Angus Chun-tim Lo. / Thesis (M. Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-147). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / LIST OF PUBLICATIONS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- The Effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Warfarin / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.64 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- The Effects of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) on Pharmacological Properties of the Stereoisomers of Warfarin / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.99 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- The Effects of Danggui (Angelica sinensis) on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Warfarin / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.120 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.127 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- General Conclusion --- p.131 / REFERENCES --- p.138

Hin-Chung Chu. / Thesis submitted in: July 2002. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 281-306). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Cover (English & Chinese version) --- p.I / 中文封面 --- p.II / Abstract (English version) --- p.III-IV / 中藥不良反應論文摘要 --- p.V / Acknowledgements --- p.VI / Abbreviations --- p.VII-VIII / Publication in press --- p.IX / Content --- p.X-XV / Lists of Table --- p.XVI / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-3 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Chinese herbal medicines used in Hong Kong. --- p.4-15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.4-5 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Policy In Hong Kong -- Past And Present --- p.5-1 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Preparatory Committee on Chinese Medicine (PCCM) --- p.7-8 / Chapter 2.4 --- The Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong --- p.8-10 / Chapter 2.5 --- Development of Standards --- p.10 / Chapter 2.6 --- Development of Centres of Good Clinical Practice --- p.10-11 / Chapter 2.7 --- Establishment of a Good System of Education and Training --- p.11 / Chapter 2.8 --- Investigation of Suspected Herbal Toxicity Cases --- p.12-13 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Herbal Safety Surveillance --- p.13-14 / Chapter 2.9 --- Conclusion --- p.14-15 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Herbal medicines used in other countries --- p.16-45 / Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2 --- China --- p.16-19 / Chapter 3.3 --- Macau --- p.22-23 / Chapter 3.4 --- Taiwan --- p.23-26 / Chapter 3.5 --- Japan --- p.27-30 / Chapter 3.6 --- Singapore --- p.30-31 / Chapter 3.7 --- Australia --- p.31-34 / Chapter 3.8 --- Others Asian countries --- p.35 / Chapter 3.9 --- USA --- p.35-39 / Chapter 3.10 --- United Kingdom --- p.39-41 / Chapter 3.11 --- Europe --- p.41-43 / Chapter 3.12 --- Germany --- p.43-45 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Adverse reaction -- General Aspect --- p.46-63 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Traditional Chinese medicine --- p.47-49 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Compound Prescriptions to Reduce Toxicity --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Processing Of Chinese Herbs --- p.50-51 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- The Aims of Herbal Drug Processing --- p.51-52 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- The Methods of Herbal Drug Processing --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- External processing (simple treatment by trimming) --- p.52-53 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Water processing --- p.53-54 / Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- Fire processing --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.2.6 --- Water-fire processing --- p.54-55 / Chapter 4.2.2.7 --- Other methods --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Practical Problem in Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.55-57 / Chapter 4.4 --- Evaluation of herbal adverse reactions --- p.57 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Type A reactions --- p.57 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Type B reactions --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Type C reactions --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Type D reactions --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5 --- Chinese Proprietary medicine --- p.58-59 / Chapter 4.6 --- Potential Risks for Herbal Adverse Reaction --- p.59 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Misidentification --- p.59-60 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Lack of standardisation --- p.60 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Contamination --- p.60 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Incorrect preparation / dosage --- p.60 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Excessive dosage --- p.60-61 / Chapter 4.6.6 --- Individual errors --- p.61 / Chapter 4.6.7 --- Individual response --- p.61 / Chapter 4.6.8 --- Unqualified Herbal Practitioner with Wrong Prescription --- p.61-62 / Chapter 4.6.9 --- Interaction with Western medicine --- p.62 / Chapter 4.6.10 --- Prolonged Usage --- p.62 / Chapter 4.6.11. --- Coexisting disease --- p.62-63 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Substitution, Adulteration or Misusing with Toxic Herbs" --- p.64-84 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview --- p.64-65 / Chapter 5.2 --- Adulteration by Guijiu --- p.65-68 / Chapter 5.3 --- Anticholinergic reactions Caused by <Yangjinhua> --- p.69-74 / Chapter 5.4 --- Overdosage --- p.74 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Overdose of Aconitine --- p.74-78 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Overdose of Liquorice ('Gancao') --- p.78-80 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Overdose of <Chansu> --- p.80 / Chapter 5.5 --- Misusing - Personal abuse --- p.80 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- <Banmao> --- p.80-81 / Chapter 5.6 --- Discussion --- p.81-84 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.84 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Chinese Patent Medicine - General Aspect --- p.85-112 / Chapter 6.1 --- Chinese Patent Medicine --- p.85 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.85-87 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Herbal Injection and Infusion --- p.87-88 / Chapter 6.1.2.1 --- Variety & Processing --- p.88 / Chapter 6.1.2.2 --- Stabilization --- p.88-89 / Chapter 6.1.2.3 --- The Molecular Size --- p.89-90 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Adverse Reactions Caused by Chinese Proprietary Medicines --- p.90 / Chapter 6.1.3.1 --- Aconitine poisoning --- p.90 / Chapter 6.1.3.2 --- Nan Lien Chui Fong Toukuwan' --- p.90-91 / Chapter 6.1.3.3 --- Jin Bu Huan' --- p.91 / Chapter 6.1.3.4 --- Baoyingdan' --- p.91 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Heavy metals in CPM --- p.91 / Chapter 6.1.5 --- The Necessarity to Develop Randomise Herbal Clinical Trial. --- p.91-92 / Chapter 6.1.6 --- Recommendation --- p.92-93 / Chapter 6.1.7 --- Conclusion --- p.93-94 / Chapter 6.2 --- Adulteration by synthetic therapeutic substances --- p.95-104 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The Experiences in China --- p.91-99 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The Experiences in Hong Kong --- p.99-101 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- The Experience in Taiwan --- p.101-102 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Discussion --- p.102-104 / Chapter 6.3 --- Oil of Wintergreen (Methyl salicylate) --- p.104-112 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Overview --- p.104-111 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Prevention --- p.111-112 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Adverse effects of Ginseng. --- p.113-123 / Chapter 7.1 --- Overview --- p.113 / Chapter 7.2 --- Botany --- p.113-114 / Chapter 7.3 --- Pharmacological Effects --- p.114-115 / Chapter 7.4 --- Adverse reaction of Ginseng --- p.115 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Overdosage --- p.115-116 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Substitution with cheaper and more toxic herbs --- p.116-121 / Chapter 7.5 --- Drug - herb Interaction --- p.121-122 / Chapter 7.6 --- Conclusion --- p.123 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Herbal Medicines With Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions --- p.124-123 / Chapter 8.1 --- Overview --- p.124 / Chapter 8.2 --- Hypertension --- p.124 / Chapter 8.3 --- Atherosclerosis --- p.124-125 / Chapter 8.4 --- Arrhythmias --- p.125-126 / Chapter 8.5 --- Cardic Failure --- p.126 / Chapter 8.6 --- Angia Pectoris --- p.126 / Chapter 8.7 --- Thromboembolic Disorders --- p.126-127 / Chapter 8.8 --- Discussion --- p.127-128 / Chapter 8.8.1 --- Herbal Medicine Used in Cardiovascular System --- p.131 / Chapter 8.8.1.1 --- Ginseng --- p.131-133 / Chapter 8.8.1.2 --- Ma huang (Ephedra sinica) --- p.133-136 / Chapter 8.8.1.3 --- Yellow oleander (Thevetia neriifolia) --- p.136-137 / Chapter 8.8.1.4 --- Stephania tetrandra --- p.137-138 / Chapter 8.8.1.5 --- Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) --- p.138 / Chapter 8.8.1.8 --- Ginkgo biloba --- p.138-140 / Chapter 8.8.1.9 --- Dong Quai (Angelicae Sinensis) --- p.140-141 / Chapter 8.8.1.10 --- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) --- p.141-143 / Chapter 8.8.1.11 --- Berberine --- p.143 / Chapter 8.8.2 --- Potential Problem Caused by Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.143-144 / Chapter 8.9 --- Other Herbal Adverse Effects And Drug Interaction --- p.144-145 / Chapter 8.10 --- Conclusion --- p.145 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Review of the Adverse Reactions to herbal treatments of Obesity --- p.146-150 / Chapter 9.1 --- Overview --- p.146 / Chapter 9.2 --- Combined With Unknown medication --- p.146-147 / Chapter 9.3 --- Dietary Supplements and Herbal Preparations --- p.147-149 / Chapter 9.4 --- Conclusion --- p.149-150 / Chapter Chapter 10 --- Adverse Effects of CHM used for Diabetes --- p.151-159 / Chapter 10.1 --- Introduction --- p.151 / Chapter 10.2 --- Traditional Chinese medicine used in Diabetes --- p.151 / Chapter 10.3 --- Adverse Reaction of Alternative Diabetic Treatment --- p.152-158 / Chapter 10.4 --- Conclusion --- p.159 / Chapter Chapter 11 --- Review of Herbal Hepatotoxicity --- p.160-194 / Chapter 11.1 --- Introduction --- p.160-161 / Chapter 11.2 --- Drug-induced hepatic injury --- p.161-163 / Chapter 11.3 --- Types of Liver Injury --- p.163 / Chapter 11.3.1 --- Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) --- p.163 / Chapter 11.4 --- Hepatotoxicity Herbs --- p.163 / Chapter 11.4.1 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.163-164 / Chapter 11.4.2 --- Rhizoma Discoreae Bulbiferae --- p.164-165 / Chapter 11.5 --- Consumption of Insect herbs --- p.165 / Chapter 11.6 --- Hepatotoxicity Cause by Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.165-166 / Chapter 11.6.1 --- Jin Bu Huan --- p.166-168 / Chapter 11.6.2 --- Chi R Yun (Breynia officinalis) --- p.168 / Chapter 11.6.3 --- Sho-saiko-to --- p.168-169 / Chapter 11.6.4 --- Shou-Wu-Pian --- p.169-171 / Chapter 11.7 --- Importance of Drug-Herb and Herb-Herb Interactions --- p.171-172 / Chapter 11.8 --- Diagnosis of Herbal Hepatotoxicity --- p.172-173 / Chapter 11.9 --- Recomandation --- p.173-174 / Chapter 11.10 --- Conclusion --- p.175 / Table --- p.176-180 / Chapter Chapter 12 --- Review of Herbal Nephropathy --- p.181-194 / Chapter 12.1 --- Introduction --- p.181 / Chapter 12.2 --- Aristolochia acids (AA) --- p.181-183 / Chapter 12.2.1 --- Intoxication of Aristolochia in Worldwide --- p.183-184 / Chapter 12.2.2 --- Morphological findings --- p.184-185 / Chapter 12.2.3 --- Carcinogenic --- p.185-187 / Chapter 12.3 --- MuTong (Aristolochia manshuriensis) --- p.187-188 / Chapter 12.4 --- Ma-dou-ling (Fructus Aristolochiae) --- p.188 / Chapter 12.5 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.188-189 / Chapter 12.6 --- Gastrodia Elata --- p.189 / Chapter 12.7 --- Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) --- p.190-191 / Chapter 12.8 --- Hippocampus (Sea Horse) --- p.191 / Chapter 12.9 --- Milabris Phanalerata --- p.191-192 / Chapter 12.10 --- Chinese Proprietary Medicine --- p.192-193 / Chapter 12.11 --- Conclusion --- p.193-194 / Chapter Chapter 13 --- Adverse Reaction of Herbal Medicine in Dermatology. --- p.195-217 / Chapter 13.1 --- Overview --- p.195-196 / Chapter 13.2 --- Chinese Herbal Medicine Used in Psoriasis --- p.196 / Chapter 13.2.1 --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- p.197 / Chapter 13.2.2 --- Radix Angelicae pubescentis and Radix Angelicae dahuricae --- p.197-198 / Chapter 13.2.3 --- Radix macrotomiae seu Lithospermi Injection --- p.198 / Chapter 13.3 --- Chinese Herbal Decoction For Atopic Dermatitis --- p.198-200 / Chapter 13.3.1 --- Tea Extracts --- p.200-201 / Chapter 13.4 --- Potential Adverse Effect with Herbal Medicine --- p.201 / Chapter 13.4.1 --- Allergic skin reactions --- p.201-202 / Chapter 13.4.2 --- Stevens-Johnson syndrome --- p.202 / Chapter 13.4.3 --- Photosensitization --- p.202-204 / Chapter 13.4.4 --- Pellagra --- p.204 / Chapter 13.4.5 --- Hepatotoxic Effects --- p.204-205 / Chapter 13.4.6 --- Others Adverse Reaction --- p.205 / Chapter 13.4.7 --- Potential Adverse Reaction Caused by Interactions --- p.205 / Chapter 13.5 --- Potential Adverse Reaction Caused by Contamination of Herbal Product --- p.206 / Chapter 13.5.1 --- Herbal creams adulterated with corticosteroids --- p.206-207 / Chapter 13.5.2 --- Arsenic dermatoses --- p.207 / Chapter 13.5.3 --- Mercury poisoning --- p.207-208 / Table --- p.208-211 / Chapter 13.6 --- Dermatological Adverse Reaction Caused by Herbs --- p.211 / Chapter 13.7 --- Contact Dermatitis Caused by CPM --- p.211-212 / Chapter 13.7.1 --- Liushenwan' --- p.211-212 / Chapter 