspective, the result ought to address some sort of reflection about the didactical choices when teaching pupils with a restricted view upon modern culture, this despite of religious affiliation. The empirical outcome presented and analyzed of the material in this essay indicate explicit thoughts concerning a school context, even though it is mostly a general context that is being addressed. Previous research on the laestadian movement indicates that the research context is limited, especially in Sweden, and there is quite amount left to explore. The outcome of the research presented in this essay supports this thesis and concludes that the potential of this field is yet unexplored.

Eric Louw, Jesper Stömbäck, and W. Lance Bennett call the trend in late-20th century political journalism "mediatisation", where the televisualisation of Western elections favours episodic, dramatic, fragmented, and event-driven reporting. This "hype-ocracy" results in narrow and shallow frames that entertain rather than enlighten. This thesis, titled "Desperately Seeking Depth", examines this trend in both international and local news about South African elections. While scholarship of Western elections on TV news is blossoming, analyses of news coverage of South African elections is sparse. There is particularly little analysis of the visual dimensions of TV news coverage, which remains a methodological challenge for media and communication scholars. This thesis draws together a comprehensive analysis of South Africa's general elections on international and local television news over two decades. It develops an innovative, multimodal analysis method dedicated to television news and adds meaningful data to the overall study of South African media and politics, and international communication. It combines analysis of previous studies of each election with the original analysis of over 150 news broadcasts to uncover the news narratives about the South African general elections between 1994 and 2014. This thesis demonstrates the difference between global and local journalism about South African elections. Restricted by mediatised news values that favour episodic reporting, Western journalists present entangled, contradictory narratives over the years. The fixation on 1994's violent-turned-miracle election narrative ignored the complexities of the new democracy, while an increasingly detached approach in covering the 2009 and 2014 ANC victories left journalists perplexed and unable to explore deeper narratives. Meanwhile, South African channels become progressively more hesitant to investigate controversial topics or criticise the ruling party. Avoidance of important issues such as the 1994 election violence, the AIDS crisis in 2004, and Zuma's Nkandla fiasco in 2014 results in narrow reporting that limits the substantive information available during the election periods. All channels to some extent seek narratives that attempt to explain and explore South Africa's complex democracy, but these narratives are often contradictory. The decline in journalists' engagement with political leaders and citizens means that the full picture of the elections is reduced to a few easily digestible frames that confirm neoliberal news values. This thesis offers a new model for the analysis of TV news coverage of elections that can provide the basis for future studies. "Desperately Seeking Depth" ultimately uncovers a picture of news industry that, both locally and globally, works as an echo chamber of sound bites that focused on elite voices.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to classify the different phases of practices of Public Relations in web (WebRP) throughout last fourteen years (1995-2009) that characterize the advent of the commercial Internet in Brazil. Here the legitimation notion proposal for Berger and Luckmann (1985) is related to the context of the midiatic communication, Rodrigues (1990), Barichello (2001, 2005). However, the mediatisation of the society, happened with the development of technologies of information causes the displacement in the institutional legitimacy process and brings new possibilities of interaction with the publics. The study deals to answer the following problematic: How the scene of the mediatisation affected the practices of Public Relations in web since the advent of the commercial Internet in Brazil? The methodology uses the study of multiple cases, Yin (2005). The study corpus was formed by twelve (12) sites analyzed at three moments: 90 s, 00 s and current years. The old sites had been accessed through Internet Archive Wayback Machine (IAWM). The text is divided in four chapters: the first one reflect on the process of legitimacy in the context of mediatisation of the society; the second aims to understand the displacement of the understanding of the medias as mediation canals between the sender and the receiver (E-M-R) for an agreement of mass media as a ambience in which these functions are mixed within E-M-R; third it reflects on the changes happened in Public Relations practices in the internet ambience. The last chapter presents the analysis of the studied strategies of communication, list and exemplifies the most pertinent characteristics of each period, which makes possible the classification of the three phases of the WebRP. The first one, more informative, is characterized for the transposition of points of visual identity, historical data and some notice. Second one characterizes for the increasing of the information and virtual services, forms of contact with the publics. Third has as traces the predominance of information directed to each public, the presence of institutional projects and the use of resources in multimedia. The final considerations point with respect to the visibility as the main factor that guides the practical ones of public relations in the Internet, a result that not agree with the interactive possibilities of this contemporary midiatic ambience. / Este estudo tem como objetivo geral classificar as diferentes fases das práticas de Relações Públicas na web (WebRP) ao longo dos últimos catorze anos (1995-2009) que caracterizam o advento da internet comercial no Brasil. Aqui a noção de legitimação proposta por Berger e Luckmann (1985) é relacionada ao contexto da comunicação midiática no qual as instituições procuram o campo dos media, Rodrigues (1990), em busca da visibilidade para disputar sua legitimação junto aos públicos, Barichello (2001,2005). Porém, a midiatização da sociedade, advinda com o desenvolvimento sociotécnico, especialmente as tecnologias de informação e a internet, ocasiona o deslocamento no processo de busca da legitimação institucional e traz novas possibilidades de interação com os públicos. A partir desses pressupostos o estudo busca responder à seguinte problemática: Como o cenário da midiatização afetou as práticas de Relações Públicas na web desde o advento da internet comercial no Brasil? A metodologia utiliza o estudo de casos múltiplos com base em Yin (2005). O corpus de estudo foi formado por doze (12) portais analisados em três momentos: anos 1990, anos 2000 e anos atuais. Os portais antigos foram acessados através da ferramenta Internet Archive Wayback Machine (IAWM). O texto está dividido em quatro capítulos: o primeiro objetiva refletir sobre o processo de legitimação no contexto de midiatização da sociedade; o segundo visa entender o deslocamento da compreensão dos meios de comunicação como canais responsáveis pela mediação entre o emissor e o receptor (E-M-R) para um entendimento dos meios como ambiência na qual essas funções hibridizam-se; o terceiro reflete sobre as mudanças advindas nas práticas de Relações Públicas na ambiência da internet e do sistema web. O último capítulo apresenta a análise das estratégias de comunicação estudadas, lista e exemplifica as características mais pertinentes dos portais de cada período, o que possibilita a classificação das três fases da WebRP. A primeira com status mais informativo, caracteriza-se pela transposição de pontos de identidade visual, dados históricos e algumas notícias. A segunda caracteriza-se pela ampliação das informações e serviços virtuais, formas de contato e aproximação com os públicos. A terceira tem como traços marcantes o predomínio de informações dirigidas a cada público, a presença de projetos institucionais e a utilização de recursos em multimídia. As considerações finais apontam para a visibilidade como o principal fator que guia as práticas de relações públicas na internet, um resultado que não condiz com as possibilidades interativas dessa ambiência midiática contemporânea.

The aim of this thesis is to assess whether agency advocacy in newspapers debate articles has increased since the 1970’s and what forms agency advocacy take. This is done by investigating if the number or share of debate articles written by agencies increased from the 1970’s to the 2000’s, what types of communication approaches and subjects that are used over the years. The theoretical approach is based on research about new public management (NPM) and mediatisation through a normative institutionalist perspective. It is mainly a quantitative study where we collect debate articles from four different decades and code the content according to three ideal types: information, agency advocacy by promoting issue and agency advocacy by legitimating agency.  The thesis finds that the share and to some extent the number of debate articles has increased over the years, which supports the NPM theory and in part mediatisation theory. All ideal types are present; agency advocacy exists in all analysed debate articles while information is highly absent.  There is little change over the years which make it difficult to assess which theory that is supported.

Les événements futurs, non vécus et encore inconnus, s’apparentent souvent à des phénomènes insignifiables de manière rationnelle et fondée. Pourtant, les journalistes de presse écrite annoncent régulièrement dans les colonnes des quotidiens nationaux les grands rendez-vous de l’actualité à venir. Soit autant d’événements politiques, sportifs ou culturels, programmés à l’agenda médiatique, qui n’ont pas encore eu lieu. Partant de ce constat, cette thèse aborde le processus de « médiatisation anticipative » en cherchant à comprendre comment certains journalistes du Monde, du Figaro et de Libération parviennent à donner objectivement du sens aux Jeux olympiques de Pékin, plusieurs années avant leur déroulement. A partir d’une enquête qualitative et compréhensive construite à l’aide des outils théoriques de la sociologie issue de la phénoménologie, nous avons analysé les logiques sociales et cognitives qui guident les journalistes dans leur prévision de l’événement. Il en ressort que l’anticipation de ce grand rendez-vous sportif est un processus journalistique raisonné bâti sur trois schèmes entremêlés. Le premier permet de contextualiser l’événement à partir des occurrences observées dans le présent. Le second l’identifie en le confrontant à d’autres événements passés typiquement similaires. Enfin, le troisième l’interprète par la projection d’un probable devenir. / The future events, non actual and still unknown, are often similar to meaningless phenomena on a rational and well-founded way. Nevertheless, written press journalists regularly report the big current events to come in the national dailies. It means that many political, sports and cultural events, which are media scheduled, have not yet occurred. Bearing this in mind, this doctoral thesis depicts the process of " proactive mediatisation ", which aims at understanding how some journalists from Le Monde, Le Figaro and Libération objectively succeed in giving a meaning to the Beijing Olympic Games several years before their staging. A qualitative and comprehensive study, built on theoretical tools from phenomenology based sociology, has been carried out. It enables us to analyse the social and cognitive logics leading the journalists in their prediction, which reveals that the anticipation of this big sports event is the result of a argued journalistic process built on three intermingled schema. The first one contextualizes the event from cases observed in the present time. The second schema identifies this event in facing other past events typically similar. The last schema interprets the Beijing Olympic Games by forecasting a likely future.

Quel rôle est tenu par la fiction dans la relation qui s’établit entre des enfants - âgés entre 6 et 12 ans - et des monuments ? Financée par la région PACA, cette recherche s’intéresse aux formes prises par le monument dans sa « circulation triviale » (Jeanneret, 2008) et aux appropriations qu’en font les enfants. Partant du constat que la fiction nourrit les médiations proposées aux jeunes dans les monuments mais aussi que l’exposition médiatique de ces derniers est importante dans les fictions enfantines - notamment à travers le motif du château , trois niveaux de recherche ont été pensés. Le premier consiste à identifier, via une analyse sémiotique, les opérateurs de la fiction dans les médiations éducatives des monuments désignées explicitement comme telles - audioguides, livrets de visite, ateliers. La fiction mobilisée dans un tel contexte occupe des fonctions qui s’entrecroisent : didactique, ludique et expressive. Dans une démarche similaire, le second niveau propose d’analyser les processus de fabrication de monuments stéréotypés circulant massivement dans les fictions des industries culturelles - en prenant pour exemple, deux monographies : celle du château rêvé de Disney et de l’école Poudlard dans la saga Harry Potter. Le monument y agit principalement de façon cathartique, axiologique et diégétique. De fait, ces deux premiers niveaux mettent en exergue l’opérativité socio-culturelle de la fiction dans la relation proposée au monument. Mais que produisent ces opérateurs fictionnels ? Comment circulent-ils, se réinscrivent-ils et quelles valeurs confèrent-t-ils à la monumentalité ? Pour répondre à ces questions, le dernier niveau s’intéresse à leur réinscription dans les discours d’enfants sous une forme singulière de production de sens - appelés microliens. Ces derniers sont entendus comme des connexions infimes créées par analogie par des sujets entre des opérateurs de dispositifs actualisés dans des expériences sociales - la visite par exemple - et participant à l’élaboration d’un « être culturel » - la monumentalité. Les résultats montrent que la fiction permet des appropriations singulières du temps et de l’espace du monument et différentes formes d’immersion fictionnelle prises et de réflexivité de l’expérience vécue chez les enfants. Pour ces raisons, les expériences liées au monument seraient « polychrésiques » c’est-à-dire objets de constantes réappropriations et « prises(e) sans cesse dans un large spectre de logiques sociales différentes » (Jeanneret, op.cit. : 83). Le décloisonnement des domaines de la vie sociale que propose l’étude de la « trivialité », en tant que circulation des savoirs, montre que la naissance ou le développement d’une pratique pourrait se concevoir dans et avec un « ailleurs » imprégné de discours circulant comprenant des moments, des objets, des discours en dehors des monuments, autrement dit dans un espace ventilé.. / Which role is played by fiction in the relationship established between children - aged from 6 to 12 years old - and historical monuments? Funded by the PACA region, this research focuses on the forms taken by the historical monument in its « trivial circulation » (Jeanneret, 2008) and the appropriations that children do. Noting that fiction feeds mediations offered to young people in the monuments but also that the media exposure of these is important in children’s fictions - particularly through the pattern of the castle – three levels of search are thought. The first is to identify, through a semiotic analysis, operators of fiction in educational mediations of monuments explicitly designated as such – audio guides, visit booklets, workshops. Mobilized fiction in this context holds positions that intersect themselves: didactic, playful and expressive. In a similar move, the second level offers to analyse the manufacturing processes of stereotyped monuments massively flowing in the fictions of cultural industries - taking for example, two monographs: the dreamed castle of Disney and the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in Harry Potter saga. The monument mainly acts in a cathartic, axiological and diegetic way. In fact, these two first levels highlight the socio-cultural operability of fiction in the proposed relation to the monument. But what do these fictional operators produce? How do they run, re-enroll themselves and what values do they give to “monumentality”? To answer these questions, the last level is interested in their re-enrollment in children’s speeches in a singular form of sense of production - called microlinks. These are understood as tiny connections created by analogy by subjects between updated devices operators in social experiences - the visit for example - and participating in the development of a « cultural being » - monumentality. The results show that fiction allows singular appropriations of time and space of the monument and different forms of fictional immersion taken and of reflexivity of the experience lived by children. For these reasons, the experiences linked to the monument would be « polychrésiques » which means objects of constant reappropriations and « taken constantly in a wide spectrum of different social logics » (Jeanneret, op.cit.: 83). The compartmentalisation of areas of social life that includes the study of the « triviality » as knowledge circulation, shows that the birth or the development of a practice can be conceived in and with an « elsewhere » imbued with running speech including moments, objects, speeches outside monuments, in other words in a ventilated space.