Concebendo a ciência enquanto construção social, apartamo-nos do ideário de neutralidade e imparcialidade. A discussão da legitimidade da homeopatia no campo científico está associada ao dissenso, remetendo a um conflito histórico. O presente trabalho avalia qualitativa e quantitativamente a presença da homeopatia nas faculdades de medicina veterinária do Brasil. Na perspectiva de currículo como território de disputas, analisamos a tensão entre discurso homeopático e medicina científica, duas epistemes distintas. Foram investigadas as atividades relacionadas com homeopatia: disciplina obrigatória, disciplina optativa, atendimento clínico e pesquisa acadêmica. Os resultados demonstram que a homeopatia é ofertada em 20,1% das faculdades de medicina veterinárias do país. Outrossim, seu oferecimento é heterogêneo. Verifica-se uma discrepância entre currículo formal e currículo real: a ausência da homeopatia nos currículos justifica-se pela carência de médicos veterinários homeopatas no contexto acadêmico. Iniciativas pessoais são motivadores das atividades homeopáticas encontradas nos currículos acadêmicos. Entretanto, sua institucionalização é frágil. Concluímos que a posição subsidiária da homeopatia no âmbito acadêmico justifica-se à medida que diverge da construção epistemológica da medicina científica / Conceiving science as a social construction, we remove the ideals of neutrality and impartiality. The discussion of Homeopathy's legitimacy in the scientific field is associated with dissent, referring to a historical conflict. This study evaluates qualitatively and quantitatively the presence of homeopathy in Brazilian veterinary medical schools. In curriculum perspective as territorial disputes, we analyze the tension between the homeopathy's discourse and scientific medicine, two distinct epistemes. These activities related to homeopathy were investigated: compulsory subject, elective subject, clinical care and academic research. The results show that homeopathy is offered in 20.1% of veterinary medical schools in the country. Furthermore, its offer is heterogeneous. There is a discrepancy between the formal and the real curriculum: the absence of homeopathy in the curriculum is justified by the lack of homeopathic veterinarians in the academic context. Personal initiatives are motivators of homeopathic activities found in academic curriculums. However, its institutionalization is fragile. We conclude that the homeopathy's subsidiary position in the academic field is justified as it diverges from the epistemological construction of scientific medicine

Concebendo a ciência enquanto construção social, apartamo-nos do ideário de neutralidade e imparcialidade. A discussão da legitimidade da homeopatia no campo científico está associada ao dissenso, remetendo a um conflito histórico. O presente trabalho avalia qualitativa e quantitativamente a presença da homeopatia nas faculdades de medicina veterinária do Brasil. Na perspectiva de currículo como território de disputas, analisamos a tensão entre discurso homeopático e medicina científica, duas epistemes distintas. Foram investigadas as atividades relacionadas com homeopatia: disciplina obrigatória, disciplina optativa, atendimento clínico e pesquisa acadêmica. Os resultados demonstram que a homeopatia é ofertada em 20,1% das faculdades de medicina veterinárias do país. Outrossim, seu oferecimento é heterogêneo. Verifica-se uma discrepância entre currículo formal e currículo real: a ausência da homeopatia nos currículos justifica-se pela carência de médicos veterinários homeopatas no contexto acadêmico. Iniciativas pessoais são motivadores das atividades homeopáticas encontradas nos currículos acadêmicos. Entretanto, sua institucionalização é frágil. Concluímos que a posição subsidiária da homeopatia no âmbito acadêmico justifica-se à medida que diverge da construção epistemológica da medicina científica / Conceiving science as a social construction, we remove the ideals of neutrality and impartiality. The discussion of Homeopathy's legitimacy in the scientific field is associated with dissent, referring to a historical conflict. This study evaluates qualitatively and quantitatively the presence of homeopathy in Brazilian veterinary medical schools. In curriculum perspective as territorial disputes, we analyze the tension between the homeopathy's discourse and scientific medicine, two distinct epistemes. These activities related to homeopathy were investigated: compulsory subject, elective subject, clinical care and academic research. The results show that homeopathy is offered in 20.1% of veterinary medical schools in the country. Furthermore, its offer is heterogeneous. There is a discrepancy between the formal and the real curriculum: the absence of homeopathy in the curriculum is justified by the lack of homeopathic veterinarians in the academic context. Personal initiatives are motivators of homeopathic activities found in academic curriculums. However, its institutionalization is fragile. We conclude that the homeopathy's subsidiary position in the academic field is justified as it diverges from the epistemological construction of scientific medicine