13.7.2 --- Heiguiyou' --- p.212 / Chapter 13.7.3 --- 101 Hair Regrowth Liniment' --- p.212-213 / Chapter 13.7.4 --- Zhenggushui' --- p.213 / Chapter 13.7.5 --- Tiedayaoiing' --- p.213-214 / Table --- p.214-215 / Chapter 13.8 --- Non-dermatological adverse effects of systemic herbal treatments used for dermatological conditions --- p.215-216 / Chapter 13.9 --- Conclusion --- p.216-217 / Chapter Chapter 14 --- "Chinese Herbal Medicine in Pregnancy, Infants & Children," --- p.218-229 / Chapter 14.1 --- Overview --- p.218-219 / Chapter 14.2 --- Asian Cultures for Pregnancy --- p.219-223 / Chapter 14.3 --- Teratogenic Herbs --- p.224-225 / Chapter 14.4 --- Chinese proprietary medicines --- p.225 / Chapter 14.4.1 --- "“Tse Koo Choy""" --- p.225-226 / Chapter 14.4.2 --- "“Lu Shen Wan""" --- p.226 / Chapter 14.4.3 --- "“Po Ying Pills""" --- p.226-227 / Chapter 14.4.4 --- """Jin Bu Huan Toxicity"" in Children" --- p.227 / Chapter 14.6 --- Topical Preparations --- p.227-228 / Chapter 14.7 --- Dietary supplement --- p.228-229 / Chapter 14.8 --- Conclusion --- p.229 / Chapter Chapter 15 --- Heavy metals poisoning in traditional Chinese medicines. --- p.230-251 / Chapter 15.1 --- Introduction --- p.230-232 / Chapter 15.2 --- LEAD --- p.232 / Chapter 15.2.1 --- Overview --- p.232 / Chapter 15.2.2 --- Poisoning Cases of Boa Ning Dan --- p.233-235 / Chapter 15.2.3 --- Lead Poisoning in Worldwide --- p.235-238 / Chapter 15.3 --- MERCURY --- p.238 / Chapter 15.3.1 --- Overview --- p.238-239 / Chapter 15.3.2 --- Cinnabar --- p.239-240 / Chapter 15.3.3 --- Presentation --- p.240-241 / Chapter 15.3.4 --- Poisoning Cases --- p.241-242 / Chapter 15.4 --- ARSENIC --- p.242 / Chapter 15.4.1 --- Overview --- p.242-243 / Chapter 15.4.2 --- Arsenic toxicity --- p.243-244 / Chapter 15.4.3 --- The toxicologic mechanisms of inorganic arsenic --- p.244-246 / Chapter 15.4.4 --- Poisoning Cases --- p.246 / Chapter 15.4.5 --- Discussion --- p.247-248 / Chapter 15.5 --- Conclusion --- p.248 / Table --- p.249-251 / Chapter Chapter 16 --- Herb - Drug Interactions --- p.252-269 / Chapter 16.1 --- Overview --- p.252-254 / Chapter 16.2 --- Effects of Herb-drug interactions --- p.255 / Chapter 16.2.1 --- Gastrointestinal system --- p.255-256 / Chapter 16.2.2 --- Cardiovascular system --- p.256 / Chapter 16.2.3 --- Central nervous system --- p.257 / Chapter 16.2.4 --- Endocrine system --- p.257 / Chapter 16.3 --- Reason regard to herb-drug interactions --- p.257 / Chapter 16.3.1 --- Lack of Knowledge About Herbs --- p.257 / Chapter 16.3.2 --- Mislabelling or Adulteration --- p.258 / Chapter 16.3.3 --- Lack of Patient Communication About Use of Botanicals --- p.258 / Chapter 16.3.4 --- Lack of Practitioner Knowledge About Potential Interactions --- p.258 / Chapter 16.4 --- Metabolism of Herb-Drug Interaction --- p.258-259 / Chapter 16.5 --- Pharmacologic Interactions --- p.259-260 / Chapter 16.5.1 --- Interaction with Antibiotics --- p.260 / Chapter 16.5.2 --- Interaction with Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs --- p.260-261 / Chapter 16.5.3 --- Interaction with Sedatives --- p.261-262 / Chapter 16.5.4 --- Interaction with Anticoagulants --- p.262-263 / Chapter 16.5.5 --- Interaction with Anti-hypertensives and Diuretics --- p.263 / Chapter 16.5.6 --- Interaction with Spironolactone --- p.264 / Chapter 16.5.7 --- Interaction with Corticosteroids and Cyclosporine --- p.264-265 / Chapter 16.5.8 --- Interaction with Estrogen Replacement Therapy --- p.265 / Chapter 16.5.9 --- Interactions Between Natural Product and Drug --- p.265-266 / Chapter 16.6 --- Herb-to-Herb Interactions --- p.266-267 / Chapter 16.7 --- Conclusion --- p.268-269 / Chapter Chapter 17 --- Recommendation --- p.270-264 / Chapter 17.1 --- Overview --- p.270 / Chapter 17.2 --- The need to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine --- p.270-271 / Chapter 17.3 --- For the Pharmaceutical Industries --- p.211-212 / Chapter 17.4 --- For the physicians & patient --- p.272-274 / Conclusion --- p.274 / Chapter Chapter 18 --- Conclusion --- p.275-280 / Chapter Chapter 19 --- Reference --- p.281-306

Aim. Baicalein is a bioactive flavonoid component isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, which has been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for the treatment of inflammation for centuries. Although various pharmacological effects of baicalein have been demonstrated, only limited studies in rats reported pharmacokinetic of baicalein, which exhibited a low oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism. In addition, no investigation on human oral absorption or metabolic kinetic profile was reported previously. The current project conducted a series of mechanistic studies aiming to elucidate the intestinal absorption, metabolism and disposition of baicalein. Since glucuronidation plays an important role in the first-pass metabolism of flavonoids including baicalein, additional studies on the relationship between human intestinal glucuronidation activities and chemical structures of flavonoids have also been performed. / Conclusion. Baicalein is well absorbed at intestine but subjected to extensive intestinal glucuronidation resulting in low oral bioavailability. The glucuronidation of baicalein is catalyzed by multiple UGT isozymes. The disposition of baicalein 7-O-glucuronide, the major metabolite of baicalein in vivo, is mediated by the MRP and OATP transporters. The nucleophilicity and stereo-conformation of -OH substituents are crucial for the intestinal glucuronidation of flavonoids. / Methods. For investigation on intestinal absorption, metabolism and disposition of baicalein, human Caco-2 cell monolayer model, rat in situ intestinal perfusion model, and in vitro metabolism model were employed in the present study. For the further investigation on the position preference on glucuronidation of flavonoids at human intestine, the in vitro rates of glucuronidation among seven commercially available mono-hydroxyflavones, namely 3-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 2'-, 3'- and 4'-mono-hydroxyflavones were determined and compared. / Results. The satisfactory permeabilities of baicalein obtained from both Caco-2 cell model and rat intestinal perfusion model indicated its potential good absorption at gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, absorption should not be the rate-limiting factor causing the low oral bioavailability of baicalein. However, extensive glucuronidation occurred in the rat intestine perfusion model with over 90% of baicalein being metabolized after intestinal absorption. Consistent findings were also observed in the in vitro enzyme kinetic studies of baicalein. The biotransformation of baicalein to baicalein 7-O-glucuronide was extensive in human liver microsome, human jejunum microsome, rat liver microsome, and rat jejunum microsome with intrinsic clearances (Vmax/Km) of 618, 446, 436, 298 mul/min/mg, respectively, which are orders of magnitude greater than those of most of western drugs that share the same metabolic pathway. Further enzyme kinetic studies using human recombinant glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) isozymes showed that UGT 1A1, 1A3, 1A8, 1A9, 1A7 and 2B15 were involved in the glucuronidation of baicalein with different kinetic profiles. Mechanistic studies on the disposition of baicalein 7-O-glucuronide formed from a rapid glucuronidation of baicalein in intestine demonstrated that this intracellularly formed glucuronide of baicalein could be actively extruded to both the apical and basolateral sides (the so called efflux) in Caco-2 cell model as well as rat intestinal perfusion model. It was also found that the efflux of the baicalein 7-O-glucuronide followed saturable enzyme kinetics and was effectively inhibited by multi-drug resistance associated proteins (MRP) and organic anion transporters (OATP) inhibitors. Further study on the relationship between flavonoid structures and glucuronidation activities using seven monohydroxyflavones demonstrated that the conjugation rates of 6- and 3'-monohydroxyflavones (HF) were much greater than those of 3-, 4'-, 7-, 2'-HF, while 5HF was the lowest. / Zhang Li. / "August 2006." / Advisers: Zhong Joan Zuo; Ge Lin. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1587. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-223). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

To Kin Wah. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 293-345). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

A pilot clinical trial was conducted after the in-vivo and in-vitro studies: Eight subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited. However, the liver function tests of three subjects out of eight were found to be abnormal with elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, which was not reported in previous toxicity test. The trial was suspended immediately and a follow-up test showed that the elevated AST and ALT level had reverted back to normal within one month after termination of OPR intake. Although we could not accomplish a RCT, the pilot study revealed potential hepatotoxicity of OPR on human beings and it would raise the safety awareness of investigators on the use of herbal remedies in future clinical studies. / After the in-vivo and in-vitro studies, a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) was planned. Due to a lack of a Chinese version of instrument to measure osteoporosis-specific quality of life, an English version of the Osteoporosis-Targeted Quality of Life Questionnaire (OPTQoL) was translated into Chinese and linguistically validated according to the standard guideline. The newly formed Chinese OPTQoL can be used to assess the impact of new interventions on quality of life among Chinese osteoporosis patients. / Association of the incidence of postmenopausal osteoporosis and Kidney-Vacuity Syndromes in TCM was investigated with the aid of a Kidney-Vacuity Syndromes scoring questionnaire. In the study, postmenopausal women, who suffered from deficiency of kidney "qi" and kidney "essence", had a significantly higher incidence of osteoporosis. These findings strongly supported that replenishing kidney qi and kidney essence was a logical therapeutic principle in the formulation of OPR. / In conclusion, this study investigated the use of TCM on the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in a systematic manner. It started from herbal formulation, basic science studies to clinical trial. It revealed beneficial effects of OPR on bones through in-vivo and in-vitro studies and demonstrated certain possible mechanism behind. On the other hand, the hepatotoxicity of OPR on human beings was also exposed and had not been reported in previous toxicity tests. The study provided valuable clinical data for other investigators on the potential hazards of herbal remedies although they had been validated as safe and effective in pre-clinical stage. / In search for safe, effective and low-priced medicine, the public have turned their attention to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Extensive experience has been accumulated in TCM regarding the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis, which often involves the prescription of kidney-tonifying herbs. Therefore, the aim of the study, firstly, was to explore the association of the incidence of postmenopausal osteoporosis and Kidney-Vacuity Syndromes in TCM, so as to formulate a rational kidney-tonifying herbal formula for osteoporosis research (OPR). Secondly, the effect of the formula was evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Thirdly, the Osteoporosis-Targeted Quality of Life Questionnaire was linguistically validated from English to Chinese, which was expected to be one of the outcome measurement tools in future clinical trials. Lastly, a pilot clinical study was performed, which revealed some potential hazards of the formula on human beings which have not been shown in previous works. / Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder which leads to an increased risk of bone fracture, disability or even death. It has become a major public health threat and the worldwide incidence of osteoporotic fracture is projected to increase two fold within the next 50 years. Postmenopausal women, being affected by a lack of estrogen, face a much higher risk of the disease. This study would therefore focus on type I osteoporosis (i.e. postmenopausal osteoporosis). Although current medications can slow down the bone deterioration process, their side effects and high cost had impaired patients' compliance with long term treatment. / The effect of OPR for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis was then evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo studies. In the in-vivo study, an osteoporosis model was established by performing ovariectomy on the four-week-old C57BL/6 mice. A high bone turnover rate was induced and OPR successfully slowed down the high turnover rate of bones by decreasing bone formation and resorption process without increasing the uterine linings. However, its beneficial effect on bones could not be detected on bone mineral density measurement. / The potential mechanism of action of OPR on bones was explored by in-vitro study. OPR was shown to induce cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast-like UMR 106 cells. Furthermore, the estrogenic activity of OPR was detected by MCF-7 cell line, which has been stably transfected with estrogen responsive elements (ERE). OPR was shown to possess an estrogenic activity in a dose dependent manner and was comparable to the positive control at a concentration of 200 and 1000 mug/ml. The induced estrogenic activity by OPR may be associated with the presence of phytoestrogen within the herbal formula. These findings suggested that the beneficial effect of OPR on bones might relate to its direct positive effect on osteoblast and its estrogenic-like activity. / Liong, Ching. / Adviser: Chun-tao Che. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves ). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

by Fan Kai Leung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [87-96]). / Abstract / Acknowledgement / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.0 --- Foreword / Chapter 1.1 --- Project Objective / Chapter 1.2 --- Historical Background / Chapter 1.3 --- The properties of Radial Pulse Wave-An Engineering View / Chapter 1.4 --- The development in RPW acquisition and research-An Overview / Chapter 1.5 --- Problems to be solved for RPW data acquisition system / Chapter 1.6 --- The contribution of this project / Chapter Chapter 2 --- System Realisation / Chapter 2.0 --- Foreword / Chapter 2.1 --- System Development-An Overview / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Signal Preprocessing Unit / Chapter 3.0 --- Foreword / Chapter 3.1 --- Earlier Methods for offset Cancellation / Chapter 3.2 --- Feedback control of the offset and d.c. transient cancellation / Chapter 3.3 --- The level shifting circuit / Chapter 3.4 --- Amplifier / Chapter 3.6 --- The 50Hz notch filter / Chapter 3.7 --- The 4th order low pass filter / Chapter 3.8 --- Circuit for controlling valves and pump / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Signal Processing for RPW Acquisition / Chapter 4.0 --- Foreword / Chapter 4.1 --- Artefact and signal noise / Motion artefact / Respiratory Artefact / Base line shift due to tissue displacement / Electromagnetic Interference and circuit noise / Chapter 4.2 --- Artefact Correction by the Switch Capacitive Device(MF-6) / Operating principle / Result and Discussion / Chapter 4.3 --- Artefact Correction by Recursive Moving Average(RMA) / The RMA Operation / Software Implementation of RMA / Chapter 4.4 --- Further Improvement of the RMA baseline estimator / Chapter 4.5 --- Signal Noise Suppression by Non-linear filtering / Chapter 4.6 --- An arithmetic cycle detector for RPW and ECG / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Software for the DAS / Chapter 5.0 --- Foreword / Chapter 5.1 --- The present DAS software / Chapter 5.2 --- The software design / Chapter 5.3 --- Important points about the software / Signal input / Waveform display and smooth scrolling / Dynamic display area allocation / The software FIFO data buffer / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Recapitulation and Topics for Further Investigation / Chapter 6.0 --- Foreword / Chapter 6.1 --- Recapitulations / Objective / Difficulties / System Realisation / Signal Preprocessing Unit / Signal Processing / The software / Chapter 6.2 --- Direction for further investigation / Improvement to the DAS / Data analysis and modelling research / Appendix A The Comparasion of the RMA and SMA Characteristics / Appendix B List of Publications

by Kok Dick Shun, Louis. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references. / Acknowledgements --- p.I / Table of Contents --- p.II / Abbreviations --- p.V / Aim and Scope of This Dissertation --- p.IX / Abstract --- p.X / Chapter Chapter One： --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- An Overview of the Immune System --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Innate Immunity --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Adaptive Immunity --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Humoral antibody immune response --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Cell- mediated immune response --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Immunomodulation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- An overview of the Host-mediated response against tumours --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- T and B lymphocytes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- M acrophages --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Natural killer cells --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Lymphokines-activated killer cells --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Cytokines --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4 --- Carbohydrates as Potential Immunostimulating agents --- p.33 / Chapter 1.5 --- General Properties of Bupleuri radix (B.R.) --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter Two： --- Materials and Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Bupleuri radix --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Buffers, culture media and chemicals" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Cell lines --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction and fractionation of Bupleuri radix --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Purification of Bupleuri radix --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Characterization of Bupleuri radix --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- In vivo Drug Treatment --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Isolation and preparation of cells --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Assays for the immunomodulatory activities of Bupleuri radix --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Assays for the immunorestorative properties of Bupleuri radix --- p.74 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Assays for the anti-tumour activities of Bupleuri radix --- p.75 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Statistical analysis --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter Three： --- "Fractionation, Purification and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Bupleuri radix" --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Bupleuri radix --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Purification of Bupleuri radix --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Carbohydrate and Protein Contents of B.R. Fractions --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Lack of cytotoxicity of Bupleuri radix to Mouse Splenocytes --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- LC50 of B.R. Fractions determined by Brine Shrimp Bioassay --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Heat stability of B.R. Fractions --- p.93 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- "Uronic Acid Content of BRIai, BRIaii, BRIbi and BRIbii" --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2 --- Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter Chapter Four： --- The Immunomodulatory Activities of Bupleuri radix --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1 --- Results / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effect of Bupleuri radix on the Specific and Nonspecific Immunity --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Mitogenic effect of B.R. Fractions on Murine Splenocytes in vitro --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Mitogenic effect of B.R. Fractions on Murine Splenocytes ex vivo --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- In vitro Mitogenic effect of B.R. Fractions treated with Periodate --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1.1.4 --- In vitro Mitogenic effect of B.R. Fractions treated with Acetic Acid --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1.1.5 --- In vitro Co -mitogenic effect of B.R. Fractions with Polymyxin B Sulphate --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.1.6 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Lymphocyte sub-populations --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.1.7 --- Primary Humoral Immune Response to SRBC in B.R.-treated mice --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.1.8 --- Activity of cytotoxic T cells in B.R-treated mice --- p.111 / Chapter 4.1.1.9 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Interleukin-1 - like Factors Production --- p.111 / Chapter 4.1.1.10 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Interleukin-2 Production --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1.1.11 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Interleukin-2 Receptor Expression on Murine Splenocytes --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1.1.12 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on GM-CSF Production --- p.119 / Chapter 4.1.1.13 --- Immunopotentiating effects of B.R. Fractions on Macrophages: --- p.119 / Chapter 4.1.1.13.1 --- In vivo Migration of Macrophages in B.R.-treated mice --- p.119 / Chapter 4.1.1.13.2 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on the Fc Receptor Expression on Murine Resident Peritoneal Exudate Cells --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Immunorestorative Properties of Bupleuri radix --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Lymphocyte Blastogenesis in Aged Mice --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Lymphocyte Blastogenesis in Tumour-bearing Mice --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2 --- Discussion --- p.125 / Chapter Chapter Five： --- The Anti-tumour Activities of Bupleuri radix --- p.132 / Chapter 5.1 --- Results / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Cytostatic Effect of B.R. Fractions on Murine Tumour Cell Lines in vitro --- p.133 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on the Growth of Tumour Ceils in vivo --- p.133 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on the Survival of EAT-bearing mice --- p.140 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Ex vivo Induction of Natural Killer Cell Activity by B.R. Fractions --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- In vitro Induction of Lymphokine-activated Killer Cell Activity by B.R Fractions --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.6 --- In vivo Induction of Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes by B.R. Fractions --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.7 --- In vitro Induction of Macrophage-mediated Cytostatic Effect on Tumour Cells by B.R. Fractions --- p.151 / Chapter 5.1.8 --- In vitro Induction of Macrophage-mediated Cytostatic Eifect on Tumour Cells by B.R. Fractions --- p.153 / Chapter 5.1.9 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on γ-interferon Production in vitro --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discussion --- p.156 / Chapter Chapter Six： --- "General Discussion, Conclusion and Future Prospects" --- p.164 / Bibliography --- p.i

Leung Yiu Kwong, Michael. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-161). / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abbreviations --- p.ii / Aim and scope of this dissertation --- p.v / Abstract --- p.vi / Table of contents --- p.viii / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Tumor Biology --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Defence Mechanisms --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Non-specific defence mechanisms --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Specific defence mechanisms --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Effector Mechanisms in Anti-tumor Immunity --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- B-cell --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- "Natural killer (NK) cells (Non-T, Non-B)" --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Macrophages --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Cytolytic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Cancer Treatment --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Surgery --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Radiotherapy --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Drug therapy --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Gene therapy --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- lmmunotherapy --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- Non-cytotoxic Antitumor Polysaccharides of Fungi --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Yeast polysaccharides --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Lichen polysaccharides --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Fungal polysaccharides --- p.18 / Chapter 1.7 --- Fungi and their Polysaccharides --- p.20 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Reserve carbohydrates --- p.20 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Structural polysaccharides --- p.21 / Chapter 1.8 --- The Architecture of the Fungal Cell Wall --- p.22 / Materials and Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Mushrooms --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Buffers, culture media and chemicals" --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Cell lines --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Screening of β-(l→3)-D-glucan --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Flammulina velutipes --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Characterisation of Flammulina velutipes --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- The determination of carbohydrate content of F.V fractions --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- The determination of protein content of F.V. fractions --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- The determination of uronic acid content of F.V fractions --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- The determination of component sugar units of F.V fractions --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Periodate uptake of F.V. fractions --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) coagulation assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3.7 --- The digestion of F.V. fractions with laminarinase --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.3.8 --- The Secondary and tertiary structure determination of FH and SFA1 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3.9 --- Molecular weight estimation of FH and SFA1 --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.3.10 --- Vascular dilation and hemorrhage (VDH) activity of F.V. fractions / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Isolation and preparation of cells --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Bone marrow cell --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Splenocytes --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.4.4 --- Depleting mouse T-cells by anti-mouse T-cell antigen antibody plus complement treatment --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.4.5 --- Depleting mouse B-cells by Cedarlane column kit --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Assays for the cytotoxicity of Flammulina velutipes --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Brine shrimp assay --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- In vitro cytotoxicity of FH and SFA1 on bone marrow cells of female BALB/c mice --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- In vivo cytotoxicity of FH and SFA1 on female BALB/c mice --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- "Assays for the immunomodulatory activities of Flamm""lina velutipes" --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- In vitro mitogenic activities of FH and SFA1 on murine lymphocytes --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- In vitro mitogenic activities of FH and SFA1 with PMB on murine lymphocytes --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- In vitro mitogenic activities of FH and on T-cell depleted murine lymphocytes --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.6.4 --- In vitro mitogenic activities of FH on B-cell depleted murine lymphocytes --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.6.5 --- In vitro co-mitogenic activitiy of FH and SFA1 on murine lymphocytes --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.6.6 --- In vitro mitogenic activities of FH and SFA1 on murine bone marrow cells --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.6.7 --- In vivo mitogenic activities of FH and SFA1 on murine lymphocytes --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.6.8 --- Effect of FH and SFA1 on the enhancement of first antibody production of SRBC immunised mice --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.6.9 --- Effect of FM and SFA1 on the in vitro phagocytic activity of murine macrophage --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.6.10 --- Effect of FM and SFA1 on the in vivo phagocytic activity of murine macrophage --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.6.11 --- In vivo migration of macrophage in FH- and SFAl-treated mice --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.6.12 --- Effect of FH and SFA1 on the enhancement of murine PEC cytostatic activity --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.6.13 --- Effect of FH and SFA1 on the Fc receptor expression of peritoneal exudate cells --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.6.14 --- Effect of FH and SFA1 on murine serum cytokine level --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.6.15 --- Effect of FH and SFA1 on murine serum TNF level --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.6.16 --- Effect of FH and SFA1 on the augmentation of SRBC lysing ability of murine serum --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Assays for the anti-tumor activities of Flammulina velutipes --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- In vitro anti-tumor activity of FH and SFA1 --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Effect of FH and SFA1 on the growth of murine transplantable tumor invivo --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.59 / "Screening, Purification, Fractionation and Characterisation of β-(l→3)-D-glucan(s) from Flammulina velutipes" --- p.60 / Introduction --- p.61 / Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1 --- Screening of β-(l→3)-D-Glucan --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Flammulina velutipes --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Determination of Carbohydrate Content of F.V. Fractions --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4 --- The Determination of Protein Content of F.V. Fractions --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5 --- The Determination of Uronic Acid Content of F.V. Fractions --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6 --- The Determination of Component Sugar Units of F.V. Fractions --- p.69 / Chapter 3.7 --- Periodate Uptake of F.V. Fractions --- p.69 / Chapter 3.8 --- Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Coagulation Assay --- p.73 / Chapter 3.9 --- The Digestion of F.V. Fractions with Laminarinase --- p.73 / Chapter 3.10 --- The Secondary and tertiary Structure Determination of FH and SFA1 --- p.80 / Chapter 3.11 --- Molecular Weight Estimation of FH and SFA1 --- p.82 / Chapter 3.12 --- "Vascular Dilation and Hemorrhage (VDH) Activity of FH, SFA1 and lFA1" --- p.82 / Discussion --- p.90 / The Toxicity of Flammulina velutipes --- p.96 / Introduction --- p.97 / Results --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1 --- Lack of Cytotoxicity of Flammulina velutipes to Brine Shrimp --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2 --- Lack of Cytotoxicity of Flammulina velutipes to Murine Bone Marrow Cells --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3 --- Lack of Cytotoxicity of Flammulina velutipes to Mouse --- p.99 / Discussion --- p.102 / The Immunomodulatory Activities of Flammulina velutipes --- p.103 / Introduction --- p.104 / Results --- p.105 / Chapter 5.1 --- Effect of Flammulina velutipes on Murine Lymphocytes --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2 --- Effect of Flammulina velutipes on Murine Macrophage --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3 --- Effect of Flammulina velutipes on Murine Serum Cytokine and Complement Level --- p.125 / Discussion --- p.133 / The Anti-tumor Activities of Flammulina velutipes --- p.136 / Introduction --- p.137 / Results --- p.137 / Chapter 6.1 --- In Vitro Anti-Tumor Activity of FH and SFA1 --- p.137 / Chapter 6.2 --- Effect of FH and SFAI on the Growth of Murine TransplantableTumors --- p.138 / Discussion --- p.145 / General Discussion --- p.146 / General Discussion and Future Perspectives --- p.147 / References --- p.154

Ha Wai-Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-180). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Abbreviations --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "Hstory, cultivation and trade" --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Botany --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological effects --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Authentication of Chinese herbal materials --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Morphological marker --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Histological marker --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Chemical marker --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Molecular markers --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Protein marker --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- DNA-based markers --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.1 --- PCR-based markers --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.1.1 --- Random-primed PCR --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.1.2 --- Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.1.3 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.2 --- Hybridization-based markers --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.3 --- Sequencing-based markers --- p.35 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives and Strategies of the studies --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- General Materials and Methods --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1 --- Reagents and Buffers --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Media for bacterial culture --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Reagents for preparation of competent cells --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Reagents for plasmid DNA preparation --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Reagents for agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Reagents for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Reagents for Southern hybridization --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2 --- Agarose Gel electrophoresis of DNA --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- From agarose gel using Geneclean® II kit --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Using Microspin´ёØ Column --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4 --- End modification of PCR amplified DNA --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5 --- Preparation of Escherichia coli Competent Cells --- p.48 / Chapter 2.6 --- "Ligation and Transformation of E, coli" --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7 --- Plasmid Preparation --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Minipreparation of plasmid DNA --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Preparation of plasmid DNA using Wizard® Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification Kit (Promega) --- p.50 / Chapter 2.8 --- Screening for the Presence of insert in plasmid --- p.51 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Rapid alkaline lysis --- p.51 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- PCR screening --- p.52 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Restriction digestion of plasmid DNA --- p.53 / Chapter 2.9 --- DNA sequencing --- p.53 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Plasmid sequencing using T7 Sequencing Kit --- p.53 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- Cycle Sequencing from PCR products or plasmid --- p.54 / Chapter 2.10 --- DNA Sequencing electrophoresis --- p.55 / Chapter 2.10.1 --- Preparation of 6 % polyacrylamide gel solution --- p.55 / Chapter 2.10.2 --- Gel casting --- p.55 / Chapter 2.10.3 --- Electrophoresis of Sequencing Gel --- p.56 / Chapter 2.10.4 --- Autoradiography --- p.57 / Chapter 2.11 --- DNA elution from dried sequencing gel --- p.57 / Chapter 2.12 --- Southern blot analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 2.12.1 --- Restriction digestion of genomic DNA --- p.58 / Chapter 2.12.2 --- Purification of digested DNA and agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.58 / Chapter 2.12.3 --- Capillary transfer of DNA to a Hybond´ёØ N+ nylon membrane --- p.59 / Chapter 2.12.4 --- DNA radiolabeling by nick translation --- p.60 / Chapter 2.12.5 --- Purificaiton of radiolabeled probe by NICK® Spin Column --- p.60 / Chapter 2.12.6 --- Hybridization of DNA --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Plant DNA extraction --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- Reagents and buffer for total DNA extraction --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3 --- Extraction methods --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- CTAB extraction method --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Potassium acetate/ SDS extraction method --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- GIBRO Plant DNAzol® reagent for genomic DNA isolation --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4 --- Qualitative and quantitative analysis of DNA --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5 --- Results --- p.75 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Plant materials --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Choice of Primers and radiolabeling --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- AFLP assay --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Electrophoresis of AFLP fingerprint --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Similarity Index (S.I.) analysis of AFLP profile --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Re-amplification of polymorphic DNA fragments isolated from dried sequencing gel --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Cloning and Sequencing of the AFLP fragments --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Conversion of AFLP marker into Directed Amplification of Minisatellite-region DNA polymorphism (DAMD) marker --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Direct Amplification of Length Polymorphisms (DALP) analysis of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius --- p.107 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Plant materials --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Choice of Primers --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Alternative labelled Amplification reaction --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Electrophoresis of the multi-locus amplification products --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Isolation and Re-amplification of polymorphic DALP fragments from dried sequencing gel --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Cloning and Sequencing --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Conversion of DALP marker to Sequence Tagged Site (STS) marker --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.117 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.135 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR): the sequel of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) --- p.137 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.138 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.140 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Plant materials --- p.140 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- PCR reaction --- p.141 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Cloning and sequencing --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.144 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.157 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Outlook --- p.159 / Chapter 7.1 --- Molecular authentication of Chinese medicinal materials --- p.160 / Chapter 7.2 --- Development of molecular markers for Ginseng --- p.161 / Appendix I --- p.164 / Appendix II --- p.165 / References --- p.166

Ng, Chun Fai. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-197). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.