The use of neutron and charged particle induced reactions is briefly discussed and the experimental facilities employed in this work are described. The qualitative elemental composition of human lung tissues, taken from individuals deceased from non-lung-related causes, was determined by prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA), cyclic neutron activation analysis (CNAA), conventional neutron activation and proton induced X-ray emission analyses. In addition elemental concentrations were determined by CNAA and conventional activation. Concentration values for elements previously not extensively reported in the literature, Ce, Cl, F, Hf and Sc were obtained as well as values for 18 other elements. Fingernail samples were investigated in order to study the uptake of Se and Zn supplementation. The effect of the rate of excretion through fingernails of Se and Zn on the level of Na is described. The variations in the elemental concentrations from finger to finger are shown for Se, Cl, Na and K and the variations from hand to hand, of a control, are shown for Br, Cl, K, Mg, Na, Rb, S, Se and Zn. Concentration values for Br, Ce, S, and Se, for which values available in the literature are very few , are presented. Bone biopsy samples were collected from the iliac crest of subjects, divided into four groups depending on the length of dialysis treatment, aluminium levels in blood and bone pathology in terms of osteoporosis. Fluorine concentration in the samples were determined by CNAA and proton Induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) in conjunction with Rutherford backscattering (RBS). The relation between the A1 levels in the system and the F concentrations in the bone samples was investigated and the existence of a positive correlation between A1 and F was found. The effect of mass fractionation was tested for small and large sample fractions of Bowen's kale and the detection sensitivities were determined in counts/mg of sample. The concept of the sampling factor in CNAA was established for the comparative determination of elemental concentrations and the representative mass of Bowen's kale required for the determination of Br, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, Rb, S, Se, Sm and V were found. Following the Chernobyl reactor accident, measurements of University of Surrey students returning from Kiev and Minsk were conducted for the neck region and the chest region. The activity of iodine (I-131) in the thyroid and the effective dose equivalent were calculated. The activities in the chest region for Cs-137, Zr-95 and the annihilation radiation were determined using a chest water-phantom. Measurement of radioactive particulates in air filters, collected from air ventilation units in the London area, a month after the radioactive cloud from Chernobyl had passed over the U.K., was carried out and the concentrations of 17 fission products in the atmosphere were calculated.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-02-29T13:10:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Janaína da Silva Flôr_.pdf: 1402196 bytes, checksum: c792f0192f06b699efb92da6f103719f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-29T13:10:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janaína da Silva Flôr_.pdf: 1402196 bytes, checksum: c792f0192f06b699efb92da6f103719f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Nenhuma / Para um acadêmico se tornar um bom enfermeiro, necessita não somente do conhecimento teórico, mas de uma boa iniciação ao exercício da prática. Com o objetivo de demonstrar essa importância e também como o tema das análises clínicas é relevante no que diz respeito à assistência prestada, ao prognóstico e ao tempo de internação é que este estudo nos mostra através das falas de alunos e docentes como é feita a abordagem teórico-prática neste campo. Este estudo ocorreu com docentes e discentes da graduação em enfermagem de uma Universidade da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre no período de dezembro de 2014 a março de 2015, com objetivo de propor uma matriz de competências que indique os conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes sobre o tema da análise clínica, que possam contribuir para a formação de enfermeiros. Para que o objetivo fosse alcançado foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com aluno e docentes do curso em questão. Após a transcrição e análise minuciosa do material foram elencadas categorias. Os resultados mostram que é necessária a construção de uma matriz de competências para que o docente e o aluno saibam o que é necessário para ambos darem conta do processo de análises clínicas / For an academic to become a good nurse, you need not only the theoretical knowledge but a good start to the year of practice. In order to demonstrate this importance and as the subject of clinical analysis is relevant with regard to assistance, prognosis and length of stay is that this study shows us through the words of students and teachers as the approach is made theory and practice in this field. This study was conducted with teachers and students of undergraduate nursing a University of metropolitan area of Porto Alegre from December 2014 to March 2015, in order to propose an array of skills that indicate the knowledge, skills and attitudes on the subject Clinic analysis, which can contribute to the formation of nurses. So that the objective was achieved it was conducted semi-structured interviews with students and course teachers in question. After transcription and thorough analysis of the material were listed categories. The results show that the construction is required of an array of skills to the teacher and the student know what is required for both realizing the process of medical tests.

Ce travail a été mené dans un contexte de collaboration étroite entre le Centre de Protonthérapie d’Orsay de l’Institut Curie (ICPO), Dosisoft et le laboratoire Creatis afin de mettre en place un nouveau modèle de calcul de dose pour la nouvelle salle de traitement de l’ICPO. Le projet de rénovation et d’agrandissement de ce dernier a permis l’installation d’un nouvel accélérateur ainsi que d’une nouvelle salle de traitement équipée d’un bras isocentrique de la société IBA, dans le but de diversifier les localisations des cancers traités à l’ICPO. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de développer un ensemble de méthodologies et de nouveaux algorithmes liés au calcul de dose pour les adapter aux caractéristiques spécifiques des faisceaux délivrés par la nouvelle machine IBA, avec comme finalité de les inclure dans le logiciel Isogray de DOSIsoft. Dans un premier temps, la technique de la double diffusion est abordée en tenant compte des différences avec le système passif des lignes fixes de l’ICPO. Dans un deuxième temps, une modélisation est envisagée pour les modalités de faisceaux balayés. Le deuxième objectif est d’améliorer les modèles de calcul de dose Ray-Tracing et Pencil-Beam existants. En effet, le collimateur personnalisé du patient en fin de banc de mise en forme du faisceau pour les techniques de double diffusion et de balayage uniforme provoque une contamination de la dose délivrée au patient. Une méthodologie de réduction de cet effet a été mise en place pour le système passif de délivrance du faisceau, ainsi qu’un modèle analytique décrivant la fonction de contamination, dont les paramètres ont été validés grâce à des simulations Monte Carlo sur la plateforme GATE. Il est aussi possible d’appliquer ces méthodes aux systèmes actifs. / This work was achieved in collaboration between the Institut Curie Protontherapy Center of Orsay (ICPO), the DOSIsoft company and the CREATIS laboratory, in order to develop a new dose calculation model for the new ICPO treatment room. A new accelerator and gantry room from the IBA company were installed during the up-grade project of the protontherapy center, with the intention of enlarging the cancer localizations treated at ICPO. Developing a package of methods and new dose calculation algorithms to adapt them to the new specific characteristics of the delivered beams by the IBA system is the first goal of this PhD work. They all aim to be implemented in the DOSIsoft treatment planning software, Isogray. First, the double scattering technique is treated in taking into account major differences between the IBA system and the ICPO fixed beam lines passive system. Secondly, a model is explored for the scanned beams modality. The second objective of this work is improving the Ray-Tracing and Pencil-Beam dose calculation models already in use. For the double scattering and uniform scanning techniques, the patient personalized collimator at the end of the beam line causes indeed a patient dose distribution contamination. A reduction method of that phenomenon was set up for the passive beam system. An analytical model was developed which describes the contamination function with parameters validated through Monte-Carlo simulations on the GATE platform. It allows us to apply those methods to active scanned beams.