An emerging pattern of public doubt in scientific and political authorities has been seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, where numerous alternatives to vaccinations have gone viral. Ivermectin's growth from a relatively known specialist drug to a political controversy is a striking example of the amplification that social media can provide. Doubt in the dangers of illness has occurred in regard to previous diseases with limited impact, including the Zika virus, Ebola, and H1N1. However, the COVID-19 pandemic's impact in the United States is a much larger example of the gaps in current risk assessments and methods of public health authorities. Publicly available Twitter data was mined to identify tweets discussing ivermectin and vaccination during the first year of COVID-19, before public discussion of ivermectin took off. Those tweets were coded using textual analysis and examined through the use of statistical tools. I examine existing sociological studies about trust in medical authority, vaccine rejection, diffusion of new information, and risk analysis to provide context for my results. Attitudes towards vaccination influenced attitudes towards ivermectin inversely. Negative attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination were associated with more positive attitudes towards ivermectin. Mentions of pharmaceuticals, deaths during the vaccine wait, or a vaccine conspiracy were additionally significant, all of which led to more positive attitudes towards ivermectin.

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English :Between 1870 and 1930, medicine on the heels of the Pastorian revolution underwent profound changes while the hospital – a charitable institution traditionally dedicated to the care of the poor – was fast becoming one of the central sites of Western health care. Yet, it was still decades away from the advent of "patient rights" and the rise to prominence of the ethics of patient autonomy. What moral culture, then, prevailed inside hospitals and shaped the encounter between patients and health care professionals? What logics underlay interactions between the former and the latter? These are the questions that this thesis aims to answer. Drawing from the archives of two public hospitals in Brussels as well as from a series of deontological, literary, religious and jurisprudential sources, this work sits at the intersection of the social history of medicine, the history of authoritarian institutions, the history of patients and the history of medical ethics. It offers an examination of therapeutics interactions that primarily focuses on the day-to-day practices of various groups of historical actors (patients, doctors, interns, catholic nuns, priests, administrators, etc.). With an eye on the larger social context, it attempts to give a new historical depth to topics borrowed from the field of medical ethics, such as medical authority, care relationships, experimentation, religious healing, truth and benevolent lies, etc. By mining a rich collection of letters written by patients and their family members to the hospital administration, this thesis also sheds light on the views and actions of hospital users. Ultimately, it reveals the hospital as structured by a complex moral economy that is the expression of the deep paternalistic outlook of western societies. In this economy, therapeutic interactions rest on an ambiguous system of moral reciprocity that encourages the simultaneous performance of charitable love and social domination, of docility and rebellion.------------Français :Entre 1870 et 1930, la médecine, enrichie par les nouvelles possibilités de l’anesthésie, exultant devant le miracle antiseptique et les promesses de la révolution pastorienne, subit une transformation profonde. L’hôpital public, institution charitable traditionnellement dédiée au soin des populations pauvres, est en passe de devenir un des sites centraux de la thérapeutique occidentale. Pourtant, cette période de formation décisive de la médecine moderne est encore à des décennies de l’avènement des « droits des patients » et de ce bouleversement majeur qui verra, au milieu du 20ème siècle, l’éthique médicale entièrement reformulée autour de la notion d’autonomie du malade. Quelle culture morale prévaut alors à l’intérieur des institutions hospitalières et détermine les formes de la rencontre entre les patients et les soignants? Quels logiques sous-tendent l’agir des premiers et des seconds, dans le cadre de toutes ces activités qui amènent ceux-ci à interagir ensemble ?Ce sont les questions auxquelles cette thèse a l’ambition de répondre. Le contexte hospitalier lui-même est abordé ici comme un révélateur des dynamiques sociales structurant plus largement non seulement la médecine de l’époque, mais aussi les sociétés occidentales avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.Les archives des hôpitaux bruxellois St-Jean et St-Pierre, supplémentées par une série de sources déontologiques, littéraires, religieuses et jurisprudentielles, constituent le terrain d’étude à partir duquel s’élaborent les propositions nombreuses de cette thèse. L’objet central de celle-ci – les interactions en milieu hospitalier – se situe à la croisée de quatre courants historiographiques :l’histoire sociale de la médecine, le récit interactionniste des institutions autoritaires, l’histoire des patients et l’histoire de l’éthique médicale. Prêtant une attention particulière aux pratiques des acteurs historiques, Guérir, travailler, désobéir se structure autour de six chapitres. Ceux-ci abordent des thématiques aussi variées que l’autorité des acteurs hospitaliers, la communication entre patients et soignants, ou encore la relation soignante. La thèse interroge aussi la dimension « utilitaire » de la rencontre thérapeutique dans un contexte de médecine publique (usage des corps de malades pauvres pour la science, l’enseignement, etc), les pratiques de détournement de l’institution hospitalière par les malades, et la nature du dialogue mettant en lien ces mêmes malades et l’administration hospitalière en cas de plainte. Au final, ce travail de recherche met à jour une économie morale complexe, expression du paternalisme profond des sociétés occidentales, qui fait reposer les interactions thérapeutiques sur un système ambigu de réciprocité morale. / Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished