The child who starts school soon becomes aware that it is important to learn to read and write. When it is educated in written literacy, pictures are used in reading textbooks and other school materials. The child is also asked to draw and talk about pictures in other contexts. Against this background, the aim of the study is to investigate the importance of pictures for children’s learning to read and write. The aim includes a description and analysis of the existing reading and writing discourse. The study problemises relational aspects of school practice, research and teacher education. This problemisation visualises a need for both a change and a development of the field of reading and writing. The thesis starts with a knowledge survey of the field of reading and writing. The survey provides the basis of a text study in which 11 Swedish theses, published between 1996 and 2003, are discussed and related to report materials published by The Swedish National Agency for School Improvement and the Board of Education. The text study is followed by an analysis of pictures, where the empirical material consists both of pictures taken from reading textbooks and reading diagnoses and pictures produced by children. The total result shows that there is consensus about the importance of different methods being applied through balanced reading programmes. At the same time it seems as if the field includes two discourses, a reading and a writing discourse. The dominant reading discourse is characterised by a strong emphasis on the teacher’s competence in terms of being able to see, create progression, arrange in order, settle up and correct for the purpose of providing good preconditions for learning. Pictures are given here a clearly subordinate role. As for the writing discourse, there is a clear shift from the teacher to the child as a meaning carrying and meaning creating subject. To some extent pictures are then recognised as a complementary form of mediation in connection with writing. In the reading discourse it is clear that pictures are traditionally used as illustrations of texts for the purpose of proficiency training. In that case pictures are given a complex role. On the one hand they are criticised for being ambiguous. This ambiguity can lead the child away from effective decoding. On the other hand it is presupposed, paradoxically enough, that there is a one-to-one relationship between picture and text. In contrast, children themselves seem to be able to apply a well-integrated use of picture and text where the intention is superordinate to the convention. The picture-text relation is then expansive: through the child’s involvement the interplay between words and pictures is functional and creates meaning. The thesis shows that a widened text concept, and consideration for the forms of production and presentation that characterise our culture, may yield knowledge contributing to developing the field of reading and writing. In order for this development to be possible, a complementary description of what characterises the respective discourse is required. In this description the concepts of communication and language, society and context and understanding and action function as an active intertriad for handling the teaching of reading and writing not as two separate fields but as a broadened, and at the same genuinely inclusive, field of knowledge.

Orientador: Inês Signorini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T06:47:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinheiro_PetrilsonAlan_D.pdf: 1784333 bytes, checksum: d6546971881ae8b02433a241143e4d8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta tese de doutorado tem como objetivo descrever e analisar o processo de construção das práticas colaborativas de escrita de um grupo de alunos(as) do Ensino Médio, por meio do uso de algumas ferramentas da internet. Mais especificamente, esta investigação parte da análise de um corpus gerado a partir de um projeto de ensino de um jornal digital escolar desenvolvido numa Escola Estadual no município de Campinas - SP, entre os meses de agosto e dezembro de 2008, junto com um grupo de voluntários composto por dezenove alunos(as) do primeiro e segundo anos do Ensino Médio, e por um professor de língua portuguesa. O projeto de ensino consistia no trabalho colaborativo dos(as) alunos(as) no processo de produção das matérias a serem expostas no jornal online, a partir do uso de duas ferramentas digitais: a conversa instantânea e o correio eletrônico. Por meio do projeto de ensino, foi possível construir o corpus de análise desta pesquisa de doutorado, a partir dos registros gerados de quarenta e sete encontros online via conversa instantânea e de setenta e duas mensagens trocadas via correio eletrônico entre todos os participantes envolvidos na produção das matérias do jornal. Trata-se, portanto, de um tipo de pesquisa qualitativa, situada no campo da Linguística Aplicada, que se caracteriza, mais especificamente, como uma pesquisa-ação, cuja intenção não se restringe apenas a compreender as práticas de produção textual dos(as) discentes envolvidos, mas, sobretudo, a tentar transformá-las. Quanto à base teórica, este trabalho se constitui por meio da relação entre a internet e a construção de conhecimento na contemporaneidade, tomando como referência os construtos teóricos vygotskynianos de aprendizagem, mediação e Zona Proximal de Desenvolvimento; do conceito de andaime (scaffolding), proposto por Bruner el al. (1976); e da noção de Práticas Colaborativas de Escrita. Como dispositivos teórico-analíticos, utilizo ainda a nomenclatura sugerida por Lowry et at. (2004) acerca do processo colaborativo de escrita, que se baseia em: atividades colaborativas de escrita, estratégias colaborativas de escrita, modos de controle de documentos, papéis colaborativos dos participantes e modos colaborativos de escrita. Neste estudo, busco, portanto, mostrar que as práticas colaborativas de escrita se constituem como processos de aprendizagem, que são sempre mediados por artefatos sociais, históricos e culturais diversos. Nesse sentido, é possível afirmar que a internet, como o principal artefato tecnológico atual, propicia muitas ferramentas digitais que podem funcionar como instrumentos de mediação e contribuir para atividades de produção textual, não de forma individual, como, em geral, a escola sempre trabalhou, mas de uma forma que faça com que alunos e professores possam se engajar em práticas colaborativas de escrita efetiva no contexto escolar / Abstract: The objective of this doctoral thesis is to describe and analyze the process of construction of the collaborative writing practices of a group of High School students, by means of the use of some Internet tools. More specifically, this investigation starts from the analysis of a corpus generated from a teaching project of a digital school newspaper developed in a State School in the municipality of Campinas - SP, between August and December 2008th, together with a group of volunteers with nineteen students of first and second years of High School, and a teacher of Portuguese language. The teaching project consisted of the collaborative work in the production process of the stories to be published in the online newspaper, by means of the use of two digital tools: the instant messenger and the e-mail. By means of the teaching project, it was possible to construct the analysis corpus of this doctoral research, through the data generated from forty-seven online encounters via the instant messenger and seventy-two messages exchanged via e-mail among the participants involved in the production of the newspaper stories. It is, therefore, a kind of qualitative research, situated in the field of Applied Linguistics, which is characterized more specifically as an action research, whose intention is not only the comprehend the text production practices of the students involved, but, above of all, to try to transform them. As for the theoretical basis, this work is constituted by means of the relationship between Internet and knowledge construction in the contemporaneity, by taking as reference the vygotskian theoretical constructs of learning, mediation and Zone of Proximal Development; the concept of scaffolding, from Bruner et al. (1976); and the notion of Collaborative Writing Practices. As for the theoretical-analytical devices, I also make use of the nomenclature suggested by Lowry et al. (2004) about the collaborative writing process, which is based upon: collaborative writing activities, collaborative writing strategies, collaborative modes of documents, collaborative roles of participants and collaborative writing modes. In the study, I seek to show that collaborative writing practices are constitutive of learning processes, which are always mediated by diverse social, historical and cultural artifacts. In this sense, it is possible to state that Internet, as the main now-a-days technological artifact, provides a lot of digital tools which can work as mediation instruments and contribute for text production activities not in an individual way, as most schools have always worked, but in a way which can make students and teachers engage in effective collaborative writing practices in the school context / Doutorado / Lingua Materna / Doutor em Linguística Aplicada

L´objectiu d´aquesta tesi és analitzar com s´integra una acció pedagògica a l'aula d'interpretació consecutiva. Aquesta acció pedagògica es basa en un enfocament socioconstructivista i pretén fomentar els processos autoreguladors en l´aprenentatge. Es concreta en la incorporació d'una bateria de pautes metacognitives dissenyades específicament per a desenvolupar les habilitats que requereix l'aprenentatge de la interpretació consecutiva. El nostre centre d´interès és l'estudi del pas de l´heteroregulació a l´autoregulació mitjançant la incorporació de les pautes metacognitives, enteses com a instruments de mediació. Conceptualment, la recerca pren com a principals referents teòrics l'autonomia de l'aprenent i la relació d´aquest àmbit amb la teoria sociocultural i amb els processos d'autoregulació. Pel que fa a la metodologia, seguim els pressupòsits de la recerca etnogràfica i els de l'aproximació ecològica de la recerca. Un dels reptes importants d'aquest tipus de recerca és el de trobar un model d'anàlisi que serveixi de base per a l'estudi de les dades resultants de la reflexió metacognitiva. Per fer-ho, ens hem aproximat a l´anàlisi del discurs. Un cop segmentades les dades, per a l'anàlisi interpretativa hem tingut en compte, entre altres, els aspectes següents: a) la relació que s'estableix