Democratic forms of government are either consolidating democratic institutions or unraveling into authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union. Among the possible causes of each success or failure to consolidate democracy is the character of civil society and its cultural proximity to long-standing, modern state-based, consolidated democracies of the West. What impact does Western or Westernized media have upon the indigenous civil societies of Eastern Europe, and is this impact sufficient to consolidate democracy among the states of the former Soviet Union? As case studies, Eastern Europe contains two states, Estonia and Russia, where democracy has either succeeded or failed alongside the presence of exogenous cultural influence in the form of Western or Westernized television broadcast media. To what extent does the presence of Western broadcast media and associated cultural memes predict the iv consolidation of democratic political values, and how ought any impact of these memes be interpreted in the light of modernity, Eurocentricity and cultural hegemony? To account for the impact of exogenous cultural influence, foreign policy prescriptions that encourage the growth of indigenous, mimetic, democratic civic culture would appear to be an effective means of supporting democracy in the emerging democracies of Eastern Europe. / by John R. Batey. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

by Xueyi Chen. / Thesis submitted in: December 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-106). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Table of Contents / Abbreviations / Timeline / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Purpose and Significance / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Structure / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Historical Background / Chapter 2.1 --- Development of China's Stock Markets / Chapter 2.2 --- Paradox in China's Stock Markets / Chapter 2.3 --- Stock News Reporting in China / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Literature Review / Chapter 3.1 --- The Perspective of Political Economy: An Overview / Chapter 3.2 --- The Political Economy of China's Party Press: Change and Continuity / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "In the Mao Era: The Chinese Press as Propagandist, Agitator and Organizer" / Chapter 3.2.2 --- In the Era of Economic Reform: A Paradigm Shift / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Assumptions / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Methodology / Chapter 5.1 --- Four Periods: Operational Definitions for the Interplay of State Controls and Market Forces / Chapter 5.2 --- Contexts of the Field Study / Chapter 5.3 --- Research Procedures / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Content Analysis / Chapter 5.2.2 --- In-depth Interview / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Documentary Analysis / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Participant Observation / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Stock News Reporting under State-Market Dynamics / Chapter 6.1 --- The Period of Initial Reforms: From the Early 1980s to the Mid-1980s / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Continuing State Controls / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Absence of Market and Competition / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Content Pattern: Ideological Orthodoxy / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Reporting Mode: Orthodox Reporting / Chapter 6.2 --- The Period of Continuing Reforms: From the Mid-1980s to the Late1980s / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Relaxed State Controls / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Emerging Competition / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Content Changes: Minor Departures from Ideological Orthodoxy / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Reporting Mode: Orthodox Reporting with Increased Flexibility / Chapter 6.3 --- The Period of Interrupted Development: From the Late 1980s to1992 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- The Resumption of Tight State Controls / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Strengthening Market / Chapter 6.3.3 --- "Content Changes: Greater Diversity, News Value, and Responsiveness to Readers" / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Reporting Mode: Managing the News / Chapter 6.4 --- The Period of Ideological Legitimization: From 1993 to1996 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Shorter Control-Relaxation Cycle / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Increasing Market Pressure / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Content Changes: Increased Standardization / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Reporting Mode: Standardizing the News / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary / Chapter 7.2 --- Impact of Interplay of Politics and Economics on Journalism as an Issue-Variant Relationship / Chapter 7.3 --- Future Research / Tables / References

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

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This thesis explores the shape, the dynamics, and the main reasons for media capture and collusion in Croatia since the second transition in 2000. Using principal-agent theory to refer to the basic relation-ship between politicians, media and citizens, I intend to explain why politicians make use of particularism - behaviour aiming at the limitation of horizontal accountability - to force the media into cooperation with politicians (media capture) or to engage in an illicit, mutually agreed deal (collusion). Located in the literatures on democratization, party research and media studies, I aim to connect these fields in arguing that intra-party dynamics such as party leaders' rootedness, contestation and the institutionalization of rules play an important role in incentivizing executive politicians to capture or collude with media outlets. The empirical outcome of the study showing drastic failures of horizontal accountability contradicts dominant narratives of Croatia's high level of democratic consolidation between 2000 and 2014 and therefore challenges the suitability of indicators primarily designed to capture the institutionalization of institutions rather than the institutionalization of particularism. Croatia is a particularly appropriate case to study in this context since none of the traditional incentives such as Europeanization, inter-party competition, a strong civil society or economic modernization can fully explain shifts in the way politicians limit or reinforce horizontal accountability of the media. In order to address this puzzle I adopt a two-pronged research strategy based on both qualitative and quantitative elements in order to reliably and validly measure the shape and development of media capture and collusion.

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This study investigated the presence and content of school policies used by Virginia school divisions to address issues arising from educators' use of social media. The study also explored Virginia school divisions' policy implementation practices and resolutions for educators' social media use issues. Survey response analysis and policy review are combined to define: 1) Virginia school divisions' experiences with educators' inappropriate use of social media, 2) how Virginia school divisions are addressing educators' social media dilemmas and 3) the characteristics of school policies used to address social media issues in Virginia. The findings indicate that while 90% of respondents are concerned about the dilemmas created by educator social media use, 89% report having effective policies in place to address these issues. Responding Virginia school divisions are using Acceptable Use Policies (98%), Code of Conduct policies (54%) and Social Media policies (32%) to address educators' social media issues. The most common reported infractions are unprofessional comments. Most teachers sanctioned for online conduct are disciplined through reprimand (written and verbal) by school system administrators. / EDD / Social media has become a part of daily life for many people. People communicate about life events, daily happenings, and personal thoughts through various forms of social media (Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter). When educators share personal or work related news through social media there can be professional consequences. When social media sharing gains negative public attention school divisions act to protect the school community. This study surveyed all school division superintendents in the Commonwealth of Virginia to find the types of social media issues that have occurred with educators and how such matters are handled. Survey responses were received from every region in the Commonwealth. Nearly every responding division had experienced issues with teacher use of social media. Most social media incidents creating issues occurred when teachers made comments on social media that the school divisions found inappropriate or unprofessional. School divisions generally reacted to social media issues through written or verbal reprimands to educators. A large majority of divisions relied on Acceptable Computer Use Agreements between the school system and educators to regulate and manage issues that occurred. Most school divisions reported that their school policies (including Acceptable Computer Use Agreements) were effective in handling educator social media issues.

A research report is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in ICT Policy and Regulation to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2016 / South Africa has a nascent community television sector, which is legislated as a tier of broadcasting. This sector is important in deepening democracy, creating access to information, giving communities the space to share information, and expanding media ownership to communities beyond the public and commercial television broadcasting sectors. Since 2007, when Soweto TV was the first community television station to be licensed, the processes towards migrating analogue to digital terrestrial television have been beset with delays and the experience of the community TV sector with respect to this migration have been not well understood. The conceptual-analytical framework for this historical study of the period 2007 to 2014 drew on the key themes of sector and institutional governance including the effectiveness of policy and regulation, technological advancement, content and services. Using a constructivist methodology the key documents pertaining to broadcast digital migration were reviewed and interviews were conducted with three community TV stations, Soweto TV, Bay TV and Cape Town TV, as well as with the policy-maker, the regulator and sector experts. The findings revealed that the community television (CTV) sector was faced with problems of sector and institutional governance not being effectively addressed in legislation and regulation, stagnation as a result of lack of spectrum in the analogue television-broadcasting dispensation and limitations on content provision. Using McConnell’s 2010 framework, analysis of the data led to the conclusion that the DTTM programme has failed with respect to the community TV sector. Advances for the CTV sector will require revision to legislation and future regulation to guide the governance of the CTV sector and the digital terrestrial television migration should be concluded without further delay, in order to enable the sector to grow. Although CTV stations are providing content to communities, the opportunity for them to make a greater impact, if digital terrestrial television (DTT) is finally launched, should be prioritised as the new technology can provide them with the scope to expand their content offerings. / MT2017