entre els enunciats a través dels marcadors i els connectors del discurs b) la localització temporalc) la modalització i la polifonia de veus en el discurs. Entre els resultats obtinguts, destaca que els instruments ´diari de l´aprenent- i ´pauta metacognitiva- esdevenen formes vàlides per a verbalitzar la reflexió metacognitiva. I també que l´autoregulació de l'aprenentatge es desenvolupa en un procés de reflexió, cíclic i dinàmic. En aquest procés es fan evidents diversos graus o nivells. Identificar-los ajuda a integrar i a treballar el component metacognitiu a l´aula. I ha de permetre elaborar un programa d´aprendre a aprendre enfocat a l'ensenyament de la interpretació consecutiva. Un programa que respecti els microprocessos relacionats amb els nivells de consciència identificats i que, a la vegada, esdevingui útil per a propòsits didàctics. / El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar cómo se integra en el aula de interpretación consecutiva una acción pedagógica basada en un enfoque socioconstructivista y que pretende fomentar los procesos autoreguladores en el aprendizaje. Esa acción se concreta en la incorporación de una batería de pautas metacognitivas diseñadas específicamente para desarrollar las habilidades que requiere el aprendizaje de la interpretación consecutiva. Nuestro interés se centra en el paso de la heteroregulación a la autorregulación mediante la citada incorporación de pautas metacognitivas entendidas como instrumentos de mediación. Conceptualmente, la investigación adopta como principales referentes teóricos la autonomía del aprendiz en su relación con la teoría sociocultural y con los procesos de autorregulación. En cuanto a la metodología, seguimos los presupuestos de la investigación etnográfica y los de la aproximación ecológica a la investigación. Uno de los retos fundamentales de ese tipo de investigación consiste en hallar un modelo de análisis que sirva de base para el estudio que permita estudiar los datos resultantes de la reflexión metacognitiva. A tal fin partimos del análisis del discurso, procediendo de modo que, una vez segmentados los datos, se lleva a cabo una interpretación de los mismos definida según los siguientes criterios:a) la relación que se establece entre los enunciados recurriendo a los marcadores y conectores discursivosb) la localización temporalc) la modalización y la polifonía de voces en el discurso.Entre los resultados más destacados del presente trabajo cabe citar, por una parte, que los instrumentos 'diario del aprendiz' y 'pauta metacognitiva' resultan fórmulas válidas para verbalizar la reflexión metacognitiva. Por otra parte, hay que referirse al hecho de que la autorregulación del aprendizaje se desarrolla en un proceso de reflexión cíclico y dinámico en el que se dan distintos grados o niveles, la identificación de los cuales permite integrar y trabajar el componente metacognitivo en el aula. Ello, por su parte, debe posibilitar la elaboración de un programa de ´aprender a aprender- aplicado a la didáctica de la interpretación consecutiva y que se ajuste a los microprocesos relacionados con los niveles de conciencia metacognitiva identificados. / The purpose of this research is to analyse how a teaching action is integrated into the consecutive interpreting classroom. This teaching action is based on a socio-constructivist approach and attempts to encourage self-regulation processes in learning. The action takes the form of a battery of metacognitive guides designed specifically for developing the skills required for learning consecutive interpreting.Our focus of interest is the study of the move from hetero-regulation to self-regulation through the incorporation of instruments of mediation - the metacognitive guides - designed to develop the skills required for learning consecutive interpreting. Conceptually, the research takes as its main theoretical references learner autonomy and the relationship of this field with socio-cultural theory and the processes of self-regulation. As for methodology, we follow the criteria of ethnographic and ecologial approach to research. One of the important challenges of this kind of research is finding a model of analysis that serves as a basis for studying the data resulting from metacognitive reflection. To do this, we have used a discourse analysis approach. Once the data has been segmented, for the interpretive analysis we have taken into account the following aspects, among others: a) the relationship between the sentences through the markers and connectors; b) the location in time; c) the modalization and the polyphony of voices in the speech. Among the main results obtained, the mediation instruments, ´learner´s diary- and ´metacognitive guide-, prove to be valid forms for verbalizing metacognitive reflection. Also, that self-regulation of learning is developed in a cyclical and dynamic reflection process. In this process, different degrees or levels become clear. Identifying them helps to integrate and work with the metacognitive element in the classroom. And it should make it possible to draw up a learning-to-learn program focused on teaching consecutive interpreting: a program that respects the micro-processes related to the levels of consciousness identified and which, at the same time, should prove useful for teaching purposes.